Parental Approval Research Articles

Exploring the Transformative Influence of Dramatic Arts Education on Academic Achievement and Personal Development of Grade 10 Students

This study examined how dramatic arts education affects students in Grade 10 through improving their academic performance and personal growth thereby changing their lives. Using interpretative paradigms based on social interpretative theoretical frameworks, the study used a mixed qualitative and quantitative research methodology. A questionnaire was used to collect data from a purposive sample of 120 Grade 10 dramatic arts students and seven teachers. The case study was conducted in two schools using a descriptive study methodology. An examination of the data showed strong correlations between involvement in the dramatic arts and academic achievement, and discernible behavioural and critical skill gains throughout a student's academic life. Results showed that, because of the topic matter covered, students of the dramatic arts modified their misbehaviours. The results demonstrated that dramatic arts is important for developing critical thinking, problem-solving, and practical communication skills. This study recommends that teachers receive training in dramatic arts teaching and that more students be enrolled in dramatic arts programmes. Even though students enjoy dramatic arts as a subject, the results of this study show that some students were concerned about getting parental approval to enrol in dramatic arts. The study emphasises the transformational potential of dramatic arts education in providing students with the necessary skills for coping in a rapidly shifting world and gives insightful recommendations for educators, legislators, and curriculum designers. The study concluded that studying dramatic arts benefits students’ academic performance and has a transformative effect on their personal lives. The study also found that parents greatly influenced the choice of dramatic arts as a subject taught in schools.

School students’ aspirations for STEM careers: the influence of self-concept, parental expectations, career outcome expectations, and perceptions of STEM professionals

ABSTRACT This study examined the processes that contributed to students’ aspirations for STEM careers and unpacked the relationships between students’ self-concept in science and mathematics learning, perceived parental expectations, perceptions of STEM professionals, career outcome expectations and STEM career aspirations. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse quantitative survey data of 2,477 primary and secondary school students studying in seven Asian regions (Hong Kong, Malaysia, Mainland China, Indonesia, Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore). The results demonstrated that students’ self-concept, perceptions of STEM professionals, and their career outcome expectations all significantly and positively predicted their aspirations for STEM careers. However, this study failed to establish a direct relationship or positive correlation between perceived parental expectations and STEM career aspirations. Students’ self-concept negatively predicted their career outcome expectations related to seeking parental approval. While no significant positive effects of perceived parental expectations on career aspirations were found, an indirect effect of perceived parental expectations on STEM career aspirations via career outcome expectations was observed. Moreover, career outcome expectations mediated the relationships between students’ STEM career aspirations and their perceptions of STEM professionals more strongly than self-concept. The implications of these results for STEM education are discussed.

The Impact of Traditional Children's Games on Internet Use, Social Skills, and Stress Level: A Cross-Sectional Design.

Traditional games are essential for children's social inclusion due to cultural values and beliefs. This study was conducted to measure the impact of traditional children's games on internet use, social skills, and stress levels. A cross-sectional design was carried out. Children who had parental approval and agreed to participate were included in the study (n = 314). The data were collected using a questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (8-11 years), and the Social Skills Assessment Scale. Linear regression and multinomial logistic regression were performed to analyze the data. Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test was performed to assess the confounding factors for playing traditional games. The children's mean age was 11.58 (SD = 0.49), and 56.1% were girls. Children who did not play traditional games were more likely to use the internet than those who played traditional games (odds ratio [OR] = 2.16, p = .014). The social skills were significantly associated with daily internet use time (β = 0.164, p = .003), playing traditional games (β = 0.155, p = .008), and frequency of gaming per week (β = 0.123, p = .035). The stress levels were associated with gender (β = 0.120, p = .033) and academic level (β = 0.111, p = .048). Traditional game playing reduced the duration of one sitting and daily internet use. Moreover, outdoor gaming, frequency of playing games, and daily internet use duration were predictors of social skills, whereas being a girl and sixth-grade student were predisposing factors of stress level. Nurses could benefit from traditional games in reducing internet use and stress and improving social skills in children.

Accessory thoracic muscles in human fetuses.

