Parental Interaction Research Articles

Prevalence of depression and associated factors among adolescents in Uttar Pradesh, India: insights from UDAYA wave-1

ABSTRACT Mental health issues, especially depression among adolescents is a global concern. This study focuses on understanding the prevalence and factors influencing depression among adolescents in Uttar Pradesh (UP), India. The study was utilized data from the Understanding the Lives of Adolescents and Young Adults (UDAYA) survey (Wave-1) conducted in 2015–16 among adolescents (aged 10–19 years). Bi-variate analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and ordered probit regression were employed for statistical analysis (N = 8,363). The ordered probit model demonstrated significant associations with higher depression among older adolescents (coef. = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.24), females (coef. = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.26), those with higher schooling (coef. = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.33), and non-Hindu individuals (coef. = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.15). Additionally, depression was notably higher in the richest households (coef. = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.23), with high parental interaction (coef. = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.21), and high peer interaction (coef. = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.31). Conversely, lower depression was linked to good academic performance (coef. = -0.10; 95% CI: −0.18, −0.02), belonging to OBC (coef. = -0.11; 95% CI: −0.18, −0.05), and general (coef. = -0.09; 95% CI: −0.17, −0.01) categories. The study concludes that addressing adolescent depression in UP requires a nuanced approach considering demographic, socio-economic, and interpersonal factors. Interventions should target vulnerable groups while addressing academic stress, promoting positive social interactions, and providing mental health support. Further research is needed to explore underlying mechanisms and develop effective strategies for improving adolescent mental well-being in the region.

Association of Parental Interactions and Therapies with Cerebral Oxygenation Variability in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

To evaluate the association of parental interactions and therapies with cerebral oxygenation (CrSO2) and CrSO2 variability in infants using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Prospective pilot study in clinically stable infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Infants were monitored continuously for 48-hours, and CrSO2 during parental interactions and therapies was compared to periods of no activity. CrSO2 variability was derived using the root mean of successive squared differences of averaged 1-minute CrSO2values. Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test was used to compare baseline and activity periods. Data analysis included twenty-three infants. CrSO2 variability increased during periods of parental interaction (p=0.04) and during combined parental interaction and therapies (p=0.04). We observed that routine NICU interventions are associated with increased CrSO2 variability in clinically stable NICU patients. CrSO2 variability may represent a useful biomarker for the early determination of safety and efficacy of NICU interventions.

Parental stress interaction with environmental factors in childhood allergic asthma: Early life significance

Although stress and indoor/outdoor environments have been independently linked with asthma, their interactions on childhood physician-diagnosed allergic asthma (PDAA) remain undisclosed. We aimed to research the effect of parental stress and their interactions with indoor/outdoor environmental factors on childhood PDAA. A retrospective cohort study was undertaken of preschoolers at Changsha, a city in central China. We collected information on parental stress levels and various indoor environmental exposures, through questionnaire surveys. Outdoor air pollution exposure was obtained from ten ambient pollution monitoring stations in Changsha, and individual pollution exposure were calculated. Using logistic regression models, we assessed the individual and synergistic impacts of parental stress and indoor/outdoor factors on childhood PDAA. We found that preschoolers' PDAA showed a significant association with high parental gross annual income and psychological stress indicators including fatigue, headache, and inattention, with ORs = 2.10 (1.31–3.35), 1.38 (1.04–1.82), 1.33 (1.07–1.65), and 1.42 (1.14–1.76), respectively. Furthermore, in preschoolers with high parental economic stress, the association between indoor mold/moisture spots and PDAA was notably more pronounced. Significantly stronger association between outdoor SO2 exposure in the past year in preschoolers with socially stressed parents. Parental headache and inattention exacerbated the effects of PM2.5-10 and PM10 exposure during the 7-9th months before pregnancy and throughout the pregnancy on PDAA. Preschoolers with high parental psychological stress and high exposure to outdoor atmospheric pollutants showed an increased likelihood of developing PDAA. Our research suggests that both parental stress and its interaction with hazardous environments from indoor sources and atmospheric pollutants contribute to PDAA.

The reliability and validity of the Coder Impressions Questionnaire-Kindergarten for parenting and child behaviors.

