Parent-Child Relationship Scale Research Articles

An Analysis of the Mother and Child Education Program’s Effects on the Relationship between Mothers and Their Five- or Six-Year-Old Children

<p>This study aims to analyze the effect of the Mother and Child Education Program on the relationship between mothers and their five- or six-year-old children. The study used an experimental design of pretest-posttest-monitoring test with a control group. The participants consisted of 50 preschool children aged five or six along with their mothers. Twenty-five were in the experimental group and 25 were in the control group. Members of the experimental group participated in the Mother and Child Education Program once a week for ten weeks. The study data were collected using the Child-Parent Relationship Scale developed by Pianta in 1992 to evaluate the parent-child relationship and adapted to Turkish language by Akgün and Yeşilyaprak (2010). The NCSS 2007 (Number Cruncher Statistical System-Kaysville, Utah, USA) was used for statistical analyses. The Independent Samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Paired Samples t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare quantitative data. Significance was evaluated at the levels of p<0.01 and p<0.05. The findings of this study showed a difference between the mother-child relationship scores of the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group (p<0.05), and that the effects of the education program continued long-term.</p>

Adolescent Aggression as Predicted from Parent-Child Relationships and Executive Functions.

Previous research has emphasized the role of parent-child relationships (PCRs) in child and adolescent development. The present study extends the previous findings by examining the direct and mediated relationship between PCRs, executive functioning (EF), and adolescent aggression. Five hundred twelve adolescents of South Asian ethnic background, enrolled at the secondary and higher secondary levels (aged 13-19 years; 50% boys), participated in the study. The Parent-Child Relationship Scale (Rao, 2000), Aggression Scale (Mathur & Bhatnagar, 2004), and four tests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (Delis, Kaplan, & Kramer, 2001) were administered to measure the perceived quality of PCR, level of aggression, and EF, respectively, in participants. Pearson correlation coefficients revealed that perceived PCRs were related to EF and adolescent aggression among South Asian youth. Furthermore, multiple regression analyses using Baron and Kenny's (1986) guidelines showed that the influence of PCRs on aggression was partially mediated by EF The findings suggest that PCRs and EF can be important factors to focus on in interventions aimed at preventing adolescent aggression in society.

Correlation analysis between social support and primipara parent-child relationship

Objective To explore the effects of social support on primipara parent-child relationship. Methods Two hundred and forty primiparas who had a full term pregnancy delivery in a level three class A hospital between April 2014 and March 2015 were included according to the convenience sampling method. All the primiparas were investigated with postpartum social support scale and Chinese version parent-child relationship scale designed by Lu Hong in Peking University School of Nursing. Results The primipara parent-child relationship showed a medium level. The educational level of the primiparas and their family income influenced the effects of their parent-child relationship (P<0.05). In the social support scale, the emotional support was positively correlated with children consciousness (r=0.502, P=0.004); the information support showed a negative correlation with mother-child conflicts (r=-0.405, P=0.003); the evaluation support and the emotional support were positively correlated with mother consciousness (r=0.498, P=0.002). Conclusions It is very significant to improve social support contents of primiparas actively for establishing parent-child relationship of high quality, promoting primipara′s adaption of the mother role and the good development of newborns′ psychology and physiology. Key words: Social support; Primipara; Parent-child relationship

A Comparative Study on Academic Career Development Stress, Parent Child Relationship and Self Esteem of Female School Students Having Working Mothers and Non-Working Mothers

The present study was an attempt to investigate the academic career development stress, parent child relationship and self esteem among female school students. 45 students having working mothers and 45 students having nonworking mothers aged between 14 to 16 years were selected for the study. Academic career development stress scale, parent child relationship scale and Rosenberg self-esteem scale were administered on the subjects. Statistical analysis of data revealed significant difference between students having working and nonworking mothers regarding the domains pleasure, time management, academic competitiveness and support of academic career stress; protecting, demanding, symbolic reward and loving domain of parent child relationship scale and on self esteem i.e mean score of students having working mothers were significantly higher than students having nonworking mothers. On the other hand, students having non-working mothers were found to be significantly higher on the domains symbolic and object punishment of parent child relationship scale. No significant differences were observed with respect to the domains like difficulty level, course variation, punishment, academic achievement, expectancy from others and test anxiety of academic career stress and on the domains rejection, indifference, object reward and neglecting from parent child relationship scale.

Parent Involvement Intervention in Developing Weight Management Skills for both Parents and Overweight/Obese Children

The purpose of the study was to evaluate a parent involvement intervention for childhood obesity intended to increase parents' skills in managing children's weight-related behavior and to improve child-parent relationships. Many studies reported on parental influence on childhood obesity, emphasizing parent involvement in prevention and management of childhood obesity. A randomized controlled trial was conducted. Forty-two parents of overweight/obese children were recruited from four cities and randomized to the experimental group or control group. The parental intervention was provided only to parents in the experimental group and consisted of weekly newsletters and text messages for a period of 5 weeks. Exercise classes and nutrition education were provided to all children. Lifestyle Behaviour Checklist and the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) were used for measurement of parent outcome. For the child outcome, dietary self-efficacy, exercise frequency, and body mass index were measured. A mixed-design analysis of variance was performed with city location entered as a random effect. After the intervention, CPRS of parents and dietary self-efficacy of children showed an increase in the experimental group (p < .05). Intervention effects differed significantly according to the city location regarding the control efficacy of parents and dietary self-efficacy of children (p < .05). The results support the effectiveness of the parent involvement intervention in promoting child-parent relationship and dietary self-efficacy of children. However, a 5-week parent involvement intervention was not sufficient to produce significant changes in children's body mass index. Further research is needed to investigate effects of parent involvement intervention with long-term evaluation.

