Parental Behavior Scale Research Articles

Parental characteristics and functional constipation in children: a cross-sectional cohort study

ObjectiveTo evaluate personality, psychological health, physical health and childrearing practices in mothers and fathers of children with functional constipation (FC) compared with mothers and fathers of healthy controls.DesignCross-sectional cohort study.SettingOutpatient...

Perceived parental rejection mediates the effects of previous maltreatment on emotional and behavioural outcomes in Chinese adolescents whereas mental illness has no moderating effect.

ObjectiveThis study assessed the mediating role of perceived parental rejection in the relationship between childhood maltreatment experience and behavioural problems in Chinese adolescents.MethodsA total of 2484 adolescents (1305 males and 1179 females; aged 12–16 years) from Hunan Province, China, participated in the study. Behavioural problems, parental rejection scores and child abuse experiences were evaluated by the Child Behavior Checklist (parental version), the Memories of Parental Rearing Behavior Scale and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, separately. Mediating effects were examined by structural equation modelling using Amos 20 software.ResultsThe study found that perceived maternal rejection partially mediated the association between abuse and internalising behaviours in the male cohort, whereas perceived father’s rejection partially mediated this association in the female cohort. However, mental illness had no moderating effect on these relationships.ConclusionThese results are consistent with the literature on maltreatment and parent-child relationships and provide empirical support for the view that emotional and behavioural problems related to perceived parental rejection underlie the development of psychosocial problems in adolescents.

Gene-based interaction analysis shows GABAergic genes interacting with parenting in adolescent depressive symptoms.

Most gene-environment interaction studies (G×E) have focused on single candidate genes. This approach is criticized for its expectations of large effect sizes and occurrence of spurious results. We describe an approach that accounts for the polygenic nature of most psychiatric phenotypes and reduces the risk of false-positive findings. We apply this method focusing on the role of perceived parental support, psychological control, and harsh punishment in depressive symptoms in adolescence. Analyses were conducted on 982 adolescents of Caucasian origin (Mage (SD)=13.78 (.94) years) genotyped for 4,947 SNPs in 263 genes, selected based on a literature survey. The Leuven Adolescent Perceived Parenting Scale (LAPPS) and the Parental Behavior Scale (PBS) were used to assess perceived parental psychological control, harsh punishment, and support. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was the outcome. We used gene-based testing taking into account linkage disequilibrium to identify genes containing SNPs exhibiting an interaction with environmental factors yielding a p-value per single gene. Significant results at the corrected p-value of p<1.90×10-4 were examined in an independent replication sample of Dutch adolescents (N=1354). Two genes showed evidence for interaction with perceived support: GABRR1 (p=4.62×10-5 ) and GABRR2 (p=9.05×10-6 ). No genes interacted significantly with psychological control or harsh punishment. Gene-based analysis was unable to confirm the interaction of GABRR1 or GABRR2 with support in the replication sample. However, for GABRR2, but not GABRR1, the correlation of the estimates between the two datasets was significant (r (46)=.32; p=.027) and a gene-based analysis of the combined datasets supported GABRR2×support interaction (p=1.63×10-4 ). We present a gene-based method for gene-environment interactions in a polygenic context and show that genes interact differently with particular aspects of parenting. This accentuates the importance of polygenic approaches and the need to accurately assess environmental exposure in G×E.

0923 PROVIDING THE BEST BEDROOM ENVIRONMENT FOR CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY

Between 23–46% of children with cerebral palsy have sleep problems. Often these sleep problems go undiagnosed and undertreated. Interventions, if offered, are most often pharmacological. However, medication side effects are a significant concern and there is a clear need to build the evidence-base for non-pharmacological sleep interventions for these children. A recent review of the evidence-base for environmental modifications to promote sleep showed promising results warranting further study. The study aims were to determine 1) if providing parents with manualized sleep education and problem solving strategies focused on the environment increased parental knowledge, and 2) if increased knowledge then translated into parental actions to decrease sleep negative features in the bedroom. This pilot study recruited child/parent participants through community agencies. Baseline and 6 week follow-up data collection included the Parental Sleep Environment Knowledge Questionnaire (PSEKQ), Parental Interactive Bedtime Behavior Scale, Child Sleep Habit Questionnaire, Parent Knowledge of Healthy Sleep and sleep actigraphy. Parents received the Children’s Best Bedroom for Sleep (CBBES) manual (including sleep science information, self-assessment tool and environmental modification recommendation) as the intervention. There were 6 parent/child participants. The PSEKQ improved slightly (66.66% at baseline to 78.33% at follow-up). Comparing baseline and post-intervention BEAC results demonstrated that parents’ ability to assess their child’s bedroom and act to modify environmental problems that interfered with sleep had improved. Actigraphy data was inconclusive and as expected, because the intervention focused on the environment, there was no change in parent bedtime beliefs and behavioural measures. Results support providing parents with a sleep environment psycho-education manual to build knowledge and skills for addressing environmental components of their child’s sleep problems. This research is ongoing and future studies will test the CBBES with parents of children with a range of health conditions. The Canadian Centre for Disability Studies

