Parental Child-rearing Practices Research Articles

Child-Rearing Practices and Anxiety of Parents of Children with Physical Disabilities

This present paper deals with Child Rearing Practices and Anxieties of Parents of Children with Physical Disabilities. In comparison to previous societies, modern society’s child-rearing practices are vastly different. Physically challenged children are seen as a burden by many parents in today’s culture. Disabled children are not receiving proper care. In today’s world, parents are entrusting their impaired children’s care to institutions. They don’t have the time or knowledge to care for these kinds of children. the institutions found various abilities of the disabled children and gave adequate training to improve their various skills and help them to live in society without depending on anyone. The research’s key finding is that raising awareness and providing sufficient training to parents and children prepares them to meet any challenges posed by society. They have sufficient mental bravery and are capable of overcoming any obstacles. Parents should be made aware that disabled children are not a burden. They also have certain unique abilities. The current paper aims to serve as a foundation for the development of a variety of cultural and social abilities. Overall, it aids in the motivation of both the parent and the child.

Parental Child Rearing Practices in Palestine: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The objectives of this study were to explore parenting practices from the perspectives of Palestinian parents and their children, and concordance between parents and children in their reports of parenting practices, in a culture that is underrepresented in the literature. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) was administered to 120 parents and 120 children drawn from 4 districts in Palestine. Children had higher scores on parental involvement, positive parenting, poor monitoring, inconsistent discipline, and corporal punishment. Three significant parent–child relationships were obtained1: parental involvement (r = .276, P = .003), positive parenting (r = .0301, P = .001), and poor parental monitoring (r = −.241, P = .008). The findings of this study might be used by Palestinian authorities and policy-makers to formulate guidelines and training to aid parental decision-making about child rearing.

The Evolution and Changing Patterns of Behavioral Management of Challenging Childhood Dental Anxiety: A Crossroad

The last several decades has witnessed significant change in the attitudes and perceptions of both parents and Pediatric Dental Specialists toward what constitutes acceptable and appropriate strategies for managing challenging children’s dental anxiety and behaviors. Changing parental childrearing practices and attitudes have no doubt influenced pediatric dentists to modify their approaches and perceptions toward both non-pharmacological and pharmacological techniques. Greater parental involvement and interest to take a more active role in the decision process has become the norm rather than the exception.

Controle Psicológico Materno e Problemas Internalizantes em Pré-Escolares

RESUMOO estudo investigou as relações entre o controle psicológico e o controle comportamental materno e os problemas internalizantes de crianças entre 3 e 5 anos. Participaram 103 mães que responderam ao CBCL e à Entrevista Estruturada sobre Práticas Educativas Parentais e Socialização Infantil. Os resultados revelaram que duas das síndromes que representam o agrupamento de problemas internalizantes, ansiedade/depressão e retraimento, estiveram positivamente correlacionadas ao controle crítico, uma das dimensões do controle psicológico. É possível que o controle crítico materno limite o desenvolvimento socioemocional da criança e o acesso a reforçadores, contribuindo para o surgimento do retraimento e de sintomas de ansiedade/depressão. Discute-se também a relevância de outras variáveis para a compreensão dos problemas internalizantes, como as práticas de socialização emocional.

Macrosomic Neonates Carry Increased Risk of Dental Caries in Early Childhood: Findings from a Cohort Study, the Okinawa Child Health Study, Japan.