Typically, the anterior thoracic wall musculature is composed of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. Embryologically, these two muscles are originated from a common pectoral muscle mass; therefore, disruption of the normal development and differentiation could give rise to an aberrant or accessory muscle. The main aim of this study is to demonstrate and classify the accessory muscles of the pectoralis region in human fetuses. Fifty spontaneously aborted human fetuses (25 male and 25 female, 100 sides) aged 18-38 weeks of gestation at death, and fixed in 10% formalin solution were examined. Following parental approval, the fetuses were donated to the Medical University anatomy program. The pectoralis major and minor muscle's morphology, the possible occurrence of accessory muscles of pectoral region and its morphology, their origins, and insertions, as well as the morphometric details, were assessed. The pectoralis major and minor were bilaterally found in all fetuses (100 cases). The accessory muscles of pectoral region were found in 16 cases (16%), and four types were differentiated. The Pectoralis Quartus muscle was the most common type of accessory muscles found in this study and occurred in 8 cases. The axillary arch muscle was observed in 3 cases. The chondrocoracoideus muscle was observed in 3 cases. The sternalis muscle occurred in 2 cases, and one of them was bifurcated. The thoracic region is characterized by a large amount of morphological variations, which are observed not only in adult population, but also among human fetuses. The pectoralis quartus was the most frequent variation in this study. Accessory structures like sternalis muscle, chondrocoracoideus muscle, pectoralis quartus muscle, or axillary arch muscle may have clinical implications, and knowledge about them is very useful for clinicians, especially plastic surgeons, thoracic surgeons, and orthopedics.

Research on the application value of Multimedia-Based virtual reality technology in drama education activities

The research and moral use of academic technology focuses on developing, implementing, and overseeing the use of suitable technical resources and procedures to enhance learning and achievement. Multimedia has found its position in some form as an educational technology platform in the contemporary environment of academic universities. The use of virtual reality software as an intellectual tool and learning provider allows students to perform cognitive rehabilitation of preexisting information frameworks. People are paying more and more attention to how preschoolers' holistic skills develop as education reform progresses. Drama education is incorporated into the school curriculum to enhance young children's artistic, intellectual, and linguistic skills. Therefore, this study aims to examine the potential of multimedia-based virtual reality technology (MVRT) in drama education. The participants in this study were students from different universities in China. Students were exposed to multimedia-based virtual reality technology, and its efficacy was assessed using a statistical analytic approach called Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Drama understanding rate, educational improvement ratio, teaching quality rate, student achievement ratio, computation time, and parental support rate are among the performance metrics used to assess performance. Multimedia-based virtual reality technology (MVRT) for drama education showed outstanding success, with a 98% improvement ratio in educational outcomes and higher teaching quality. Students exhibited improved performance, supported by solid parental approval, demonstrating the effectiveness of MVRT in enhancing educational experiences.

Wedding Customs of the Lampung Pepadun Community in the Perspective of Islamic Education

Lampung traditional marriage ceremony, in its implementation, the marriage of the Sungkai Bunga Mayang clan community is carried out by Rasan Sanak or Sembambangan (elopement) and Rasan Tuho or Intar Sapon (parental approval). Lampung traditional wedding traditions are still many people who carry out wedding customs that do not comply with applicable customary regulations. In some Lampung wedding customs, there may be certain practices such as very high dowries, exchange of goods that are not in accordance with Islamic law, or certain traditions. who do not have basic Islamic education. This research aims to: Analyze and describe the implementation of the marriage customs of the Lampung Pepadun community in the Sungkai Bunga Mayang clan from an Islamic education perspective. This research is descriptive in nature which is analyzed qualitatively in order to describe or describe the condition of an object and then analyze it. This research was structured based on field research by collecting data through interviews, observation, documentation and from various literature related to this research study. In carrying out weddings, the people of Lampung Pepadun in the Sungkai Bunga Mayang clan community always preserve and maintain the customs of intar payu, intar bright field, intar bright, intar manum and sebambangan. This form of tradition is in accordance with Islamic education, this is because the marriage customs of the Lampung Pepadun people in the Sungkai Bunga Mayang clan community are the formation of a Muslim personality, both containing teachings about personal or community attitudes and behavior, towards the welfare of individual and collective life, in accordance with Islamic education. which is individual education and community education.
 Keywords: Wedding Customs of Lampung, Islamic Education, Lampung Pepadun Community

Romantic relationships and attitudes in Asian emerging adults: Review and critique

AbstractThis article summarizes and critiques existing literature on the factors that might influence romantic relationships and attitudes among Asian emerging adults (18–29 years old). Forty‐one studies were identified. Findings were categorized into two groups based on outcome variables: romantic relationship qualities (e.g., satisfaction; N = 22) and attitudes toward dating and marriage (N = 19). Common predictors of relationship qualities include parenting factors (e.g., parental divorce), culture‐specific factors (e.g., filial piety), and psychological factors (e.g., identity status). Furthermore, findings suggest that Asian emerging adults tend to hold more conservative dating attitudes, prioritize parental approval, but also share some similarities in dating attitudes with their Western counterparts. We proposed specific recommendations regarding sample diversity and areas for further investigation in future research. Clinical implications are also discussed that highlight the importance of relationship therapists showing empathy and building therapeutic alliance with Asian emerging adult clients.