Exploring parental behavior and child interactive engagement: A study on children with a significant cognitive and motor developmental delay

Background and aimsParenting factors are one of the most striking gaps in the current scientific literature on the development of young children with significant cognitive and motor disabilities. We aim to explore the characteristics of, and the association between, parental behavior and children's interactive engagement within this target group. Methods and proceduresTwenty-five parent-child dyads (with children aged 6–59 months) were video-taped during a 15-min unstructured play situation. Parents were also asked to complete the Parental Behavior Scale for toddlers. The video-taped observations were scored using the Child and Maternal Behavior Rating Scales. Outcomes and resultsLow levels of parental discipline and child initiation were found. Parental responsivity was positively related to child attention and initiation. Conclusions and implicationsCompared to children with no or other levels of disabilities, this target group exhibits large differences in frequency levels and, to a lesser extent, the concrete operationalization of parenting domains. Further, this study confirms the importance of sensitive responsivity as the primary variable in parenting research.

Validation of the French Version of Parental Multidimensional Neglectful Behavior Scale

Objectif: La mesure de la négligence parentale pose de nombreux défis et il existe encore peu d’outil capable de la documenter auprès des parents. L’étude vise à documenter les propriétés psychométriques de la traduction française de la version brève de l’Échelle multidimensionnelle des conduites de négligence parentale dans la population générale. Méthode: Cette étude utilise les données d’une enquête téléphonique réalisée auprès d’un échantillon représentatif de 3584 mères et 1202 pères d’enfants âgés entre 6 mois-4 ans, 5-9 ans et 10-15 ans. Des liens sont établis entre la négligence et plusieurs autres facteurs connus pour leurs liens avec la problématique, dont les conduites parentales à caractère violent, le stress lié au tempérament perçu difficile de l’enfant et à la conciliation travail-famille, la consommation d’alcool et de drogues, les symptômes de dépression, la pauvreté, et le soutien social. Résultats: Les analyses factorielles exploratoires montrent la présence de diverses dimensions de la négligence concernant les besoins affectifs/cognitifs, physiques (soins de base) et de supervision des enfants. Bien que les dimensions soient étroitement associées aux facteurs de vulnérabilité psychosociale des enfants et des familles, les coefficients de cohérence interne sont faibles, variant entre 0,20 et 0,64. Conclusion: Des recommandations sont émises pour améliorer la mesure dans la population générale, et notamment la dimension de supervision parentale qui pose des défis particuliers.

T28 - Epigenome-Wide Analysis Of Methylation And Perceived Parenting In Adolescents And Its Correlation With Depressive Symptoms Over Time

