Parenting Dimensions Research Articles

Parenting of siblings in Latinx families during middle childhood.

Parents' management of their children's sibling relationships, or sibling-focused parenting, has substantial theoretical and practical importance but is rarely studied. This study's goals were to describe dimensions of sibling-focused parenting and to examine sociocultural resources and challenges as potential correlates among Latinx mothers and fathers in 262 families with two children in middle childhood. Families were recruited from 11 public elementary schools, and caregivers (248 mother figures; 118 father figures) participated in a home visit and phone interviews at the onset of the study. Sibling-focused parenting included three dimensions: positive guidance (10 items), nonintervention (four items), and authoritarian control (five items). Parents rated positive guidance as their most frequent strategy, and comparisons of mothers and fathers from the same families revealed that mothers engaged in more sibling-focused parenting overall than fathers. Regarding correlates, mothers' familism values and mothers' and fathers' family cohesion reports were associated with more positive guidance and mothers' cohesion was negatively related to nonintervention in sibling conflicts. For mothers only, parenting stress was linked to all three dimensions of sibling-focused parenting-negatively to guidance and positively to authoritarian control and nonintervention; maternal depressive symptoms were positively linked to authoritarian control. Economic hardship was not a significant correlate of any dimension. Findings suggest that sibling-focused parenting is a key domain of parenting in need of further research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Transformations of Parental Socio-economic Characteristics into the Married Couple in Rural Nepal

This study is about the attributes of different households which together come into the married couples to unite into their wedlock. The purpose of the study was to trace out the carry-over of the wife and husband side parental attributes into the household socio-economic situation of married couples. A total of seventy-five married couples and their either side parents’ (wife side and husband side) socio-economic and demographic information were taken using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were collected in Thakre Rural Municipality of Dhading district of Nepal from February to April of 2022 from the conveniently selected respondents using face-to-face interviews. The data were analyzed in terms of frequency, mean and other descriptive statistics. The study revealed that there is a growing trend of inter-caste marriage and love marriage in the younger generations compared to their parents, however, inter-religious marriages are still very few in Nepalese rural society. Findings of the study also revealed that the male counterparts were older in age structures on all three sides while the wife side parents were better off in terms of level of wealth and income. The study further unveiled that the husbands have been able to marry with the wives whose parents have higher economic status than their parents. This finding is useful in understanding the current pattern of marriage as well as the socio-economic transfer brought together by the married couple as a carryover from their respective parental houses.

Severity of developmental delay and parenting behavior in toddlers with neurodevelopmental disabilities.

The presence of a neurodevelopmental disability (ND) represents an adverse condition for child's development and parent-child relationship, and it is reasonable to assume that the severity of delay may influence parenting behavior. Previous research, however, did not specifically address this issue. This cross-sectional study compared parental behaviors of mothers of toddlers with moderate/severe or mild/borderline developmental delay and mothers of toddlers with typical development, while considering maternal emotional states. A total of 88 dyads with children aged between 12 and 47 months participated in a 10-min video-recorded interaction then coded with the PICCOLO, a validated observation checklist that assesses four dimensions of parenting: affection, responsiveness, encouragement, and teaching. The mothers also fulfilled two standardized questionnaires assessing parental stress and presence of depressive symptoms. MANOVA and MANCOVA models were used to explore between-group differences in specific parenting dimensions, also considering parental stress. Mothers of toddlers with ND were less responsive than the comparison group, while the presence of a moderate/severe developmental delay specifically affected teaching behaviors. No differences emerged for affection and encouragement behaviors. Importantly, although mothers of toddlers with moderate/severe ND reported higher child-related dysfunctional interaction stress, this did not directly affect parenting behaviors. These findings highlight how the presence of a disability and the severity of developmental delay can affect specific dimensions of parenting (i.e., responsiveness, teaching) and might inform clinical practice and research on early parental interventions.

Zjawisko sharentingu – między prawem do prywatności dziecka a aktywnością rodziców w mediach społecznościowych

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of sharenting, meaning the sharing of content about their children by parents on the internet. Its emergence is associated with the development and popularization of social media, which have become an integral part of the modern world. A part of society, especially young people, can see sharenting as one of the dimensions of modern parenting. On the other hand, the phenomenon of parents publishing children’s images and other information about them online has many potential negative consequences. The article presents the essence and scale of sharenting as well as its causes and consequences. The author attempted to answer the question: should sharenting be viewed in terms of a threat to children’s privacy or as one of the sides of modern parenting? The article points out that sharenting is one of the significant problems of the current reality, in which considerable activity of parents is observed in social media. It also suggests some measures that could reduce the negative effects of this phenomenon.