Simulation of the Abbaji Ammotere Case for Silariang Using Mathematical Modeling in Bugis Society

Silariang is a form of deviant behavior that is consciously carried out by men and women by taking shortcuts in marriage without getting the blessing of the family. The causes of silariang are not getting parental approval, cash problems, promiscuity, pregnancy out of wedlock. Abbaji ammotere is an alternative solution to improve relationships with family. This research aims to build a SEIR models. This model is divided into four classes, namely the class of people who have the potential to carry out silariang, the class of people who are affected by carrying out silariang, the people who carry out silariang, and the people who return to their parents (Ammotere Abbaji). The data used is primary data obtained by distributing questionnaires to 204 samples which were carried out offline for silariang perpetrators and online for vulnerable and affected communities. The real data results of the SEIR type model produce a basic reproduction number (R0) of 0,20381767, which means that the range class will experience a significant increase in the sense that at any time they will be affected and practice silariang, while for classes that have practiced silariang this will decrease over a certain period of time.

Willingness to take human papillomavirus vaccine and its associated factors among school adolescent girls: A case of school-based dose one human papillomavirus vaccine campaign in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.

This study aimed to evaluate the willingness of human papillomavirus vaccine and its associated factors in Dire Dawa in 2022. Ethiopia is undergoing human papillomavirus vaccine implementation in the country with the support of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. However, there is a scarcity of data on problems encountered and the receiver's acceptance of the vaccine. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 634 female adolescents from 1 April to 1 May 2022. A simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Pretested structured self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were entered into EPI-data 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23.00 software for analysis. Descriptive analysis was conducted to summarize data with text, tables, and figures. A binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with the willingness of the human papillomavirus vaccine. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals and p-values less than 0.05 were used to determine the association between independent and dependent variables. Hosmer and Lemeshow test was used to determine model fitness. The magnitude of human papillomavirus vaccine willingness among adolescent girls was 56% with 95% CI (52.1%-59.9%). Discussion on sexual and reproductive health issues (AOR = 7.67, 95% CI: 3.82, 15.42), adolescent girls who were received permission from their family to take human papillomavirus vaccine (AOR = 4.49, 95% CI: 2.40, 8.43), adolescent girls who had good knowledge on human papillomavirus vaccine (AOR = 5.78, 95% CI: 3.18, 10.15), and adolescent girls who had favorable attitude toward human papillomavirus vaccine (AOR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.73, 5.43) were positively associated with willingness to take human papillomavirus vaccine. Knowledge about cervical cancer and the human papillomavirus vaccine as well as willingness to take the human papillomavirus vaccine was low. Factors such as maternal education, adolescents' discussion on sexual and reproductive health issues, parent approval of human papillomavirus vaccine, and knowledge and attitude toward human papillomavirus vaccine were significantly associated with willingness to take the human papillomavirus vaccine. Therefore, public health education regarding cervical cancer and human papillomavirus vaccination is still needed and has to be targeted at not only respondents but also their families.

Shifts in Endogamy Tradition within Arab-Indonesian Populations: A Study on an Alawiyyin Family in Bekasi, West Java

Ethnicity-based endogamous marriage is often related to the cultures of Arab descent in Indonesia. These past decades, sociocultural changes affected several cultures across Indonesia, mainly due to the rapid growth of information access and scientific knowledge. These changes also occurred within the Arab-descent communities in Indonesia, including changes in value and practice in their marriage tradition. This ethnographic research attempted to reexplore, redefine, and reinterpret the current perspectives of endogamous marriage through the minds of an Alawiyyin family in Bekasi, West Java. The informants mentioned that endogamous marriage was deemed irrelevant since 30-40 years ago, and what was once the norm changed into a simple preference. This change happened because of the elders’ and family patriarchs’ open-mindedness, and thus, nurtured a more welcoming attitude toward non-Arabs and non-Alawiyyins. They also realized that forced endogamy oftentimes caused feelings of solitude and discomfort to those affected. To prevent such discrimination from happening again, the informants mentioned that they grant more freedom to their offspring to select their own life partner, even though parental approval is still important to the couple’s marriage.