Background Adolescents are continuously exposed to their parents. Previous research has shown that parenting can affect adolescents’ wellbeing. Prior research has also argued that adolescents’ impaired wellbeing can influence their performance over time. We present a study with an Illumina 450k array comparing methylation in adolescents reporting either perceived supportive-guiding or punishing-neglecting parenting at T0 and how these methylation differences are correlated with depressive symptoms over time. Methods Following a cluster analysis with a 6 cluster solution, 45 Belgian adolescents (Mage (SD) = 13.88 (0.90) at T0; 48% boys) from the STRATEGIES dataset (n= 1116) were randomly selected from the two most extreme clusters: perceived supportive-guiding parenting qnd punishing-neglecting. Perceived parenting was measured with the Leuven Adolescent Perceived Parenting Schale (LAPPS) and the Parental Behavior Scale (PBS). Methylation was measured with an Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. 1 individual was excluded after quality control (RnBeads, R), resulting in 44 adolescents for analysis. DMRs were identified using DMRcate (R) and comb-p (Python). We corrected for gender, batch, cell types (Horvath), and hidden stratification. The accuracy of the 450k-array was verified with Sequenom Epityper (min. r=.46, max. r= .97; p Results Only DMRs overlapping between the top 20 of DMRcate, ranked by “minpval” and comb-p at the e-2 (14 DMRs) and e-3 level (28 DMRs), were taken into account. Despite the major statistical differences in the two approaches, 13 DMRs overlapped between DMRcate and comb-p at the e-3 level. 4 additional DMRs overlapped when adding the e-2 level. Regions are annotated to the genes PEX10, ASCL2, KCNQ1, GPR19, DLL3, HDAC4, RFPL2, PPT2, ACAT2, KIF25, HOXA11, PTPRN2, and SCRIB. For the most significant CpG per region, only three CpGs were correlated with depressive symptoms at T2: cg13306335 in PEX10 (r= .47, p = .0014), cg05171197 in HDAC4 (r= .33, p = .021) and cg13417420 in GPR19 (r= .33, p= .030), with PEX10 surviving Bonferroni correction for 17 tests (p Discussion Despite our limited sample size, we show that two statistically different methods overlap highly in the regions they identify to be significantly different based on perceived parenting in this adolescent sample. Furthermore, we show that for PEX10 the methylation at the most significant CpG is more strongly correlated with depressive symptoms two years later (T2) than the cluster at T0 and depressive symptoms at T2. This raises the question if parenting in adolescents can affect methylation at T0, which may secondarily predispose some adolescents to depressive symptoms over time. More research in a larger and independent sample is needed to validate this preliminary hypothesis.

An initial development of parenting behavior scale based on self-determination theory

An initial development of parenting behavior scale based on self-determination theory

학령 초기 자녀의 부모용 양육행동 척도 개발 및 타당화

This study was conducted in order to develop a parenting behavior scale for parents of school-age children and to analyze the scale in terms of both reliability and validity. Data were collected from a sample of mothers of to 3rd grade students in four elementary schools located in Seoul. 778 mothers were administered a parenting behavior scale with 123 items, and 779 mothers were asked to verify the validity of the developed scale in which 45 items remained after a series of analyses. Data were analyzed by means of exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation analysis. The results of factor analysis identified five factors, Warmth, Reasoning, Intrusiveness, Coercion, and Neglect. The Cronbach`s of each factor demonstrated results of .82~.86, suggesting that the scale had adequate internal consistency. Concurrent validity was established by using correlations between mothers` parenting behaviors and children`s social competence. Moreover, cross-validation was also verified for the five factors. Considering the reliability and validity of this scale, it can clearly serve as a useful tool for assessing parenting behavior which is closely related to child development.

Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: A longitudinal study of the relationship between NSSI, psychological distress and perceived parenting

ObjectiveThe present study investigates whether either adolescents' psychological distress and/or perceived parenting predicted the occurrence of NSSI. Furthermore, the consequences of NSSI are examined in a three-wave longitudinal study. DesignThe sample at time 1 (age 12) consisted of 1396 adolescent reports and 1438 parent reports. At time 2 (age 13), 827 adolescent reports and 936 parent reports were obtained. Time 3 (age 14) included 754 adolescent reports and 790 parent reports. Psychological distress of adolescents was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Perceived parenting behaviors were examined by the Parental Behavior Scale and the Psychological Control Scale. ResultsA total of 10% of the adolescents engaged in NSSI at least once before age 15. Higher psychological distress of adolescents at time 1 was associated with the presence of NSSI at time 2 or 3. The association between psychological distress at time 1 and perception of decreased parental rule setting at time 3 was mediated by the presence of NSSI at time 2. ConclusionsThe present study showed that psychological distress at age 12 predicts NSSI over time and that parental awareness of NSSI changes the perception of parenting behaviors.

Fathers’ Parenting Behaviors and Malaysian Adolescents’ Anxiety

The present study examined the moderating role of family income on the relationships between perceived paternal parenting behavior and adolescents’ anxiety among economically and ethnically diverse sample of adolescents. A total of 1,200 participants aged between 12 and 17 years were selected for the study. A self-administered questionnaire, including Quality of Parenting Behavior Scale and Beck Anxiety Inventory–Malay were used to collect the data. The results obtained indicate that there was a significant relationship between paternal hostility (β = .34, p &lt; .001) and paternal monitoring (β = −.29, p &lt; .01) with adolescents’ anxiety. A multigroup analysis using structural equation modeling also demonstrated that family income level moderated the relationship between parenting and adolescent outcomes. The findings revealed that paternal consistent discipline and paternal monitoring behavior reduced adolescent anxiety in high-income families. Finding advanced understanding on how the associations between fathers’ parenting behaviors and adolescent anxiety could be quite varied when family’s financial circumstances were taken into account.