Gestalt Odaklı Pozitif Ebeveynlik Destekleme Programının Etkililiği

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Gestalt Oriented Positive Parenting Support Program. The study sample consisted of 36 parents (33 mothers and 3 fathers) who were selected through purposeful sampling. There were 13 participants in the experimental group, 12 participants in the placebo group, and 11 participants in the control group. The research utilized various measurement tools, such as the Demographic Information Form (DIF), Multidimensional Parental Perfectionism Questionnaire (MPPQ), Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS), Me as a Parent Scale (MPS), and Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ). The experimental group's pre-test and post-test scores showed significant differences for all dimensions, indicating that the program was an effective intervention. When comparing the experimental, placebo, and control group post-test scores, significant differences were found in three sub-dimensions of parental perfectionism, all dimensions of parent-child relationship, and positive parenting score. Further analysis revealed that all significant differences favored the experimental group. This finding shows that the program is an effective application for parents with children between the ages of 2-9. Finally, the post-test scores of the positive parenting dimension also differed significantly according to the experimental group pre-test scores and the control group post-test scores, confirming the hypothesis of the study and highlighting the effectiveness of the program in developing positive parenting practices.

INTERGENERATIONAL SOLIDARITY AND FILIAL PIETY PERCEIVED BY OLDER ADULTS IN RURAL CHINA

Abstract Filial piety—the obligation of adult children to serve and honor older parents—is a fundamental value in Chinese society. This study explores how dimensions of intergenerational solidarity influence parents’ evaluations of their children’s filial piety. Data derive from 1473 respondents reporting about 4000 relationships in the 2021 wave of the Longitudinal Study of Older Adults in Anhui Province China. Strength of filial piety was assessed for each adult child along with other aspects of the relationship. Random effects ordinal logistic regression predicted parents’ perceptions that their children fulfilled expectations of filial piety based on geographic proximity, financial support, and emotional support. Findings indicate that parents consider children who live with them as most filial, and they view residentially independent children who live farther away as less filial. However, financial support from more distant children raises perceptions that these children are meeting expectations of filial piety. In addition, having more frequent contact with distant children strengthens perceptions of them as being filial. Results suggest that weak filial piety perceived by older parents of their more geographically distant children in rural China—an area characterized by high rates of internal migration—is compensated by financial transfers and frequent communication. As research shows that filial piety perceptions are important to the well-being of older adults in Chinese populations, threats to its decline due to forces of modernization and any adverse consequences may be overcome by forms of intergenerational solidarity that involve contributions of money and time by children to their older parents.

Parenting Characteristics and Callous-Unemotional Traits in Children Aged 0-6 Years: A Systematic Narrative Review.

There has been a growing interest in research examining the relationship between parenting and child callous-unemotional (CU) traits, particularly in early childhood. This study reviewed evidence from studies that investigated the relationship between parenting characteristics (e.g., caregiving beliefs, attitudes, behaviour or quality, or parental mental health) and callous-unemotional traits in children aged 0 to 6years. A systematic search conducted according to PRISMA guidelines yielded 27 peer-reviewed articles. Analysis of the included articles suggested that there was strong evidence to support links between child CU traits and parenting characteristics (particularly, parental feelings about their child, warm parenting, and harsh/ inconsistent parenting). Taken together, the results of this review demonstrate the links between both positive and negative dimensions of parenting and CU traits in early childhood; however, mixed findings highlight the need for further research.

Student-perceived teacher and parent homework involvement: Exploring latent profiles and links to homework behavior and achievement