BackgroundAlthough many studies have discussed health risks in neonates with a low birth weight, few studies have focused on the risks in neonates with a high birth weight. The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in the incidence of dental caries in early childhood are associated with birth weight status.MethodsA total of 117,175 children born in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan from 1997 to 2007 were included in this study. Medical professionals collected information about birth records, growth and development, parental child-rearing practices and dental health at 3 months, 18 months and 3 years of age. The risk of dental caries among neonates with macrosomia (birth weight ≥4000 g) was compared with that among neonates with normal weight (2500–3999 g). Sensitivity analyses included ‘large for gestational age’ (LGA, birth weight above the 90th percentile for gestational age), which was relative to ‘appropriate for gestational age’ (birth weight between 10th and 90th percentiles). Relative risks and relative risk increases were estimated by multivariate Poisson regression.ResultsAt 3 years of age, the relative risk increases for dental caries after adjusting for confounding factors were 19% [95% confidence interval (CI), 11%–28%, P < 0.001] for macrosomic neonates and 12% (95% CI, 9%–16%, P < 0.001) for LGA neonates.ConclusionMacrosomia and LGA were associated with an increased risk of dental caries in early childhood. Particular attention should be paid to abnormally large neonates.

English

English

SLIČNOSTI I RAZLIKE U KVALITETI PORODIČNIH ODNOSA S MAJKOM I OCEM U RAZVOJNOM PERIODU ADOLESCENCIJE

The survey conducted on a sample of 91 subjects, students of various departments at Faculty of Philosophy in Tuzla, was aimed to identify how they estimated quality of the relationship with their parents. For this purpose questionnaires of past and present relationships with mother and father were applied, in which the quality of relationships between parents and adolescents through the dimensions of past relationships – the care, control and rejection, and present relationships – through the perception of support and negative relationships with parents was assessed. The results confirmed the hypothesis that adolescents assessed relationships with their parents as positive, regardless of the dimension of time. Also, the results showed that there was a high overlap between the adolescents’ assessments of relationships with parents in the past and the present, and that the mutual assessments of father and mother highly correlated, so we could discuss about coordination of parental child-rearing practices. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in the perception of positive and negative aspects of the relationship of mother and father. The study results pointed to the fact that on the positive dimensions adolescents assessed care, support and control of mother in higher values, while on the negative dimensions of parenting they valued more rejection and negative relationships with their father.

Exploring the Role of Self-Esteem and Parenting Patterns on Alcohol Use and Abuse Among Adolescents.

The type of parental child-rearing practices used by parents and guardians substantially influence children’s self-esteem and consequently their decision to engage in alcohol use, its abuse. The aim of this study was to explore the role of self-esteem and parenting patterns on alcohol use and abuse among adolescents. Three hundred and sixteen boys and girls in Senior High Schools completed self-report questionnaires assessing self-esteem, parenting patterns and alcohol use and abuse. The results showed that while girls reported lesser self-esteem than boys, boys reported higher levels of alcohol use and abuse than girls. Also, authoritative parenting pattern had a positive effect on self-esteem and a negative effect on alcohol use. On the other hand, authoritarian and permissive parenting patterns had negative effects on self-esteem and positive effects on alcohol use, with slight variations. These results provide valuable information regarding strategies aimed at fostering parent-child relationship and rapport with the ultimate aim of bolstering the self-esteem of adolescents to subsequently eschew insalubrious behaviour, particularly alcohol use and abuse.

Analyzing the Hidden Curriculum

Values play an important part in the childrearing practices of parents, but are hardly a subject of debate in discussions about the youth care system. Also, a reliable research instrument for an investigation of values in this specific field is not readily available. In this article we will present our research design, which will make such an investigation possible. The framework we use is based on an existing theory and model of universal values ( Schwartz, 1992 ). Our adapted framework consists of 39 universal values and can be used for the content analysis of documents. It offers the opportunity for an objective, empirical analysis of values. Next to an elaborate description of this framework, a case study will be presented as an example of how this method can be used.

