Parent-child Relationship Research Articles

Эмоциональные коммуникации в детско-родительских отношениях и жизнеспособность будущей взрослой семьи

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective</strong>. To analyze the contribution of the most immediate contextual influences (child-parent emotional communications) to the resilience of the adult family (using the samples from Belarus and Russia). <strong>Background. </strong>Understanding the role of emotional dysfunctions in parent-child relationships in the context of Russian and Belarusian cultures helps to identify the conditions for the resilience of a future adult family, which can become the basis for social family policy at the state level and improvement of the practice of psychological assistance to families. <br><strong>Study design. </strong>The study was conducted online using the snowball method. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the impact of dysfunction in parental families, intensity of the negative events, age of respondents and number of children on family resilience. Children's experiences of adults are illustrated by the results of projective technique. <br><strong>Participants. </strong>The study involved 853 respondents (595 people from the Russian Federation, 258 from the Republic of Belarus) aged from 18 to 77 years (average age 36 ± 12 years, median = 36 years), 90,5% female. <br><strong>Measurements. </strong>Family resilience was assessed using Gusarova’s et al. “Family Resilience Assessment Scale” (FRAS-RII). Dysfunctions in parental families were determined according to Kholmogorova’s et al. “Family Emotional Communications” and the projective technique of Odintsova et al. “Space of Trees and Light.” The intensity of negative events in families was assessed on a scale from 1 to 10. <br><strong>Results. </strong>Dysfunctions in parental families make a significant contribution to the resilience of the future adult family (up to 20% of explained variance). Family perfectionism has a positive effect, and the elimination of emotions has a negative impact on the resilience of adult families in the context of two cultures. In Russian families of origin there is over-involvement, and in Belarusian families criticism negatively affects the resilience of respondent’s families. <br><strong>Conclusions. </strong>The critical atmosphere in parental families, the high intensity of adverse events in Belarusian families, and overprotection in the parental families of Russians contribute to a decrease in families’ resilience. The presence and number of children in a family contributes to the family resilience in both countries. Culture and traditions are a solid basis for the majority of Russians and Belarusians.</p>

Восприятие родительского отношения и общая академическая успеваемость старшеклассников: российско-кыргызское исследование

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective. </strong>Cross-cultural analysis of the perception of parental attitudes and its influence on the general academic performance of high school students from Russia and Kyrgyzstan. <br><strong>Background. </strong>The characteristics of parental attitudes are closely related not only to the child’s educational success during life in the family, but also to educational achievements in the future. At the same time, the sociocultural specifics of parent-child relationships, through the perception of a growing child, can change the direction and magnitude of such associations. <br><strong>Study design. </strong>The characteristics of the relationship between mothers and fathers – emotional acceptance and overprotection – by high school students from two countries differing in socio-economic status are analyzed. A cross-cultural analysis of the structure of associations between the characteristics of the perception of parental attitudes and academic performance is carried out. <br><strong>Participants. </strong>The study analyzed data from 528 students in grades 10–11 from Russia and Kyrgyzstan. Russian sample: 230 people (<em>M</em> = 17,31; <em>SD</em> = 0,7), 58,1% girls. Kyrgyz sample: 298 people (<em>M</em> = 17,21; <em>SD</em> = 0,7), 67,6% girls. <br><strong>Measurements. </strong>Russian-language version of the questionnaire “Parental Bonding Instrument” (T.N. Tikhomirova, D.A. Gaysina, S.B. Malykh, 2021). <br><strong>Results. </strong>At high school age, the perception of parental attitude has a culture-specific conditioning, most clearly expressed in the perception of emotional acceptance by the mother and the overprotective attitude of the father. <br><strong>Conclusions. </strong>Given the existence of a universal model of the influence of parental attitudes on the general academic performance of high school students, cross-cultural specificity of functional associations within the model is observed, which is more characteristic of the perception of the attitudes of fathers rather than mothers.</p>

Parent-Child Relationships and Adolescents' Non-Cognitive Skills: Role of Social Anxiety and Number of Friends.