This study investigated student-perceived teacher and parent homework involvement through a person-centered approach involving 739 8th graders. Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified three profiles: Low Perceived Autonomy Support, Homework Quality, and Feedback Quality (8.12 %), Moderate Perceived Involvement (63.60 %), and High Perceived Autonomy Support, Homework Quality, and Feedback Quality (28.28 %). Gender was related to profile membership. Profile membership predicted homework behavior and performance after controlling for prior achievement and parent education (d = 0.50 to 1.34). Students with higher perceived autonomy support, and quality of homework and feedback exerted more effort, procrastinated less, completed more homework, and achieved higher. Implications for teacher and parent homework involvement are discussed. Educational relevance statementOur study expands and extends extant literature, by employing a person-centered perspective to simultaneously examine the concurrent influences of various dimensions of parent and teacher homework involvement on homework behavior and performance. While complementing previous findings from studies taking variable-centered and person-centered approaches to either teacher homework involvement or parent homework involvement, our study provides more robust evidence regarding the significant role of perceived teacher autonomy support, parent autonomy support, homework quality, and feedback quality in promoting favorable homework behavior and performance. It further suggests that feedback quantity, help quantity, and content support could produce favorable homework behavior and higher achievement when autonomy support, homework quality, and feedback quality are also perceived as higher. Taken together, simultaneously considering multiple dimensions of teacher and parent homework involvement contributes to a deeper, more holistic understanding of teacher and parent homework involvement, going beyond prior work, for instance, whether homework behavior or performance is positively related to feedback quality or unrelated parent help quantity for the entire sample.

The PPSQ: assessing parental, child, and partner's playfulness in the preschool and early school years.

Developmental research has traditionally focused on parenting behaviors such as nurturance and care, due to a focus on mothers' behaviors. Other parenting dimensions such as parental playfulness (i.e., use of creativity, imagination, and humor during parent-child interactions) have comparatively received little attention. Although some measures tap into parents' and children's playfulness, these measures are limited. Indeed, they do not assess multiple domains of playfulness (i.e., both parents' and the child's playfulness) or focus on one specific setting such as children's play with peers. Additionally, existing measures do not consider parents' reactions to their partners' playfulness. To address this gap, we created the Playful Parenting Style Questionnaire (PPSQ), which assesses three domains of playfulness: (a) parental domain, (b) child domain, and (c) partner domain. The current study is part of a validation effort of the PPSQ using a quantitative design. We aimed to explore the structure of the PPSQ by conducting an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for each domain of playfulness; and assess the construct validity of the PPSQ factors by examining the association between factors and existing measures of playful parenting, child playfulness, and co-parenting. The sample includes 347 parents (294 mothers and 53 fathers) of preschool/school-age children (M = 5.10 years; 182 girls, 127 boys). Parents were mostly White (76%) and from a low socioeconomic risk background. Parents completed a series of online questionnaires including the PPSQ, 3 existing measures of parent playfulness (Parental Playfulness Questionnaire; Adult Playfulness Scale; Challenging Parenting Behavior Scale), 2 existing measures of child playfulness (Child Behavior Inventory; Children's Playfulness Scale), a coparenting instrument (Co-parenting Relationship Scale), and sociodemographic information. The EFA revealed 4 factors for parental playfulness, 1 factor for child playfulness, and 3 factors for partner's playfulness. The construct validity analyses identified multiple associations indicating convergence with existing measures for the parent and partners domain but not the child factor. This study allowed for a better understanding of the playful dynamics that occur within a family.

The role of narcissism and parental reflexive function in the development of the child’s personality and psychoemotional state

The article investigates the correlations between the narcissistic dimensions of parents and the neurotic symptoms of children, in a sample of 20 parent-child pairs. The average age of children is 9 years. The research reveals that the narcissistic aspects of mothers can influence the psychic organization of the child, having implications for the development of personality traits and psychopathological symptoms. An essential feature highlighted by the research concerns the mother’s ability to mentalize. The significant links between certain maternal narcissistic dimensions and children’s neurotic symptoms highlight the potential impact that parental narcissism and mentalizing ability have on healthy child development. The results obtained underline the importance of the reflexive parental function in metabolizing the neurotic symptoms of children.

Like parent, like child: how attitudes towards immigrants spill over to the political inclusion of their children

ABSTRACT Across Europe, citizenship is traditionally attributed at birth through descent only. As immigrant populations grow, policy-makers have come under pressure to extend citizenship rights to the children of immigrants born in the country. While such inclusive measures often counter political opposition, public attitudes on this question remain remarkably underexplored. In this study, we report on the results of an original choice-based conjoint survey experiment designed to examine which parental attributes affect respondents’ willingness to grant citizenship to newborns. We implement the survey experiment in Italy, where over one million children do not have Italian citizenship, yet reform proposals have so far been unsuccessful. In line with our pre-registered expectations, we find that respondents are more likely to support birthright citizenship for children born to parents who are economically, legally and socially integrated in society. These attitudes vary little by political background, education and age-category of respondents. Our findings suggest that incorporating immigration-related conditionality in birthright citizenship proposals is key to convincing sceptical publics of the legitimacy of such measures.