Reliable and valid assessment of parenting and child behaviors is critical for clinicians and researchers alike, and observational measures of parenting behaviors are often considered the gold standard for assessing parenting and parent-child interaction quality. The present study sought to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Coder Impressions Questionnaire-Kindergarten (COIMP-K) measure. The present study was a secondary analysis of 274 parents and their children participating in a randomized control trial testing a brief parenting intervention for parents of children entering kindergarten. Families participated in baseline and follow-up assessments and videotaped observational tasks. Graduate and undergraduate coders completed the COIMP-K after achieving reliability. The aims of the present study were to assess COIMP-K's (a) internal consistency using intercorrelations among COIMP-K subscales, (b) construct validity, (c) convergent validity by comparing the COIMP-K subscales to parents' self-report of similar behaviors, (d) discriminant validity by comparing subscales to a parent-teacher communication measure as it is unrelated to parenting or child behaviors, and (e) congruence across time. The authors hypothesized that the COIMP-K would demonstrate adequate internal consistency (Cortina, 1993), adequate construct, convergent, and discriminant validity and find congruence of the measure across time. The results demonstrated that the factors had adequate internal consistency, construct, convergent, and discriminant validity, as well as longitudinal replicability and congruence over time. The study demonstrates that the COIMP-K is a reliable and valid tool for assessing observed family behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Through our eyes: Understanding how autistic children co-author a sense of self and relate to the world. An interpretative, observational thematic analysis

Identity development is often viewed as co-constructed within social contexts. Much research focuses on older childhood, despite early childhood being considered critical in the formation of ‘self’. Creative methodologies (i.e., those that might utilise creative mediums and the senses such as audio-visual stimuli or play), drawing upon attachment, narrative and systemic theory, and interpretative, observational thematic analysis were utilised to explore child meaning-making in the context of autism. Participant understanding of self often related to a sense of ‘difference’ and desire for belonging and acceptance. Development of creative, sensitive, applied methods has advanced methodological approaches for working with vulnerable populations. This study demonstrates that experiences of parental perspectives and interactions are connected to children contextualising their experiences of self, other, and the world around them in some capacity. As such, it is important to provide parents with the tools, knowledge, and understanding to aid the development of positive narratives to provide the best support for their children

Parental Mediation, Digital Media Usage, and Health Literacy: An Exploration Among Chinese Elementary School Students

This study examines the relationship between parental interactions, digital media usage, and health literacy among 19,386 elementary students (ages 6–11) in Guangdong Province, China, using the framework of parental mediation theory. Path analysis revealed that increased digital media usage is associated with decreased health literacy, particularly for short video platforms, which exhibit a significant negative correlation (β = −.335). Parental interaction was found to significantly reduce the use of instant messaging apps (β = −.007) and short video platforms (β = −.008), with the influence being moderated by the student’s residence status (boarding or non-boarding). The findings highlight the importance of frequent parental interaction in limiting digital media usage and enhancing health literacy among children. This study suggests that parental mediation theory should pay closer attention to environmental or living status factors, as they can significantly influence its mechanisms of action. Overall, this research contributes to the discourse on digital behavior in childhood and offers evidence-based insights for improving educational and health literacy strategies.

The association between maternal and child posttraumatic stress symptoms among families living in southern Israel: The buffering role of maternal executive functions.

Posttraumatic stress disorder is a prolonged stress and anxiety response that occurs after exposure to a traumatic event. Research shows that both parental and child posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are correlated but parental executive functions (EFs) could buffer this link. EFs refers to a group of high-level cognitive processes that enable self-regulation of thoughts and actions to achieve goal-directed behaviours and can be of importance for both positive parenting interactions and effective coping skills for PTSS. Our study aimed to (1) examine the link between maternal and child PTSS and the moderating role of varying degrees of exposure to severe security threats context, and (2) to identify the moderating role of maternal EFs in this interaction, among families living in southern Israel. Our sample included 131 mothers in their second pregnancy and their firstborn children. Mothers performed computerised tasks to assess their EFs and they reported on their own and their child's PTSS. Results revealed a positive correlation between maternal PTSS and child PTSS. However, the link between maternal and child PTSS was moderated by maternal working memory updating abilities and threat context severity. Among mothers with lower updating capacities, the association between maternal and child symptoms was stronger under higher threat contexts; conversely, among mothers with higher maternal updating abilities, threat context did not modulate the link between maternal and child PTSS, suggesting a stress-buffering effect. Our study contributes to the growing literature on the significant role of parental EFs in the context of parent-child interactions.