This study aimed to examine the association between parent-child relationships and adolescents' non-cognitive skills, while also investigating the mediating effect of social anxiety and number of friends. A survey was conducted with 773 students, ranging from grade 4 to 9, in five public schools of Guangdong Province of China (49.9% male), with a mean age of 12.20 years old. Latent mediation structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that (1) the father-child relationship and mother-child relationship both had a positive influence on grit, innovation, conscientiousness, and hope; (2) social anxiety had a negative effect on adolescent non-cognitive skills including innovation, conscientiousness, and hope; (3) the number of positive friends was found to be positively associated with the development of non-cognitive skills in adolescents, whereas the presence of negative friends correlated negatively with grit but positively with innovation; (4) social anxiety emerged as a significant mediating variable between parent-child relationships and adolescents' non-cognitive skills, including innovation, conscientiousness, and hope; and (5) the mediating effect of the number of positive friends on the relationship between parent-child relationships and grit, innovation, conscientiousness, and hope was also found to be significant. Educational programs and family interventions should take these factors into account, providing a more holistic approach to supporting adolescent growth.

Child Preparedness for Infertility Disclosure: A Diagnostic Tool for Supporting Parent and Child Mental Health

Infertility, often perceived as an adult issue, can also manifest in childhood, presenting unique challenges. Improper handling of infertility disclosures can strain parent–child relationships and potentially lead to significant psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, and long-term impacts on self-image. Despite the critical nature of these conversations, parents often report receiving little or no guidance from professionals on how or when to disclose this information to their child. This article introduces the Child Readiness for Infertility Disclosure (CRID) Assessment Tool, designed to empirically guide parents and marriage and family counselors in assessing a child's readiness for receiving information about infertility. The CRID tool integrates the concepts of Tiered Priming and Cognitive Preparedness strategies, providing structured recommendations grounded in Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development for age-appropriate and developmentally suitable disclosure along with an applied case study.

Families with Internationally Adopted Children in Finland: A Study of Emotional Availability in the Early Interaction.

A well-functioning parent-child relationship is crucial for the child's psychological development. We examined the Emotional Availability (EA) in the early interaction of internationally adopted children with their mothers. We also studied whether the quality of the interaction was associated with the sex of the adopted children, the age at the time of adoption, the time they had spent in the family and parental depressive symptoms. The study sample was part of the Finnish Adoption (FinAdo) study and included 79 children (mean age at adoption = 2.58years, SD = 1.51months, 37% girls) and their adoptive mothers in Finland. The mother-child interactions were examined with Emotional Availability Scales (EAS) during the first months after adoption (mean = 6.3months). Our results showed that the overall EA scores were relatively high (mean 4.78-6.18), although the mean levels of parent sensitivity, parent non-intrusiveness, child responsiveness and child involvement were under the high zone of the EA (< 5.5). Children adopted at a younger age and boys received lower scores in the interaction analysis. Our results suggest that families with internationally adopted children seem to be able to create a well-functioning early relationship between the mother and the child.

Causes and manifestations of infantilism as feelings of helplessness and despair: psychological and spiritual specifics (case analysis)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) occurs in 1-3% of the adult population and is considered an extremely debilitating and severe disorder with concomitant complications in the social, professional and family spheres. At the same time, cultural-specific (ethnic, regional and religious) aspects of the manifestation of this condition are rarely highlighted, and even less often – the cultural specifics of psychological counseling.This article is an integral part of a series of publications in which, based on specific cases of child-parent relations, the positive dynamics of psychological work based on Ingush culture and religious values is shown. The results of the author's accumulated experience show that the multicultural competence of the therapist provides him not only with a high level of trust from the client, but also with a professional approach based on the cultural aspects of psychological assistance [1; 2; 3; 4; 5].

The impact and mechanisms of parent-child relationship quality and its changes on adolescent depression: A four-wave longitudinal study.