Evaluation of a Parental Behavior Scale in a Peruvian Context

The purpose of this study was to investigate psychometric properties (factorial structure, reliability, and criterion validity) of a Spanish version of the Parental Behavior Scale (PBS), an instrument developed to assess observable parental behavior. The sample consisted of 591 Peruvian families in Metropolitan Lima. Parents, mostly mothers, completed the scale regarding one target child attending 6th grade of primary education. Two models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis: a nine-factor model based on the original PBS and a five-factor model (PBS short version). Both models fitted the data well. A multi-sample confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor structure, factor loadings and correlations were invariant for groups of parents with children in public or in private schools. Four factors showed adequate reliability: Positive Parenting, Rules, Discipline and Harsh Punishment. Correlational analyses showed significant associations between harsh punishment and child behavioral problems, measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and with the family environment, measured with the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment.

Factors associated with parenting behavior of mothers in the early postpartum period in Turkey*

This study determined the factors associated with parenting behavior during the early postpartum period in first-time mothers. This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in the postpartum ward of a state hospital in Aydın, Turkey. The study included 207 first-time mothers selected by non-probability sampling method. A significant weak, positive correlation was found between the Postpartum Parenting Behavior Scale score at the time of initial acquaintance with her infant and the Labor Agentry Scale score. Stepwise multiple regression analyses, performed to determine factors associated with the parenting behavior score of the mothers in the early postpartum period, revealed two statistically significant variables, which increased the strength of the model: maternal age and infant's birth weight. Midwives should observe early parenting behaviors, particularly of younger mothers having babies with low birth weight, appreciate their positive behaviors, and encourage them to develop appropriate behavior.

어머니의 양육행동 및 가정환경의 질과 남아의 스트레스의 관계

The purpose of this study was to understand a mother's parenting behavior and home environment in relation to the stress of a male child. The subjects were 200 mothers of 4-6 years old children in early childhood programs located in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. Instruments used in this study were the Mother's Parenting Behavior Scale (Park Seong Yeon & Lee Suk, 1990), Home Scale (Jang Yeong Ae, 1981), and Children's Usual Stress Scale (Yeom Hyeon Gyeong, 1998). Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Results indicated that (a) stress was shown to be higher if the mother's parenting behavior was authoritarian and over-protective, (b) children of lower economic background showed a higher stress level than middle and upper economic background subjects, and (c) the mother's educational background, authoritarian and over-protective parenting behavior and quality of the family background were meaningful variables for children's stress.

Psychometric Properties of a Parental Childrearing Behavior Scale for French-Speaking Parents, Children, and Adolescents

Abstract. The present study validates a culturally appropriate questionnaire, the Evaluation des Pratiques Educatives Parentales (EPEP), to assess parents' child-rearing behavior in French-speaking samples. Three versions of the instrument were validated on 493 parents' self-reports, and on 159 children's and 834 adolescents' ratings of their parents' childrearing behavior. The EPEP questionnaire is based on recent conceptually and psychometrically sound instruments for English and Dutch populations ( Patterson, Reid, &amp; Dishion, 1992 ; Van Leeuwen &amp; Vermulst, 2004 ). It replicates the nine-factor solution of the Dutch scale and provides similar psychometric properties: moderate to high internal consistency, interrater reliability between children and their parents, test-retest reliability, no relationship with social desirability, discriminative properties based on differences between mother and father, child's age and gender, and on correlations with children's personality traits. Results are discussed in the context of the relevance of the instrument from research and clinical perspectives.