Exploring the Nexus Between Child Unintentional Injuries and Parental Smartphone Distraction: A Narrative Review of Studies, News Reports, and Rising Cases

This review explores the impact of smartphone use on parenting practices and parental supervision. With the pervasive presence of smartphones in daily life, there is growing concern about their potential to distract parents and interrupt effective parenting. The purpose of this review is to synthesise the existing literature on how smartphone usage affects parental attention and supervision. Collected research papers and news reports have highlighted that parents’ excessive smartphone use has contributed to distracted parental supervision, uninvolved parenting, unintentional injuries, and fatalities among children. This review examines studies from various databases, focusing on information related to smartphone distraction among parents. Key findings indicate that high smartphone use is associated with reduced quality of parental interactions and inadequate supervision, leading to increased risks for children. The review concludes that while smartphones provide significant benefits, their overuse poses substantial risks to child safety and development. Future research should aim to develop strategies to mitigate these negative impacts and promote balanced smartphone use in family contexts.

Qualitative social network analysis in practice: comparison of methods for network maps construction

This article is devoted to the application of qualitative network analysis on the example of studying the social interactions of young parents in migration. A conceptual description of qualitative network analysis, network visualization features, design of qualitative network research, comparison of two approaches to building network maps and an example of their analysis are presented. Qualitative network analysis is aimed at studying relationships in the network and consists of interpretative and structural components, which are implemented through interviews and building a network map. The two approaches to building network maps differ in that in one case, network maps are built by the researcher based on an interview, and in the other case, the construction of the map is delegated to the informant himself. The first method is limited by the interview data and is their structural visualization. The second method of building a network map by the informant himself creates additional resources for interpretation – contrasting narratives and visual structuring of the informant's interactions.

Causes and Consequences of Divorced Parents in Child Personality Development

By the nature of the concept, parents need to ensure the growth and development of their children, the creation of an appropriate, non-confrontational environment, their emotional preparation to face adverse life events so that they are manageable and not traumatic. In practice, post-divorce parental interactions are unsatisfactory and damaging because they often transmit to the child the hostility that the child feels towards the ex-spouse, with consequences for the child’s psycho-emotional balance. In this context, the HiPIC – Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children test was used in order to assess the parents’ (the resident parent and the parents with organized family) perception of their child, to reflect on the child’s concrete and observable behaviours. The sample selected included children aged 9-12 and their parents. Scoring and interpretation of the HiPIC test and statistical processing revealed five dimensions of specific child personality functioning. The psychological analysis of research on divorced families, the relationship between the resident parent and the child is reviewed. Caught up in the hostility between them, parents often do not sense the emotional disorders and imbalances in the child’s personality that generate and lead to the formation of problematic personality patterns in the minor.

Parental genetic effects on the offspring's phenotype without transmission of the gene itself-pathophysiology and clinical evidence.

Parental genes can influence the phenotype of their offspring through genomic-epigenomic interactions even without the direct inheritance of specific parental genotypes. Maternal genetic variations can affect the ovarian and intrauterine environments and potentially alter lactation behaviors, impacting offspring nutrition and health outcomes independently of the fetal genome. Similarly, paternal genetic changes can affect the endocrine system and vascular functions in the testes, influencing sperm quality and seminal fluid composition. These changes can initiate early epigenetic modifications in sperm, including alterations in microRNAs, tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), and DNA methylation patterns. These epigenetic modifications might induce further changes in target organs of the offspring, leading to modified gene expression and phenotypic outcomes without transmitting the original parental genetic alterations. This review presents clinical evidence supporting this hypothesis and discusses the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Parental gene-offspring epigenome-offspring phenotype interactions have been observed in neurocognitive disorders and cardio-renal diseases.