Mo1216 Personality, Psychological Distress Physical Health and Child Rearing Practices of Parents of Children With Functional Constipation

Mo1216 Personality, Psychological Distress Physical Health and Child Rearing Practices of Parents of Children With Functional Constipation

Parental child-rearing practices, behavior problems and pre-school children's social competence

The study examined associations between parents' childrearing practices, behavior problems and pre-school children's social competence. A total of 48 mothers and 33 fathers, when their firstborn children were aged six, completed an interview about child-rearing practices and the Social Skills Rating System that also assesses behavior problems. Spearman correlations indicated positive associations between maternal coercive practices and children's behavior problems, especially those related to externalizing. Positive correlations were also found between fathers' coercive practices and internalizing problems, as well as among fathers' inductive and non-interference practices with children's cooperation and assertiveness, respectively. Girls' mothers reported higher levels of self-control and social competence than did boys' mothers. Moreover, lower SES mothers referred more coercive practices while higher SES mothers reported more inductive practices. Findings underscore the relationship between fathers' inductive practices and children's social competence. In addition, results suggested associations among both mothers' and fathers' coercive practices and children's behavior problems.

Variables involved in personal, social and school adjustment in a sample of preschool-aged children from different cultural backgrounds

The continuing incorporation of immigrant populations into the Spanish educational system poses an important challenge in that all participants must cooperate toward creating the best possible adaptation process at the academic level as well as on the personal and social levels. A number of different factors appear to influence children’s adjustment during the preschool stage, and these factors are especially relevant since many studies have shown that this is a key period for the prevention of future difficulties. The present study examines the variables involved in the adaptation of a group of preschool-aged children from different cultural backgrounds in Spain. The results indicate that preschoolers, regardless of their background, have similar performance and learning potential, with language proficiency being the factor that most clearly affects the other variables investigated. It was also found that children’s attitudes toward learning were related to the presence of behavioral difficulties and with the quality and type of parental child-rearing practices. These practices appear to be related to a number of difficulties immigrant children may experience on personal and social levels.

Práticas educativas parentais em relação ao filho único e ao primogênito

O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar eventuais diferenças das práticas educativas parentais em relação a filhos únicos e primogênitos de famílias com dois filhos. Participaram 12 famílias com filho único e 10 com dois filhos, emparelhadas conforme o nível socioeconômico, idade e gênero das crianças. A idade dos filhos únicos variou entre 4,6 e 6,1 anos (M=5,5, DP=0,51) e a dos primogênitos entre 4,3 e 6,3 anos (M=5,1, DP=0,78). Mães e pais dos dois grupos responderam a uma entrevista sobre práticas educativas parentais, cujas respostas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo. O teste do qui-quadrado revelou diferença marginalmente significativa somente nas práticas maternas e paternas em relação ao filho único. Verificou-se semelhança nas práticas educativas entre mães e pais em ambos os grupos. Os resultados foram discutidos à luz da literatura, buscando entender os fatores que podem contribuir para explicar semelhanças das práticas educativas utilizadas para filhos únicos e primogênitos.

Nurturing Young Social Studies Learners’ Notions of Democracy

When educators, families, and children come together in the classroom to share their diverse cultures, potential exists for learning concepts about democracy, citizenship, and social justice through an immersion experience of interacting together. By involving families and encouraging interaction among them, social studies teachers can organize opportunities to develop democratic learning environments. Such an environment can have a bearing on how children and their families experience a sense of community. Teachers who plan intentional interactions among families of diverse cultures where parents can learn from each other may modify parental child-rearing practices. The three basic parenting styles that can be associated with a young child’s social development are authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive types. It is through these parental exchanges that alternative parenting styles can be observed and possibly adopted. Early childhood social studies educators can support children and caretakers to envision a just and compassionate democracy.

Práticas educativas maternas e indicadores do desenvolvimento social no terceiro ano de vida

The present work aimed at investigating relations between maternal child-rearing practices, externalizing behavior problems and social competence indicators of thirty-month-old children. The study involved 23 child-mother dyads. In the child's thirtieth month after birth, an observation of mother-child interaction was performed in order to evaluate maternal child-rearing practices, externalizing behavior problems and child social competence. The results support the literature about social development that relates child-rearing practices such as guidance, assertive control and positive parental involvement to social competence, and coercive and permissive practices to externalizing behavior problems. The work discusses the relevance of parental child-rearing practices for the comprehension of the social development, emphasizing the importance of child-rearing practices, such as autonomy authorization, intrusiveness and ambiguous control.