Parent-child relationships play a crucial role in shaping adolescent depression. However, existing research has predominantly focused on isolated time points when examining the impact of parent-child relationship quality, overlooking the effect of parent-child relationship changes on depression. Using a four-wave longitudinal study of 951 adolescents, the current study investigated the impact of parent-child relationship quality and its changes on adolescent depression, while also examining the moderating role of interpersonal sensitivity and potential gender differences in these moderation patterns. Herein, we report that higher parent-child relationship quality is associated with lower levels of adolescent depression, while parent-child relationship changes are linked to higher depression. Interpersonal sensitivity moderates the association between parent-child relationship quality, relationship changes, and depression, with the moderation varying by gender. Specifically, in males with high interpersonal sensitivity, parent-child relationships negatively predict depression, while relationship fluctuations positively predict depression. In females with high interpersonal sensitivity, a rapid decline in the quality of the parent-child relationship seems to be associated with an increase in depression. The present study highlights the impact and mechanisms of parent-child relationship quality and its effects on depression, and provides a reference for the intervention of depression based on parent-child relationship changes.

Parental Influences on Substance Use Among First-Year College Students: A Latent Profile Analysis and Racial/Ethnic Differences

This study took a person-centered approach to examine parental influences on alcohol and cannabis use among White and Hispanic/Latinx college students. 704 college students (74.4% female; 34.7% Hispanic/Latinx) completed an online survey. Latent profile analysis identified four parenting profiles characterized by different patterns of perceived parent-child relationship quality, parental monitoring, and parental disapproval of substance use: low disapproval (4.1%), low paternal quality and monitoring (25.8%), low quality and monitoring (12.5%), and high quality monitoring and disapproval (57.6%). Students in the High Quality Monitoring and Disapproval profile had the lowest levels of alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms. Students in the Low Disapproval profile had the highest frequency of cannabis use than students in other parenting profiles. Among Hispanic/Latinx students only, the High-Quality Monitoring and Disapproval profile was associated with fewer AUD symptoms compared to the Low Paternal Quality and Monitoring profile and the Low Quality and Monitoring profile.

A Study on Parent-Child Interactions in Rural TikTok Videos in China

Rural short videos offer a new perspective on parent-child relationships. This study analyzes the elements, types, and characteristics of parent-child interactions in rural short videos and explores the issues and causes behind them. Through content analysis and case studies, the study reveals the unique and common challenges of parent-child interactions within the rural cultural context and explains these issues from the perspectives of media technology and commercial capital. Recommendations are provided for content creators and short video platforms to improve the quality of parent-child interactions, enhancing their educational and social value.

The relative influence of cognitive and emotional impulsivity on emotional availability in mothers with problematic substance use

Emotional availability (EA) reflects caregiving that is sensitive, non-intrusive, and non-hostile, and provides the child with structure to learn and safely explore their world. While variable, EA can be lower in mothers with problematic substance use compared to non-clinical samples. Despite strong support for a relation between impulsivity and problematic substance use (including as it relates to regulation of strong positive or negative emotion), its impact on EA has not been explored. This relationship was examined in a sample of 29 mothers who were attending substance use treatment. Video recordings of mother and child (under 4 years of age) playing were coded for EA and mothers completed a self-report questionnaire examining impulsivity. Given shared variance among types of impulsivity (cognitive, positive, and negative) and EA dimensions (sensitivity, structuring, non-intrusiveness, and non-hostility), canonical correlational analysis (CCA) was used to identify variables contributing most strongly to the relation between impulsivity and EA. A single function accounted for 56% of variance. Cognitive and negative emotional impulsivity contributed significantly to structuring and non-intrusiveness dimensions of EA. Positive emotional impulsivity made a smaller nonsignificant contribution but was noted to support EA sensitivity. Developing awareness of impulsivity and times that it may hinder or support EA may enhance the quality of parent-child relationship development, improve parenting confidence, and decrease risk for harsh or neglectful parenting.