The role of parenting in developmental trajectories of risk for adolescent substance use: a bioecological systems cascade model.

Parenting is a key influence and prevention target for adolescent substance use, and changes dramatically in form and function during adolescence. This theoretical synthesis reviews evidence of associations of substance use-specific parenting behaviors, dimensions, and styles with adolescent substance use, and integrates key developmental and family theories (e.g., bioecological, dynamical systems, family systems, developmental cascades) and methodological-conceptual advances to illustrate the complex role that parenting plays for the development of adolescent substance use in combination with child and contextual influences. The resulting bioecological systems cascade model centers the dynamic co-development of parenting and child influences in developmental cascades that lead to more or less risk for adolescent substance use. These trajectories are initiated by intergenerational influences, including genetics, parents' familial environments, and child-parent attachment. Culture and context influences are a holistic backdrop shaping parent-adolescent trajectories. Parenting is influences are conceptualized as a complex process by which specific parenting behaviors are informed by and accumulate into parenting dimensions which together comprise general parenting styles and are informed by the broader family context. The co-development of parenting and child biobehavioral risk is shaped by both parents and children, including by the genetics and environments they do and do not share. This co-development is dynamic, and developmental transitions of individuals and the family lead to periods of increased lability or variability that can change the longer-term trajectories of children's risk for substance use. Methodological avenues for future studies to operationalize the model are discussed.

Lower maternal emotional availability is related to increased attention toward fearful faces during infancy

It has been suggested that infants’ age-typical attention biases for faces and facial expressions have an inherent connection with the parent–infant interaction. However, only a few previous studies have addressed this topic. To investigate the association between maternal caregiving behaviors and an infant’s attention for emotional faces, 149 mother–infant dyads were assessed when the infants were 8 months. Caregiving behaviors were observed during free-play interactions and coded using the Emotional Availability Scales. The composite score of four parental dimensions, that are sensitivity, structuring, non-intrusiveness, and non-hostility, was used in the analyses. Attention disengagement from faces was measured using eye tracking and face-distractor paradigm with neutral, happy, and fearful faces and scrambled-face control pictures as stimuli. The main finding was that lower maternal emotional availability was related to an infant’s higher attention to fearful faces (p = .042), when infant sex and maternal age, education, and concurrent depressive and anxiety symptoms were controlled. This finding indicates that low maternal emotional availability may sensitize infants’ emotion processing system for the signals of fear at least during this specific age around 8 months. The significance of the increased attention toward fearful faces during infancy is an important topic for future research.

COVID-19 vaccination in urban American Indian and Alaska Native children: Parental characteristics, beliefs and attitudes associated with vaccine acceptance

BackgroundLittle is known about vaccination rates for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) parents and their children, or parental decisions in this regard. Improving vaccination rates is a serious concern due to the disproportionate incidence and morbidity of COVID-19 in AI/AN people. PurposeOur goal was to describe urban AI/AN parental attributes associated with COVID-19 vaccination of their children. MethodsSurvey participants (n = 572) were ≥18 years of age, had children ≥5 years of age, AI/AN, and seen at one of six urban health organizations serving primarily AI/AN people within the prior year. They were asked about gender, age, education, marital status, perceived stress, trauma history, whether they had received the COVID-19 vaccine, tested positive for COVID-19 in the past, and if their child was vaccinated. They were also asked about 16 vaccine hesitancy reasons. ResultsParental vaccination rate was 82%, with 59% of their children vaccinated. Parents who vaccinated their children were older, had higher education, lower stress and trauma, and were more likely to be vaccinated compared to parents who did not vaccinate their children. Forty-two percent of parents indicated they would likely vaccinate their unvaccinated child in the future. Sixteen vaccine hesitancy reasons revealed four factors: distrust, inconvenience, lack of concern about the pandemic, and AI/AN concerns. Parents who had no plans to vaccinate their children had the highest vaccine distrust and lack of concern about the pandemic. Parents with greater vaccine distrust and AI/AN specific concern reported significantly greater trauma history and higher levels of education. ConclusionEven though vaccination rates for AI/AN parents and children are high, the consequences of COVID-19 for AI/AN people are more severe than for other US populations. Providers should use trauma-informed, trust-building and culturally competent communication when discussing choices about vaccination with AI/AN parents.