Estimation of human body 3D pose for parent-infant interaction settings using azure Kinect and OpenPose

Automatic pose estimation has become a valuable tool for the study of human behavior, including dyadic interactions. It allows researchers to analyze the nuanced dynamics of interactions more effectively, and facilitates the integration of behavioral data with other modalities (EEG, etc.). However, many technical difficulties remain. Particularly, for parent-infant interactions, automatic pose estimation for infants is unpredictable; the immature proportions and smaller bodies of children may cause misdetections. OpenPose is one tool that has shown high performance in pose tracking from video, even in infants. However, OpenPose is limited to 2D (i.e., coordinates relative to the image space). This may be undesirable in a multitude of paradigms (e.g., naturalistic settings). We developed a method for expanding the functionality of OpenPose to 3D, tailored to parent-infant interaction paradigms. This method merges the estimations from OpenPose with the depth information from a depth camera to obtain a 3D pose that works even for young infants.•Video recordings of interactions of parents and infants are taken using a dual color-depth camera.•2D-positions of parents and their infants are estimated from the color video.•Using the depth camera, we transform the 2D estimations into real-world 3D positions, allowing movement analysis in full-3D space.

Longitudinal Associations among Psychological Control, Positive and Negative Interactions, and Adolescents' Domain-Specific Disclosure to Parents.

Although much research has shown that parental psychological control undermines adolescents' routine disclosure to parents, past research has not examined whether the effects of psychological control on disclosure are domain-specific and mediated by the quality of adolescents' interactions with mothers and fathers. The present one-year longitudinal study examined whether parental support and negative interactions with each parent mediated longitudinal associations between adolescents' ratings of psychological control and adolescents' disclosure about routine prudential, personal, and multifaceted activities, as defined by social domain theory. These issues were examined over one year in 174 mostly White (74%), U.S. middle class middle adolescents (M = 15.70 years, SD = 0.63, 83 males). Greater parental psychological control was associated over time with less disclosure to both parents about personal activities and less disclosure to fathers about multifaceted issues. Perceived declines in support fully mediated the effects of psychological control on adolescent disclosure to mothers about personal issues and partially mediated the effects on disclosure to fathers about personal and multifaceted issues. In addition, negative interactions led to decreased disclosure about prudential issues. Thus, perceived psychological control and relationship quality had domain-specific and parent-specific longitudinal effects on adolescent disclosure to parents about their routine activities.

Prevalence of major depressive disorder and its determinants among young married women and unmarried girls: Findings from the second round of UDAYA survey.

Depression is a prevalent and debilitating mental illness affecting young women worldwide. This study aimed to identify psychosocial determinants of major depressive disorder (MDD) among young women in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India. Data from "Understanding the Lives of Adolescents and Young Adults" (UDAYA) study (2018-19) for young women aged 12-23 years, both married and unmarried was used for this paper. MDD was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire PHQ-9 with a cut-off score of ≤10. The determinants of MDD were identified through multilevel binary logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of MDD was 13.6% (95% CL 12.2-15.2) and 5.1% (95% CL 4.2-6.1) for young married women and unmarried girls, respectively. Among the young married women, community-level variables like dowry-related humiliation (1.74, 95% CI 1.15-2.64), and sexual assaults (2.15, 95% CI 1.24-3.73) were significantly associated with MDD. For unmarried girls, reporting of family violence <10% of participants (0.45, 95% CI 0.24-0.85), family violence (≥10% of participants) % (0.35 95% CI 0.19-0.68) and interpartner violence (>25% of participants) (0.42; 95% CI 0.23-0.74) remain significant predictors of MDD. At individual level, for both the groups, age, participation in decision making (on education), social capital (currently attending school/educational course and number of friends), self-efficacy, telephonic harassment, and physical activity were associated with MDD. Wealth index, job seeking, participation in decision making (on health-seeking), parental interactions and physical abuse (for unmarried girls only) and education, reported last sexual intercourse, pressure from the in-laws' to conceive (for young married women only) were associated with MDD. For young married women, community level targeted interventions should focus on the social ecology to foster a sense of safe community environment. For unmarried girls, additionally, interventions should aim to optimize their family environment for effective mental health outcomes.

