ABSTRACT This study examined whether parent-provider communication or parent involvement in the child’s regimen mediated relationships between select parent personality traits and child medication adherence in a sample of 270 parents of children recently prescribed a medication. Recruitment occurred via MTurk. Parent neuroticism had an indirect effect on child medication adherence to dosing schedule (95% CI [−.030, −.002]) and global adherence (95% CI [−.038, −.003]) via a latent communication variable comprised of medication-specific and general parent-provider communication measures. Parent conscientiousness had an indirect effect on adherence to dosing schedule (95% CI [−.20, −.01]) and global adherence (95% CI [−.29, −.04]) via parent-provider communication. Conscientiousness also had an indirect effect on adherence to dosing schedule (BCa CI [−.106, −.003]) and global adherence (BCa CI [−.27, −.01)] via parent involvement. Findings support parent personality as a risk factor for pediatric nonadherence and suggest modifiable intervention targets.