Predicting Factors of Pre-coital and Sexual Behaviors among Thai Muslim Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study

Pre-coital and sexual behaviors are precarious and may lead adolescents to face higher rates of unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the factors predicting pre-coital and sexual behaviors amongMuslim adolescents in southernmost Thailand. Seven hundred adolescents were recruited from a vocational college and four schools. Sexual risk behaviors and its related factors questionnaires were employed for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used todescribe the demographic characteristics of the participants; binary and ordinal logistic regression was used to examine the factors explaining sexual risk behaviors. The results indicated that increased age was a predicting factor for higher pre-coital and sexual behaviors. For interpersonal factors, knowledge of sexual risk behaviors was a protective factor, while perceived parent and peer approval of sex and perceived peer norms predicted higher pre-coital and sexual behaviors. More parental monitoring was a protective factor for lower pre-coital behaviors. For environmental factors, cultural norms were a significant protective factor, while neighborhood disorganization predicted higher pre-coital behaviors. In conclusion, age, parental approval of sex, and perceived peer norms were predictors of sexual and pre-coital behaviors. These findings provide useful information for healthcare providers, especially nurses, to develop the intervention with the protective factors and predictors of sexual and pre-coital behaviors. We recommend action research that includes all community stakeholders to develop an intervention to prevent sexual risk behaviors among Muslim adolescents.

Parents, Princesses, and Powers: An Examination of Young Children’s Engagement with Princess and Superhero Culture Based on Indicators of Gendered Parenting

ABSTRACT Both princesses and superheroes are highly salient parts of early childhood in the United States. Because of the gendered nature of both princesses and superheroes, it is possible that they represent a salient facet of children’s early gendered environments, and may be associated with other facets of gendered parenting. The aim of this study is twofold: (1) to categorize patterns of young children’s engagement with princess and superhero cultures using Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) and (2) to examine whether children’s profiles of engagement with princesses and superheroes are systematically associated with indicators of gendered parenting; approval of boy-typed and girl-typed play, parents’ implicit attitudes about gender, and parents use of gendered language with their children. Using a sample of 404 parent–child dyads, we completed a Latent Profile Analysis of children’s engagement with princesses and superheroes, identifying four profiles, Low Engagement, Princesses, Heroes, and High Engagement. Children’s gender was related to their profile of engagement, but indicators of gendered parenting were not predictive of children’s profile of princess/superhero engagement, apart from parent approval of girl-typed play. Finally, child gender did not moderate the relationship between indicators of gendered parenting and children’s profile of princess/superhero engagement.

Long-term mediation of a sexual risk-reduction intervention for South African adolescents.

Black adolescents in South Africa are disproportionately affected by HIV. A cluster-randomized controlled experiment examining the effects of a sexual risk-reduction intervention successfully reduced self-reported intercourse and unprotected intercourse. Based on long-term follow-up assessments, the present research examines theoretical constructs that could potentially mediate the intervention effects and how time and gender, respectively, moderated the mediation. The behavioral outcome was measured by asking whether participants had had any vaginal sex in the past 3 months. Mediation and moderated mediation were tested based on the 3-, 6-, 12-, 42-, and 54-month postintervention outcomes. Three variables through which the sexual risk-reduction intervention had a significant mediated effect on the behavioral outcome were identified: abstinence career opportunities outcome expectancy (α × β product = -0.086, 95% asymmetric confidence interval [ACI] [-0.126, -0.047]), expected parental approval of sexual intercourse (α × β product = -0.061, [-0.102, -0.025]), and self-efficacy to avoid sexual-risk situations (α × β product = -0.022, [-0.049, -0.001]). The moderated mediation analysis showed that gender moderated the intervention's effects on abstinence prevention outcome expectancy (B = -0.186, SEB = 0.079, p = .019), expected parental approval of sexual intercourse (B = 0.143, SEB = 0.058, p = .013), and self-efficacy to avoid sexual-risk situations (B = -0.293, SEB = 0.112, p = .009). The moderated mediation analysis also revealed that time moderated the effects of the intervention on abstinence career opportunities outcome expectancy (B = -0.293, SEB = 0.106, p = .006), self-efficacy to avoid sexual-risk situations (B = 0.335, SEB = 0.060, p < .001), and cultural myths regarding HIV transmission (B = 0.138, SEB = 0.042, p = .001); and the association between four theoretical constructs and the behavioral outcome: abstinence career opportunities outcome expectancy (B = -0.267, SEB = 0.104, p = .001), self-efficacy to refuse sex (B = -0.132, SEB = 0.043, p = .002), self-efficacy to avoid sexual-risk situations (B = -0.093, SEB = 0.055, p = .009), and HIV risk-reduction knowledge (B = -0.286, SEB = 0.134, p = .003). The present study identifies theoretical constructs that mediated the intervention effects on the sexual behavior among South African adolescents for an extended period of time. The findings also reveal gender differences in psychological mechanisms initiated by a sexual risk-reduction intervention and the long-term temporal dynamics of the intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Predictors of Parental Acceptance towards Contemporary Behavior Management Techniques Used in Pediatric Dentistry: A Preliminary Study on Turkish Population.