Suksesi dan hubungan orang tua-anak dalam bisnis keluarga (studi kasus pada sentra batik trusmi Cirebon)

Family business is a business that is run jointly by family members. The purpose of this study is to determine the succession process and the relationship between parents and children in the family business precisely in the Trusmi Cirebon batik center. The method used is qualitative with data collection techniques through interviews, documentation and observation of four informants or sources namely Batik Ninik Ichsan, Batik EB, Batik Katura, and Batik Trusmi. The results of the research on Batik Ninik Ichsan, Batik Trusmi, Batik Katura, and Traditional Batik EB found that the succession process carried out was unplanned, but the parents provided mentoring to make batik at school age, except for Batik Trusmi who only learned it after marriage. In the aspect of parent-child relationship, it is known that Batik Ninik Ichsan, Batik Trusmi, and Batik Katura are in a good relationship because there is no pressure on their children to participate in continuing their parents' business, but business continuity is carried out naturally and there is support from the environment. This is different from Batik EB, where there was a conflict within the family due to Hisham's parents' decision to hand over EB's batik business to Hisham. However, a solution was immediately found so that it was back in good condition.

Parent–Child Relationship, Resilience Beliefs, Relationship Quality and Stress During the Pandemic in American Families: A Moderated Mediation Analysis

ABSTRACTThe study aims to investigate factors within the double ABC‐X model to explain parents' stress during the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic, with a focus on adaptive resources (i.e., parent–child relationship and relationship quality) and the moderating effect of appraisal (i.e., family resilience beliefs). Drawing on a sample of 1386 American parents, this study examines the moderated mediation effects to test the conditional indirect influence of a moderating variable (i.e., family resilience beliefs) on the relationship between a predictor (i.e., stressor pile‐up) and an outcome variable (i.e., stress) through potential mediators (i.e., family satisfaction and relationship quality). The results indicate that the relationship between stressor pile‐up and parent stress was mediated by both parent–child relationship and relationship quality. In addition, the direct association between the parent–child relationship and parent stress was moderated by family resilience beliefs. However, the moderation effects of family resilience beliefs on relationship quality and stress were not supported. Family resilience beliefs moderated the indirect effect of stressor pile‐up on parent stress through the parent–child relationship, but not through relationship quality. The study emphasized the contribution of stressors and adaptive resources in understanding parental adaptation and the role of the family system in maintaining well‐being during unprecedentedly challenging times.

Early parenting styles and children’s social skills in China: a longitudinal exploration of mediating mechanism

ABSTRACT This study examines the development of children's social skills during the crucial transition from kindergarten to grade school. It explores the long-term connection between parenting styles and children's social skills. This study conducted a three-year longitudinal survey involving 121 children and their parents. The results show that early authoritative parenting styles were significant positive associated with children's social skills in second grade, and early authoritarian parenting styles were significant negative associated with children's social skills in second grade. Child-parent relationship closeness and receptive language skills mediate the association between early parenting styles and second-grade children's social skills. We propose that improving the closeness of the child-parent relationship and enhancing children's receptive language skills could effectively enhance children's social skills. This provides theoretical support for intervention programmes aimed at improving children's social skills.

Black Clinicians' Perceptions of the Cultural Relevance of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Black Families.

Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) is a highly efficacious, evidence-based treatment for children with disruptive behaviors and their families. PCIT is a dyadic therapy designed to improve parent-child relationships and decrease children's behavioral problems. PCIT research specific to Black families is currently sparse. Given findings that Black families have a higher attrition rate and demonstrate fewer significant improvements in parental well-being outcomes, we sought to assess clinicians' perceived cultural alignment of PCIT with Black families. We conducted individual interviews via Zoom with 10 Black clinicians, trained in PCIT, who had experience treating Black families using PCIT. The research team generated the following themes using thematic analysis: cultural misalignment, manualization, barriers to treatment, generational patterns of discipline, racial considerations, and protocol changes. Findings indicate that Black clinicians have identified various points of cultural misalignment in providing PCIT with Black families, for which they have modified treatment or suggested changes to improve cultural sensitivity. Collating suggested clinician modifications to inform a cultural adaptation of PCIT for Black families may contribute to a reduction in the attrition rate and improvement in outcomes for Black families participating in PCIT.

The effect of live-performed music therapy with physical contact in preterm infants on parental perceived stress and salivary cortisol levels.