Association of parent-child relationships and executive functioning in South Asian adolescents.

It is known that some environmental variables can significantly affect the development of executive functions (EF). The primary aim of this study was to analyze whether some family conditions, such as the adolescent's perception of the quality of parent-child relationships and the socioeconomic status (SES; assessed according to education, occupational status, and income) are significantly associated with EF test scores. There were 370 Pakistani participants ranging in age 13 to 19 years who were selected and then individually administered the following tests taken from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS): Trail Making Test (TMT), Design Fluency Test (DFT), Color Word Interference Test (CWIT), and Card Sorting Test (CST). In addition, a Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS) also was administered. Results showed that perceived "neglect" in the PCRS was negatively associated with the 4 EF test scores. Parents' education and SES were positively associated with 3 EF measures: DFT, CWIT, and CST. Further correlational analyses revealed that inhibition (as measured with the CWIT) and problem-solving ability (as measured with the CST) were significantly associated with the perceived parent-child relationships. Some gender differences also were observed: males outperformed females on TMT, DFT, and CST, while females outperformed males in the CWIT. It was concluded that perceived parent-child relationships, SES, and parents' education are significantly associated with executive function test performance during adolescents.

The quality of mother-child relationship and borderline personality: The role of mediator object relations

Aim: Borderline personality characterized by the instability of interpersonal relationships, self-concept and mood swings is one the most common disorders in clinical settings. Scholars theorizing on object relations, as pioneers of borderline personality, consider borderline personality as a result of childhood trauma, and associated with initial objects. The present paper aims to explain the structural model of borderline personality based upon the quality of mother-child relationships through the mediator role of object relations. Methods: A total of 402 students (184 males and 218 females) at Islamic Azad University of Qom and University of Qom in the first semester of 2013–2014 were selected by stratified random sampling. They completed Borderline Personality Inventory, Bell Object Relations Inventory, and Parent-Child Relationship Scale–Mother. The data were analyzed using SPSS, LISREL, Cronbach's alpha coefficients, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. Results: The quality of the mother-child relationship directly explains 1.44% and through mediating object relations 14.31%, and a total of 15.75% of the variance of borderline personality. Conclusion: Based on these results, the quality of object relations plays a crucial role in mediating mother-child relationship and borderline personality.

Depression among Migrant and Left-Behind Children in China in Relation to the Quality of Parent-Child and Teacher-Child Relationships.

The objective of this study was to examine rates of depression among migrant children (MC) and left-behind children (LBC) as compared to non-left-behind children (NLBC) and also to examine the relationship between depression among these children and the quality of their parent-child and teacher-child relationships. This study collected data from a large sample of 3,759 children aged from 8 to 17 years, including 824 who had been left behind by one parent (LBCO), 423 who had been left behind by both parents (LBCB), 568 MC and 1944 NLBC. Children’s Depression Inventory–Short Form was used to measure child depression. Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS) and Teacher-Child Relationship Scale (TCRS) were used to measure the quality of parent-child and teacher-child relationships, respectively. The results showed that the prevalence of depression was 10.5% among NLBC, 13.1% among LBCO, 16.1% among LBCB, and 20.1% among MC. Depression was related to parent-child relationship quality and teacher-child relationship quality. Negative parent-child relationship was more relevant to depression than negative teacher-child relationship among LBCB, while negative teacher-child relationship was the most correlated with depression among MC.

구조적 가족치료를 활용한 가족모래놀이치료가 정서·행동장애아 가족의 건강성에 미치는 효과

The purpose of this study was examining the effects of family sandplay therapy with structural family therapy in improving the family strengths of children with emotional and behavioral disorders. First, we looked for a way to combine family sandplay therapy with structural family therapy and formulated an approach that could maximize the strengths of each theory and complement each other's weaknesses. And then we applied family sandplay therapy together with structural family therapy and analyzed its effects on family strengths. The subjects of this study were 10 families of children with emotional and behavioral disorders, and they were divided into an experimental group with 5 families and a control group with the other 5. To the experimental group received 16 sessions of family sandplay therapy with structural family therapy. In order to prove the effectiveness of family sandplay therapy with structural family therapy on family strengths, a family relationship( husband-wife relationship, parent-child relationship, and sibling relationship) scale and a family function(family cohesion, family adaptability) scale were used. The main findings of this study are as follows. First, the family relationships of the families with emotional-behavioral disorder children were improved after the application of family sandplay therapy with structural family therapy. Second, the application of family sandplay therapy with structural family therapy improved the family function of families with emotional-behavioral disorder children. Third, in the course of family sandplay therapy with structural family therapy, family sand tray was changed in a pro-healing direction, and family structure was also transformed from a dysfunctional structure to a functional one. As previously stated, family sandplay therapy with structural family therapy for families of children with emotional and behavioral disorders enhanced family strengths through improving family relationships and restoring family functions.