Parents, who make the final decision regarding their child's treatment, play a significant role in their dental care. Parental approval is important for each stage of treatment and may affect the physician's approach to the treatment. Therefore, it is essential for pediatric dentists to comprehend which behavior management techniques (BMTs) are acceptable to parents and to identify the factors that influence their acceptability. Parents who were bringing their children for dental treatment answered a survey on the acceptance of twenty contemporary BMTs. The sociodemographic data of the parents and the age, gender, and Frankl behavior rating scale (Frankl) scores of their children were recorded. Parents were asked to indicate their level of acceptance of each BMT. Binary logistic regression analysis was designed to see the predictors of "accepted" and "declined" answers. According to acceptance frequencies, the most accepted technique was communication and communicative guidance. The most declined technique was parental absence. The child's age, gender, Frankl score, parental educational status, and parent type predict the acceptability of some BMTs. This study revealed that pediatric dentists must consider parent and child factors when selecting BMTs for children. We believe that this study can provide a basis for determining which factors pediatric dentists should consider when selecting individualized BMTs.

Human papillomavirus vaccine knowledge and conspiracy beliefs among secondary school students in Lebanon

BackgroundHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) is widely prevalent across the globe. In Lebanon, the society is transitioning from traditional conservatism to a more open attitude. Although previous studies have examined the knowledge of adults in Lebanon with regard to HPV and its vaccine, there is a lack of research on secondary school students. Moreover, HPV is considered a worldwide public health matter that needs to be addressed. Therefore, the objective of our study is to assess factors associated with knowledge and conspiracy beliefs towards HPV vaccine among a sample of Lebanese adolescents.MethodsBetween December 2022 and February 2023, we conducted a cross-sectional study on Lebanese adolescents aged 15 to 18 years old. Parental approval was needed in order to participate. We used a questionnaire to collect data, which included the HPV-knowledge questionnaire (HPV-KQ) and the Vaccine Conspiracy Belief Scale (VCBS).ResultsOf the 406 participants who filled the survey, 64.8% were female, with a mean age of 16.62 ± 1.01. Results showed that 31.0% of students had high knowledge about HPV, while 27.6% had high conspiracy beliefs, and 48% of participants relied on the internet to access information on HPV. Students who had previously heard of HPV, received sexual education at school or outside, and had received at least one dose of the HPV vaccine demonstrated significantly higher knowledge of HPV. Additionally, students with high knowledge had a lower mean House Crowding Index, and those whose fathers had a university education had lower conspiracy beliefs. Females had a higher vaccination rate than males, while no significant difference was found between those who had engaged in sexual activity and those who had not. The multivariate analysis indicated that previous awareness of HPV and receiving sexual education outside school were significantly associated with higher knowledge.ConclusionOur study brings to light the urgent need for action to increase HPV awareness and vaccination among Lebanese secondary school students. The prevalence of vaccine misconceptions and conspiracy beliefs and the limited knowledge of HPV underscore the importance of more comprehensive sexual education in schools and the dissemination of accurate information about HPV and its vaccine. Furthermore, given the low vaccination rate among males, efforts should be made to promote HPV vaccination among this population. Addressing these issues can improve public health and help prevent the spread of HPV and its related diseases.