EFFECTIVE AND INEFFECTIVE WAYS USED BY PARENTS TO DEVELOP A RATIONAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN THEIR CHILDREN – RESEARCH RESULTS

ABSTRACT: Aim: The purpose of this article is to present and evaluate the ways used by parents to form a rational attitude towards electronic media in their children. Not all actions of this type described in the literature or taken by parents turn out to be effective, applicable, and some are even harmful. The interested parties – children and adolescents have (and should have) an important voice in this matter. Their views on the subject will be taken into account in this study. Methods: In order to achieve the chosen goal, an analysis of the literature was carried out and a survey research was conducted using the questionnaire technique. The group of respondents consisted of young people between the ages of 14 and 25 living in the Opole region. Their statements helped to determine the answer to the question - What are the effective (and ineffective) ways used by parents in terms of forming a rational attitude to electronic media in their children? Results: It was found that not all parents take measures to shape appropriate media behaviour in their children, as indicated by one in five respondents. In light of the mentioned data, the following can be considered effective ways of such measures: proposing non-media, family activities; conversations and discussions based on logical arguments, without excessive moralizing; setting rules and enforcing them consistently. Setting a good example also has positive effects. In addition, young people generally appreciate wise parenting – love, trust, positive attitudes they experience from them, can be much more important than specific ways of influence. According to young people, punishments (bans, taking away children’s devices, etc.) are extremely ineffective, as they lead to rebellion, conflict and breakdown of parent-child ties. Conclusion: In the face of the great expansion of new technologies, parents are now obliged to shape the proper relationship of their children with electronic media. These efforts should lead to the minimization of risks, moreover, they are to make the media environment a potential positive educational factor. To increase effectiveness of such measures, the feelings of young people should be taken into account as they are extremely important for the development of rational ways of influence on the issue discussed here. Originality: The literature on the subject most often presents directives on parental interactions with young people in terms of shaping their appropriate media behaviour in a general way. This article presents the position of young people on this subject, which sheds more light on the effectiveness of the efforts. Keywords: adolescents, electronic media, rational media use, media usage rules, parental influence, parental involvement, opinion of the young.

Parental Interaction in Siblings with Communication Disorder: A Case Study

Parental Interaction in Siblings with Communication Disorder: A Case Study

아동·청소년기 생활시간과 학업성취 인과관계 종단분석

In this study, we explored the causal relationship between the daily activities and academic achievement of children and adolescents using the data from the Korean Children &amp; Youth Panel Survey(KCYPS) 2018 provided by the National Youth Policy Institute. The analysis sample consisted of 1,740 participants from the 4th-grade panel (4th grade to 2nd-year of middle school) and 1,874 participants from the 1st-year of middle school panel (1st year of middle school to 2nd year of high school) who did not drop out from the 1st to the 5th wave and had no missing values for variables included in the research model. The independent variables consist of the daily activities of children and adolescents, including parental interaction time, extracurricular learning activities, and leisure time. The dependent variable is the academic achievement. The analysis method involved setting up a latent growth model to analyze the causal relationship between the daily activities and academic achievement of children and adolescents. The latent growth model analysis was conducted by estimating a linear model using the 5th wave data, with maximum likelihood estimation as the parameter estimation method. The results of the analysis indicate differences in daily activities and academic achievement between the 4th-grade panel and the 1st-year panel, with extracurricular learning time and leisure time showing contrasting results in the two panel groups. These findings contribute to understanding the context of the causal relationship between the daily activities and academic achievement of children.