Parents of preterm infants face a stressful life event which might have long term impact on the parent-child relation as well as on the infant's cognitive and socio-emotional development. Both music therapy (MT) and physical contact (PC) are stress-reducing interventions for parents and preterm infants on the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Meanwhile, especially close PC is considered as standard care (SC) in most NICUs. However, the effect of live performed MT with PC on parental perceived stress and cortisol levels has barely been investigated. We hypothesized that MT with PC leads to reduced stress levels and lower salivary cortisol concentrations compared to SC in parents of preterm infants during the first 4 weeks after birth. Randomized-controlled trial enrolling the parents of 99 preterm infants (MT n = 50, SC n = 49 infants). The infants received either MT with PC or SC only. Perceived stress was measured with the perceived stress questionnaire 20 (PSQ-20) after birth and 4 weeks later. Salivary cortisol levels were obtained and measured weekly after birth for 4 weeks. Forty-two mothers and eight fathers of the intervention group (MT with PC) as well as n = 43 mothers and n = 6 fathers of the control group (SC) were enrolled. For the intervention group, salivary cortisol was reduced 4 weeks after birth [mothers 5.5 nmol/l (confidence interval (CI) 3.6-7.5); fathers 8.3 (CI 7.2-9.4)] compared to the control group [mothers 10.3 nmol/l (CI 5.4-15.3); fathers 14.8 (CI 8.9-20.7)]. Overall perceived stress scores decreased in the intervention group (mothers -17.6; fathers -12.6) and increased in the control group (mothers +6.1; fathers +21.4) over 4 weeks. Live-performed MT with PC in preterm infants might be an effective, non-invasive intervention to reduce parental stress and cortisol levels. Future studies should investigate the long-term effects of this intervention on the parent-infant relation as well as on the infants' cognitive and socio-emotional development. https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00025755 identifier [DRKS00025755].

Who has the greatest influence on adolescent gaming disorder: parents, teachers, or peers? An interpersonal relationships network model of gaming disorder.

Gaming disorder (GD) in adolescents is associated with impaired interpersonal relationships, including those with parents, teachers and peers. However, the interpersonal relationships most strongly associated with GD-related maladaptive behaviors are not well established. This study aimed to investigate the associations between these three types of relationships and the manifestation of GD in adolescents. In this cross-sectional study, 1920 Chinese adolescents participated in a survey that assessed interpersonal relationships (parent-child, teacher-student, and peer relationships) and demographic variables (e.g., gender, grade, duration of gaming), and 1414 participants were ultimately included. A network analysis approach was utilized to evaluate the key network metrics of edge weight and node centrality. The findings revealed that peer fear and inferiority (r = 0.12) and teacher-student conflict were most strongly correlated with GD, followed by parent-child conflict (r = 0.09). Peer fear and inferiority exhibited the highest strength centrality (0.84), followed by teacher-student conflict (0.83) and parent-child conflict (0.35). Moreover, the duration of gaming was significantly and positively correlated with GD (r = 0.19). The present study underscores the significant role of conflict and rejection within interpersonal relationships, particularly among peers, in the manifestation of GD-related behaviors in Chinese adolescents.

The Effect of 5Q Parental Education on Children's Emotion through Healing of Inner Child among Parents

The research aim of this study is to understand the relationship between parental emotional well-being and child outcome. This study delves into the profound impact of 5Q parental education on children's emotional well-being through the intricate process of healing the inner child among parents. The 5Q framework, encompassing Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Emotional Quotient (EQ), Adversity Quotient (AQ), Social Quotient (SQ), and the innovative "You Quotient" (UQ), serves as the cornerstone of this transformative educational program. By intertwining principles of personal growth, self-awareness, and effective communication, the 5Q approach aims to empower parents to navigate the complex landscape of parenthood with confidence and competence. Central to this study is the concept of the inner child, deeply rooted in psychological theory, which symbolizes unresolved emotions and experiences from childhood that continue to influence adult behaviours and familial dynamics. Through a qualitative research methodology, this study rigorously examines the experiences of a diverse sample of 100 participants engaged in a comprehensive 6-month 5Q parental education program. Results from the qualitative analysis revealed a profound impact of the 5Q parental education program on participants' emotional well-being and parenting practices. An overwhelming majority of 82 out of 100 participants reported significant enhancements in their emotional intelligence (EQ) following the healing of their inner child. This transformation was characterized by heightened self-awareness, improved emotional regulation, improved parenting skills and strategies, strengthened parent-child relationship that foster suitability relationship. This study underscores the transformative potential of 5Q parental education in fostering nurturing family environments conducive to holistic child development. The understanding of the relationship between parental emotional well-being and child outcome is emphasized. By addressing the emotional needs of parents and facilitating the healing of their inner child, this program not only empowers individuals but also lays the foundation for resilient, empathetic, and emotionally intelligent generations to come, laying the foundation for their optimal development.