Inconsolable Night-Time Awakening: Beyond Night Terrors

Sophia is a 3-year-old girl who was brought to her pediatrician by her parents who were concerned about inconsolable night-time awakening. Her mother indicated that she has frequent (>6), early nocturnal awakenings accompanied by screaming and crying lasting up to 1 hour since her birth. These episodes increased in intensity and frequency in the past year since the birth of her brother. With a bedtime routine (a cup of water by bedside with a washcloth and touching mother's nose, chin, and cheeks), Sophia falls asleep easily; however, within 1 hour she awakes screaming and flailing unaware of her surroundings and unable to be comforted. There are no tonic-clonic movements. Prior interventions, including a sleep coach and "letting Sophia cry it out," did not change her sleep pattern. Sophia's mother reports that she needs to be on a specific daily routine including set times for awakening, activity, snacks, naps, and meals. Diversion from the routine and separation from her mother results in a tantrum (kicking, hitting, screaming, and inconsolability) often lasting more than 30 minutes. Sophia was born after an uncomplicated 37-week gestation. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia required readmission for 24 hours of phototherapy; serum bilirubin levels were performed daily for 3 weeks after discharge. At 6 weeks, daily episodes of screaming, inconsolability, forceful vomiting, and inability to sleep led to a diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux. Medication trials were not successful, but the symptoms resolved by 5 months. Formula intolerance and difficulty swallowing and chewing different textures of solid food occurred in the first year. Occupational therapy was of "no benefit"; Sophia was overwhelmed by the activity and took a long time to warm up to the therapist. Her texture aversion resolved by 2 years of age. She prefers one-on-one play and has minimal interactions with other children. She has met all her developmental milestones appropriately and has no other health issues. Sophia lives with her parents and infant brother. There is a maternal family history of insomnia and sleep walking and a paternal history of sleep walking. Her mother adheres to a strict daily schedule. Sleep deprivation, different parental child-rearing practices, social isolation, and lack of quality parent time were all identified by the mother as significant marital stressors. During the office visit, Sophia required 30 minutes to warm up and smile, and over 60 minutes before she spoke her first word. Physical examination was normal (including growth measurements) and the developmental examination was age-appropriate. Upon completion of the assessment, she was engaging, playful, and cooperative with the pediatrician.

Parenting Practices in Northern Ireland: Evidence from the Northern Ireland Household Panel Survey

The impact of parental child-rearing practices on child outcomes has been the subject of much research and debate for many years. Studies carried out within a variety of disciplines and across a number of different countries in the world have indicated that parents tend to use a different pattern of rearing their sons than their daughters, and that child-rearing practices are related to the gender of the parent, as well as to the age and developmental stage of the child. However, there has been little research in Northern Ireland on child-rearing behaviours. In order to address this shortfall, this paper presents an analysis of parents’ perceptions of their interactions with their children. Data from Wave 3 of the Northern Ireland Household Panel Survey were analysed to explore aspects of “negative” parenting practices (arguing, yelling and use of physical punishment) as well as “positive” parenting practices (talking, praising and hugging). The participants were all parents (aged 16 years and over) with children under the age of 16 years living in the same household. Each parent reported his/her interaction with each child (up to a maximum of six children), and in total 1,629 responses were recorded. The results of the research supported previous findings from the United Kingdom and elsewhere, and indicated that the parenting styles of respondents in Northern Ireland were indeed related to the gender and age of the children and to the gender of the parents. The survey found that parents in Northern Ireland tend to have a harsher, more negative style of parenting boys than girls and that children in their teenage years have fewer positive interactions with their parents than younger children. The same parents and children will be followed up in 2007 in order to provide a longitudinal analysis of parent/child relationships in Northern Ireland.