The Validity Of Wali Muhakkam In The Practice Of Unregister Marriages And Legal Consequences At East Aceh Regency

&lt;em&gt;This study aims to determine and analyze the process of unregistered marriage through the guardian of Muhakkam. This study uses an empirical juridical method with a statutory and socio-legal approach. The results of this study indicate that the unregister marriage process carried out by the people in East Aceh by the guardian of Muhakkam still follows the understanding of the tengku and ulama but is not in accordance with the Marriage Act. Marriage without legal evidence and registration at the KUA can bring harm. There are several factors that influence the practice of unregistered marriages, including economic factors, not getting parental approval, low levels of education, lack of understanding and awareness of the importance of registering marriages, the absence of sanctions for perpetrators of unregistered marriages, and problems with polygamy permits&lt;/em&gt;

Compulsory class attendance versus autonomy

We estimate the effect of an increased autonomy policy for higher-performing students on short- and longer-term school outcomes. We exploit an institutional setting with high demand for autonomy. Identification comes from a nationwide natural experiment that allowed higher-achieving students to miss 44 percent more classes with parental approval. Using a difference-in-difference-in-differences approach, we find that allowing higher-achieving students to skip more classes increases their performance in subjects that matter for university admission and improves the quality of their enrolled college degree. Top-performing students and students in more academically diverse classrooms demand more autonomy when it is offered.

Perceptions of volunteering during the COVID-19 pandemic among medical and dental professionals in Saudi Arabia.

Volunteering can be defined as any action where time is freely donated to help another individual, organization, or cause. During pandemics, volunteers in the healthcare industry are essential. There were different perspectives on volunteering around the world. This study evaluated Saudi Arabia's clinical medical and dentistry students' attitudes and perspectives on volunteering during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A descriptive cross-sectional study of medical and dental students completing the clinical experience in Saudi Arabia. A web-based survey gathered data, and SPSS, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests were used for analysis. The majority of participants had positive attitudes and perceptions of volunteering during COVID-19 on most items. A total of 93.80% said they would volunteer given the opportunity, and 86.25% would respond to governmental calls during health crises. However, 62.26% would volunteer only if compensated, 66.58% needed parental approval before volunteering, and 74.93% had fears about infecting family members. Nearly all items were not significantly different by specialty (medicine/dentistry), gender, nationality, region, or education level. Medical and dentistry professionals had good attitudes about volunteering during health disasters, especially when provided proper protection and training. The majority of participants were likely to respond to governmental calls if needed. Future studies should investigate compensation methods and types.

Longitudinal links of parental solicitation, knowledge, and peer approval with deviance during early adolescence.

The current study examined growth-to-growth associations of parental solicitation, knowledge, and peer approval with deviance during early adolescence, using a 4-wave, 18-month self-reported longitudinal data set from 570 Czech early adolescents (58.4% female; Mage = 12.43 years, SD = 0.66 at baseline). Unconditional growth model tests provided evidence of significant changes in the three parenting behaviors and in deviance over time. Multivariate growth model tests showed that declines in maternal knowledge were associated with increases in deviance, while greater increases in parental peer approval were associated with slower increases in deviance. Findings provide evidence of dynamic changes in parental solicitation, knowledge, and peer approval over time, as well as in deviance; additionally, they importantly show how parental knowledge and peer approval covary developmentally with deviance.

The Redefinition of Clandestine Marriage by Sixteenth-Century Lutheran Theologians and Jurists

Abstract Within the medieval Catholic Church, the term ‘clandestine betrothal’ was associated with the absence of witnesses, solemnities, and other formalities. Parental consent was not a legal requirement for betrothal or marriage, which was based on the free decision of the spouses. However, Martin Luther held that the will of the parties was not sufficient, because the couple was joined by God, and God’s will was reflected in parental consent. Luther intended the parents to be a public authority, and he therefore proposed a different definition of clandestine marriage that combined the absence of witnesses with the lack of parental approval. Medieval canonists had enumerated numerous types of clandestine betrothal. However, in their treatises, the jurists Johannes Schneidewin, Conrad Mauser, and Joachim von Beust translated Luther’s definition into legal terms, reducing the types of clandestine betrothal to only two. The first type, absence of witnesses, continued to be regulated by canon law, with some exceptions. The second, lack of parental approval, was governed by Roman law reinterpreted according to Scripture. Cardinal Bellarmine criticized this definition as confused, prompting the Lutheran theologians Paul Tarnov and Johann Gerhard to reply that ‘clandestine’ had acquired a new meaning: violation of the law imposing parental approval.