A longitudinal path model examining the transactional nature of parenting and child externalizing behaviors in a large, sociodemographically diverse sample.

Children's externalizing behaviors are associated with impairments across the lifespan. Developmental psychopathology theories propose transactional (bidirectional) associations between child externalizing behaviors and parenting during childhood and adolescence. Yet, these foundational relations in early childhood are not well-studied. Utilizing a large, mixed-sex sample, we examined the reciprocal nature of parenting and child externalizing behaviors across early childhood using robust repeated-measures models. Repeated measures data were drawn from a socioeconomically diverse, longitudinal pregnancy cohort of 1287 (64% Black, 31% White) mother-child dyads at four time points (ages one to six). Three variables were included in cross-lagged panel models: observed parenting quality, child externalizing symptoms, and a maternal risk composite. In covariate-adjusted models, higher parenting quality at Wave 1 predicted lower child externalizing symptoms at Wave 2. Higher externalizing symptoms at Wave 1 and Wave 2 predicted lower parenting quality at Wave 2 and Wave 3, respectively. Maternal risk and parenting quality were not significantly associated. Findings showed both parent-driven and child-driven effects across early childhood that did not vary by child sex. The transactional nature of the parent-child relationship begins in infancy, underscoring the importance of early screening and provision of supports for families to minimize and prevent the development of serious psychopathology.

Maternal mind-mindedness and infant oxytocin are interrelated and negatively associated with postnatal depression.

Previous studies show that maternal mind-mindedness positively impacts children's social development. In the current studies, we examine the relation between mind-mindedness during parent-child interaction, oxytocin (OT), and postnatal depression in a sample of mothers (N = 62, ages 23-44) and their infant (ages 3-9 months). In Study 1, infant salivary OT was positively correlated with mothers' appropriate mind-related comments, and negatively correlated (at trend level) with maternal depression scores. Mothers experiencing symptoms of depression used fewer appropriate mind-related comments than controls. Study 2 was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, experimental study, in which the same women who participated in Study 1 were administered nasal OT. This did not significantly influence levels of mind-mindedness. Study 2 warrants a larger trial to investigate the effect of OT on mind-mindedness further. Study 1 is the first to demonstrate an association between maternal mind-mindedness and variation in children's OT levels. Since both OT and mind-mindedness have been repeatedly implicated in processes of maternal-infant attachment, this association highlights the centrality of mothers' caregiving representations in facilitating the parent-child relationship and children's early development.

The Impact of Parenting Styles of University Students' Parents on Parent-Child Relationships, and The Mediating Role of Neurotic Personality Traits

This paper aims to explore the influence of college students' parenting style on parent-child relationship and neurotic peopleWhether the lattice plays an intermediary role in it. Methods: Simple parenting style scale and parent-child relationship quantity were used. The questionnaire and the Big Five Personality Scale were used to investigate college students. Results: (1) Parental rearing of college students. There was a significant positive correlation between style and parent-child relationship (p&lt;0.01). Neurotic personality and parent-child relationship There was a significant positive correlation (p&lt;0.01) .Neurotic personality and parenting style existed A significant positive correlation. (4) There were gender differences in college students' parenting styles (t=2.351, p&lt;0.05). The score of male students' parenting style is slightly higher than that of college students' (5) Parenting style does not exist in the grade (6) The neurotic personality of college students is partly related to the parenting style and personal relationship Mediating effect.