Family Preservation Services on the Canary Islands

This article describes the results of a parenting program “Apoyo Personal y Familiar,” (APF; Personal and Family Support program) targeted at parents of families at high psychosocial risk. APF aims at preventing unnecessary placement of children from vulnerable families into foster-care by increasing parental competence in order to improve their autonomous functioning. The program is implemented through group meetings in community centers. The method involves exposing the parents to parental views and practices in specific child-rearing episodes and encouraging them to reflect on their own views and the consequences on child development. In the Intervention group 144 mothers completed the pretest and posttest measures and 155 mothers were in a waiting-list comparison group. Self-report measures on parental implicit theories, child-rearing practices, and personal agency were used to perform the evaluation. Group discourse and the monitor's behavior observed during the sessions were used as predictors of the program's efficacy. Compared to control mothers, program mothers endorsed less simple views on child development, reported positive changes in their child-rearing practices, and had more confidence in their personal resources and a more accurate view of their parental role. Group effect sizes on the outcome measures were predicted by the type of group discourse and the type of group management observed during the sessions. The use of a perspectivist discourse was positive for promoting complex ideas and actions, whereas a self-centered discourse was positive for improving personal agency and for reporting less use of permissive practices. The role of the monitor was particularly relevant for reinforcing the mothers' sense of confidence in their own resources and for facilitating changes in child-rearing tactics.

Perceived parental rearing style in obsessive–compulsive disorder: relation to symptom dimensions

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) runs in families, but the specific contribution of genetic and environmental factors to its development is not well understood. The aim of this study was to assess whether there are differences in perceived parental child-rearing practices between OCD patients and healthy controls, and whether any relationship exists between parental characteristics, depressive symptoms and the expression of particular OCD symptom dimensions. A group of 40 OCD outpatients and 40 matched healthy controls received the EMBU (Own Memories of Parental Rearing Experiences in Childhood), a self-report measure of perceived parental child-rearing style. The Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y–BOCS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were used to assess the severity of obsessive–compulsive and depressive symptoms. The Y–BOCS Symptom Checklist was used to assess the nature of obsessive–compulsive symptoms, considering the following five symptom dimensions: contamination/cleaning, aggressive/checking, symmetry/ordering, sexual/religious and hoarding. Logistic and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to study the relationship between parental style of upbringing, depressive symptoms and OCD symptom dimensions. Severe OCD (Y–BOCS: 27.0±7.4) and mild to moderate depressive symptoms (HDRS: 14.0±5.4) were detected in our sample. Compared with healthy controls, OCD patients perceived higher levels of rejection from their fathers. No differences between the groups with respect to perceived levels of overprotection were detected. The seventy of depressive symptoms could not be predicted by scores on any perceived parental characteristics. Hoarding was the only OCD symptom dimension that could be partially predicted by parental traits, specifically low parental emotional warmth. Social/cultural variables such as parental child-rearing patterns, in interaction with biological and genetic factors, may contribute to the expression of the OCD phenotype.

Adolescent illegal drug use: the impact of personality, family, and environmental factors.

This study examined the relationship between the domains of environmental factors, family illegal drug use, parental child-rearing practices, maternal and adolescent personality attributes, and adolescent illegal drug use. A nonclinical sample of 2,837 Colombian youths and their mothers were interviewed about intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental factors in their lives. Results indicated that certain environmental factors (e.g., violence, drug availability, and machismo), family drug use, a distant parent-child relationship, and unconventional behavior are risk factors for adolescent illegal drug use. As hypothesized, results showed that the adverse effects of family illegal drug use on adolescent drug use can be buffered by protective parental child-rearing practices and environmental factors, leading to less adolescent illegal drug use. Prevention and treatment efforts should incorporate protective environmental, familial, and intrapersonal components in order to reduce adolescent illegal drug use.