Fathering styles in a traditional culture and its association with marital relationship: A latent profile analysis with a nationally representative sample.

This study had two main objectives. The first goal was to examine fathers' parenting styles in a society with traditional patriarchal values. The second goal was to understand the extent to which marital relationship variables (i.e., marital satisfaction and spousal support) are related with the identified fathering profiles. The theoretical and empirical underpinnings of the "parenting styles" literature that form the foundation of the research on parent-child dynamics are still mainly based on data collected only from mothers. This weakness of the literature on fathering typologies is further accompanied by the scarcity of data on fathers' parenting practices from non-Western contexts. To achieve the study aims, a latent profile analysis based on warmth and control dimensions of parenting was performed using a nationally representative sample of 1070 urban fathers in Turkey. Using scores on six parenting behavior variables (i.e., warmth, punishment, inductive reasoning, positive parenting, discipline and teaching responsibilities, time and talking together), results revealed four fathering profiles: "authoritative" (30%), "average" (45%), "uninvolved" (16%), and "disciplining-distant" (8%). Furthermore, the results showed that the fathering profiles significantly differed from each other on the marital satisfaction and spousal support scores. Results highlight the importance of investigating fathering behaviors and their predictors in different cultures.

Women with depression in pregnancy or a history of depression have decreased quality of mentalization in the speech to their infants.

Our study aims to understand whether depression, either in pregnancy or lifetime, affects cognitive biases (comprising the attentional focus and affective state) and mentalizing features (ability to understand children's internal mental states, thereby detecting and comprehending their behavior and intention), in maternal speech during mother-infant interaction in the first postnatal year. We recruited 115 pregnant women (44 healthy, 46 with major depressive disorder [MDD] in pregnancy, and 25 with a history of MDD but healthy pregnancy) at 25 weeks' gestation. Three-minute videos were recorded at 8 weeks and 12 months postnatally for each dyad. Maternal speech was transcribed verbatim and coded for cognitive biases and mentalizing comments using the Parental Cognitive Attributions and Mentalization Scale (PCAMs). Women suffering from antenatal depression showed a decreased proportion of mentalizing comments compared with healthy women, at both 8 weeks (0.03 ± 0.01 vs. 0.07 ± 0.01, P = 0.002) and 12 months (0.02 ± 0.01 vs. 0.04 ± 0.01, P = 0.043). Moreover, compared with healthy women, both those with antenatal depression and those with a history of depression showed decreased positive affection in speech (0.13 ± 0.01 vs. 0.07 ± 0.01 and 0.08 ± 0.02, respectively P = 0.003 and P = 0.043), and made significantly fewer comments focused on their infants' experience at 8 weeks (0.67 ± 0.03 vs. 0.53 ± 0.04 and 0.49 ± 0.05, respectively P = 0.015 and P = 0.005). In linear regression models women's socioeconomic difficulties and anxiety in pregnancy contribute to these associations, while postnatal depression did not. Both antenatal depression and a lifetime history of depression are associated with a decreased quality of women's speech to their infants, as shown by less focus on their infant's experience, decreased positive affection, and less able to mentalize. Examining maternal speech to their infants in the early postnatal months may be particularly relevant to identify women who could benefit from strategies addressing these aspects of the interactive behavior and thus improve infant outcome in the context of depression.

Parent attributions and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder knowledge as predictors of specific help-seeking interests.

Many children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) do not receive appropriate services following diagnosis. Although information about ADHD is widely available and abundant, sometimes conflicting information may impede parent help-seeking. The present study examined parent knowledge of ADHD and attributions of child behavior as predictors of interest in formal and informal help seeking at the point of child evaluation for possible ADHD. Participants (89 caregivers of children ages 5-12) completed a measure of ADHD knowledge, rated attributions of child behavior in response to vignettes depicting ADHD symptoms, and indicated their interest in a range of formal and informal services that could be recommended following the child's evaluation. Parents reported strongest interest in academic services followed by medication, child focused therapy, and informal services (e.g., seeking information about ADHD). Family income, ADHD knowledge and attributions that child behavior will persist over time were associated with all types of help-seeking interest except academic services. Perceptions of child control over behavior predicted greater interest in medication. Findings suggest that increasing parent knowledge of ADHD and exploring parent goals and preferences for treatment may increase service utilization for children following assessment/diagnosis of ADHD.