The shadow of the past: How paternal traumatic experiences shape early parent-child interactions and offspring's emotional development

Introduction and AimsEarly childhood is crucial for the development of social and emotional competencies, significantly influenced by parental interactions. While the impact of maternal psychopathology has been extensively studied, less is known about the effect of paternal trauma on parenting behaviors and subsequent child development. This study examines the effects of fathers' traumatic experiences on their psychopathology, quality of feeding interactions, and children's emotional and behavioral functioning. MethodsA sample of 100 fathers and their two-year-old children participated in this cross-sectional study. Paternal psychopathology was assessed using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and trauma exposure was measured with the Traumatic Experience Checklist (TEC). Parent-child feeding interactions were evaluated using the Scala di Valutazione delle Interazioni Alimentari (SVIA), and children's emotional and behavioral outcomes were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 1,5-5). ResultsFathers with past trauma displayed significantly higher levels of psychopathological symptoms and engaged in poorer quality feeding interactions compared to controls. These paternal characteristics were associated with higher scores on maladaptive outcomes in children's CBCL, indicating worse emotional and behavioral functioning. ConclusionsThe findings suggest that paternal trauma is linked to increased psychopathological risks and negatively affects the quality of paternal feeding interactions, which in turnith children's emotional and behavioral development. These results underscore the importance of integrating paternal trauma into clinical assessments and interventions to support family dynamics and promote healthier developmental outcomes in children.

Exploring the Relationship between Maternal Gatekeeping with Paternal Parenting and Adolescent Aggression.

Based on the traditional Chinese cultural belief of "male breadwinner, female homemaker", as well as the systemic and interactive characteristics of families, this study aims to explore the relationship between maternal gatekeeping behavior and the quality and quantity of paternal parenting, as well as adolescent aggressive behavior. A total of 483 seventh-grade students completed questionnaires on maternal gatekeeping behavior, paternal involvement, parenting styles, and aggressive behavior. Latent profile analysis identified four parenting combinations: positive, negative, mixed, and neglectful. Adolescents under negative parenting exhibited the highest aggression and experienced the highest maternal gatekeeping behavior, while those under positive and neglectful parenting showed the least aggression and least maternal gatekeeping behavior. Maternal gatekeeping behavior correlated with paternal negative parenting and adolescent aggression. Paternal negative parenting mediated the relationship between maternal gatekeeping and aggression, while paternal involvement moderated this relationship. These findings highlight the role of parental interaction in adolescent behavior and support family-based interventions.

Joint activity in child-parent relations as a factor in the development of a younger student's personality: theoretical and experimental research

Introduction. Joint activity in child-parent relations contains a significant and poorly studied resource for the development of a younger student's personality. Unfavorable trends in the personal development of a younger student at the final stage of primary general education, such as a decrease in motivation for learning and self-esteem, increased anxiety, and social deficits significantly affect academic success, which determines the relevance and relevance of solving this problem. The purpose of the article is to present the results of scientific and theoretical substantiation and experimental approbation of the program of psychological and pedagogical support of joint activities in child-parent relations with a younger student as a factor in the development of his personality.Materials and Methods. The study involved 99 primary school students aged 10-11 years, studying in the fourth grade (50 boys and 49 girls), as well as their parents aged 29 to 53 years (80 mothers and 19 fathers). As diagnostic tools, the following methods were used: the method of studying educational motivation by M. V. Matyukhina (modification by N. C. Badmaeva); the method of assessing school motivation by N. G. Luskanova; the scale of personal anxiety by A. M. Parishioners (form "A"); the method of measuring self-esteem by T. V. Dembo and S. V. Rubinstein (modification by A. M. Parishioners); methodology of sociometry by J. Moreno (modification by V. R. Schmidt); questionnaire for studying the structure of subjectivity by E. N. Volkova and I. A. Seregina (modification by M. A. Pyzhyanova).Results. The article summarizes domestic and foreign studies on the problem of joint activity in child-parent relations as a factor in the development of a younger student's personality. The scientific and theoretical foundations, goals, objectives, content and stages of implementation, programs of psychological and pedagogical support for joint activities in child-parent relations with a younger student are determined. The results of the approbation of the author's program are obtained, indicating the optimization of the development of the main personal spheres of a younger student: motivational, emotional, spheres of self-awareness and subjectivity of personality.Discussion and Conclusions. As a result of the testing of the program, patterns of dynamics of indicators of the main personal spheres of a younger student in the conditions of psychological and pedagogical support of joint activities in child-parent relations with a younger student were revealed. The analysis made it possible to reveal the mechanisms of the influence of parental interaction in the process of positive joint activity with a child on the development of his personality.