The association of parental characteristics and psychological problems in obese youngsters

The aim of the present study was to examine to what extent parental psychological characteristics and parental behavior are related to psychological problems in obese youngsters. Data were collected from 196 families having an overweight youngster (range 10-16 years old) (mean body mass index (BMI)=31.2; s.d.=5.3) seeking weight-loss treatment and compared with data from normal weight samples. Behavior problems were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist; the Child version of the Eating Disorder Examination was used to assess eating disorder psychopathology. Parental psychopathology was measured using the Symptom Checklist-90; parenting behavior was assessed with the Ghent Parental Behavior Scale. Parental psychopathology was prevalent in 59.6% of mothers and 35.7% of fathers. Youngsters exceeding the cutoff for problem behavior ranged between 41.4 and 53.1%. Children's problem behavior was most associated with psychopathology in the mother (r=0.40 for Internalizing and r=0.37 for Externalizing; both P<0.01). The research findings further revealed that the effects of maternal psychopathology were partly mediated by a specific form of parenting behavior, namely Inconsistent discipline, although the effect was stronger for Externalizing behavior (explained variance: 10%) than for Internalizing behavior (explained variance: 4%). No evidence was found for a mediator effect from parenting behavior on the eating disorder symptoms of the obese youngsters. However, several direct relations emerged, suggesting a negative association between a child's eating disorder symptoms and Positive parenting behavior by the mother (r= -0.20 for Eating concern; r= -0.18 for Restraint eating; r= -0.16 for Shape concern; all P<0.05) as well as by the father (r= -0.25 for Eating concern; r= -0.25 for Weight concern; both P<0.01; r= -0.21 for Shape concern; P<0.05). Parental characteristics were associated with psychological problems in obese youngsters, not only in a direct way but also indirectly. The effects were partly mediated by a particular ineffective parenting style, namely inconsistent discipline on the part of the mother. Pediatric obesity treatments should focus more on parenting behaviors and parental characteristics.

Maternal postpartum behaviors and mother-infant relationship during the first year of life

Objective: To assess the hypothesis that maternal postpartum behaviors toward the newborn may predict the quality of the maternal-infant relationship during the first year. Design: Prospective, non-randomized, longitudinal cohort study of 174 maternal-infant dyads. Methods: A Postpartum Parenting Behavior Scale (PPBS) was formulated to measure clearly defined observed maternal behaviors toward the infant shortly after birth. The quality of the maternal-infant relationship was assessed at 6 months after birth with the Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training (NCAST) Feeding Scale and at 12 months after birth with the NCAST Teaching Scale and Ainsworth Strange Situation. Results: The PPBS score correlated significantly with the Feeding Scale score (r =.27, P <.005) and with the Teaching Scale score (r =.23, P <.01). Mothers whose infants were later classified as securely attached in the Ainsworth Strange Situation had higher PPBS scores than mothers of infants classified as insecurely attached (mean ± SD: 5.18 ± 1.51 vs 4.63 ± 1.69, respectively, P <.05). In regression models adjusting for social and demographic factors, the PPBS remained a significant predictor of the Feeding Scale score, the Teaching Scale score, and security of attachment. Conclusions: Maternal behaviors in the immediate postpartum period may aid in predicting quality of the maternal-infant relationship during the subsequent 12 months, suggesting the potential for early identification of suboptimal parenting. (J Pediatr 2001;138:905-9)

Perceived parental behavior and the social desirability response set

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential effects of the social desirability response set as a confounding variable in research involving self-report measures of perceived parental behavior. Scores on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-C SDS) were correlated with each of the three factors on the Bronfenbrenner Parental Behavior Scale (BPB): (1) Loving, (2) Punishing, and (3) Demanding. Fifty-eight young adults participated in the study; the sample included roughly equal numbers of black and white subjects, male and female subjects, and college students and other community residents. Scores were analyzed by sex of subject and sex of parent as well as in combined groups. Significant correlations (p<.05, p<.01) were obtained from female subjects on BPB factors 2 and 3. Implications for the BPB's validity and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Mothers' and Grandmothers' Perceptions of Parental Behavior in Three-Generational Black Families

WILSON, MELVIN N. Mothers' and Grandmothers' Perceptions of Parental Behavior in ThreeGenerational Black Families. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1984, 55, 1333-1339. This study was designed to investigate perceptions of normal interactions between grandmother and grandchild and between mother and child in black families. Grandmothers, mothers, and children between the ages of 8 and 14 were interviewed using Bronfenbrenner's Parental Behavior Scale. For the 60 participating families, there were 2 levels of family structure, single-parent or dual-parent, and 2 levels of grandmother's domicile, living with the family or living in the local community. The results indicate that grandmothers perceived themselves and were perceived as having more active involvement with children when they live with their single adult daughter than in the other conditions. Also, grandmothers living in the community perceived their single adult daughters as having less active involvement with their children than in the other conditions. Generally, these findings indicate that black family patterns are more complex than previously assumed, and that extended family involvement in child rearing supports the strength/resilience approach to black family research.