Interrelationships among Parental Career Support, Students Science Self-Efficacy, and Career Decision Making in Muranga County Kenya

Parents play a significant role in shaping their children’s career choices. However, in Murang’a County, Kenya, there is a lack of research focusing on the specific aspects of parental support, and science self-efficacy, interacting with students’ career decisions. Furthermore, there is a limited understanding of how parental factors, in conjunction with students’ self-efficacy in science subjects, influence the career choices students ultimately make. This research aims to fill this gap by examining how parental career support and students’ self-efficacy in science interact to influence career decision-making among students attending public secondary schools. The study was grounded in the Social Cognitive Career Theory, which prompted the following research inquiries; are there interrelationships between parents’ support, students’ self-efficacy for science, and students’ career decision making. The study involved a sample of 482 students in the third year of public secondary schools. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula. The selection of 11 schools, including both single-gender and mixed schools, was based on purposive sampling and proportionate stratified random sampling methods. Participants within these schools were chosen through random sampling. The data were gathered and analyzed using SPSS software. To test the hypotheses, statistical techniques such as Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient, analysis of variance, and multiple regression were employed. The study observed parents’ support, self-efficacy in science, and career decision making were interrelated. Recommendations on the inclusion of specific parental attributes in enhancing science self-efficacy to improve students’ choices in sciences were made.

Factors Associated with Parenting Adaptability in Facing the First COVID-19 Lockdown: A Study on Portuguese Parents.

Parenting was drastically challenged during the COVID-19 pandemic as families complied with the consequent containment for sanitary and social reasons. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships among self-report measures (co-parenting, emotional experience and parental support network) and the employment condition (teleworking parents and at-home parents with governmental leave aid) that might be associated with the everyday life change, and their contribution towards family's daily routines during the first COVID-19 lockdown. A sample of 878 parents (90.2% mothers), aged from 21 to 61 years (39.58 ± 6.08), and mainly of Portuguese nationality (97.2%), was gathered through an online survey. Participants completed sociodemographic data and answered questions related to four positive parenting dimensions (Daily routines, Co-parenting, Emotional experience, and Support network) rating on a five-point Likert scale how much their behavior changed during the lockdown. Descriptive statistics and multilinear regression models were tested as well as a mediation model. The results showed that Emotional experience, Co-parenting, and Support network played an important role in family Daily routines, reinforcing that the first COVID-19 lockdown was lived differently by parents according to their employment conditions. Furthermore, the pathways model of factors associated with parental adaptability is suggestive that the direct effect of Emotional experience on Daily routines is partially mediated by Co-parenting and Support network. In line with previous studies on the complexity and dynamic ecology of parenting, the reported indicators showcase the interrelated facets of parenting and its corresponding support needs. Further, clear indicators for the design of family support interventions and family resilience enhancement to stressor events are discussed.

Prevalence of elevated blood lead level in children with global developmental delay and its relation with parental and child attributes

Background: Lead, a potential neurotoxin, is found in soil, water and air as a result of its non-biodegradable nature. Common sources of lead toxicity in children are household paints, leaded pipes for water supply, canned food, coloured toys, herbal/folk remedies and electronic wastes. Along with this, other child and parental attributes have been found to contribute to elevated blood lead level (EBLL). Objectives were to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of EBLL in children with global developmental delay (GDD). Methods: This hospital based cross sectional study was conducted between October 2019 and October 2021 at department of paediatrics of JNMCH, AMU, Aligarh. Data regarding clinical and sociodemographic characteristics as well as parental attributes was collected and entered on pre-designed proforma. Results: Among 94 children with GDD mean BLL was found to be 6.72±6.46 mcg/dl and in their mothers it was 6.74±6.46 mcg/dl (p=0.984). A high prevalence of EBLL (>5 mcg/dl) in children with GDD (53.20%) and their mothers (49.3%) was noted. Various child and parental attributes were identified as potential sources of exposure to lead. Conclusions: A high prevalence of EBLL in children with GDD in our study area might also suggest higher exposure from environmental sources such as soil, water, electronic waste, lead acid batteries, etc. For countries like ours which is rapidly undergoing industrialisation, these potential sources need to be identified promptly and swift action in this regard is needed in addition to preventive measures at personal and family levels.