Analyzing the Relationship Between Self-Efficacy Perception of Mothers and Their Communication With Their Preschool Children

In this study, the relationship between mothers’ self-efficacy perception and their communication with their children has been analyzed. Ninety-four mothers having children in preschool period constitute the sample of the study. Relational survey model has been used and Berkeley Parenting Self-Efficacy Scale Preschool Version (BPSE-PV) and Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) have been used as data collection tools. According to the results of the research, it has been found that there is a significant positive relationship between mothers’ maternal strategies, family investments in children’s potential, total self-efficacy perception, and being able to have a close relationship with their children. It has been also determined that there is a significant negative relationship between mothers’ maternal strategies, their total self-efficacy perception, and mothers’ conflict with their children. It has been concluded that mothers’ self-efficacy levels have significantly predicted their relationship status with their children both in Intimacy and Conflict sub-dimensions.

Adolescents’ Perception of Their Relation with Their Parents: Impact on Emotional Autonomy

The present study has been designed to find out adolescents' perception of their relationship with both the parents and its impact on the emotional autonomy. A sample of 200 adolescents comprising of 100 boys and 100 girls in the age group of 16-18 years was drawn from four Government schools of Ludhiana city. Parent Child Relationship Scale by Nalini Rao and Emotional Autonomy Scale by Steinberg and Silverberg were used to assess parent adolescent relationship and emotional autonomy of the respondents respectively. Result s revealed that highly autonomous boys considered their father to be more rejecting and neglecting and less loving than their mother. Highly autonomous girls perceived their father to be demanding and their mother to be less r ewarding symbolically and objectively and less loving. Aspects of positive parenting such as protecting, symbolic reward, loving and object reward was associated with decreased emotional autonomy among adolescents.

Perceived Maternal Neglect and Adjustment Problems of High School Students

The present study was designed to examine the influence of perception of maternal neglect on emotional, social, and educational adjustment employing a quasi experimental design. From among a total of 94 students studying in grades VIII, IX, and X, top and bottom 25 students were selected on the basis of their scores on the ParentChild Relationship Scale (Nalini Rao, 1989). The former group of students constituted the high maternal neglect group, while the latter comprised the low maternal neglect group. Both the groups of students were administered the Adjustment Inventory for School Children developed by Sinha and Singh. Data were analyzed with the help of independent group t test. Results revealed significant differences in none of the three areas of adjustment implying that the students who perceive themselves to be neglected by their mothers are comparable to those who do not. The results have been discussed in terms of contextual effect and the compensatory nature of the care given by the father and other members of the family.

Maternal Over-Protection and Achievement Motivation among High School Students

The present study was undertaken to examine the achievement motivation of adolescent boys and girls as a function of perceived maternal protection. In a quasi-experimental study, twenty five adolescents who perceive themselves as highly protected by their mothers were compared with another group of 25 adolescents who do not perceive themselves as highly protected, in terms of their achievement motivation. A sample of 100 students (N=100) studying in grades VIII, IX, and X were administered the Parent-Child Relationship Scale (Rao, 1989). On the basis of their scores on this scale, the top 25 and bottom 25 students comprised the high and low maternal protection groups respectively. Both the groups were administered the Rao’s Achievement Motivation Test (D. Gopal Rao). In order to compare the two groups in terms of their achievement motivation scores an independent samples t-test was conducted. Results revealed a significant difference between the high and low maternal protection groups favouring the former with regard to achievement motivation. Results are discussed within the context of the present Indian Society.

Children's Emotional and Behavioural Problems and Carer-Child Relationships in Permanent Care

Children placed in permanent care often display a range of challenging behaviours that can affect the quality of carer-child relationships. The current study examined the relationship between children's emotional and behavioural difficulties and the quality of carer-child relationships in permanent care (N= 46). Permanent carers of children ages 3 to 12 completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1999) and Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS; Pianta, 1992). Results indicated that child emotional and behavioural difficulties were related to carer-child relationships. The SDQ scales Conduct Problems and Pro-Social Behaviour were the strongest predictors of relationship quality. The findings of the study suggest that fewer conduct problems and more pro-social behaviour is important for positive carer-child relationships.

A Comparative Study on Adolescent-Parent Relationship among Boys and Girls in a Rural Setting

The present study was aimed to study the relationship of adolescent boys and girls from district Anantnag of Kashmir valley with their mothers and fathers. To gather information on a sample of 40 male and 40 female respondents, Parent-Child relationship Scale developed by Nalini Rao (1989) was used. The results reveal that a highly significant dif ference was observed between the use of symbolic punishment, rejecting, loving dimension and gender of the child while no significant difference was found when protecting dimension was compared to the gender of the adolescent.

A Study of School Adjustment, Self-concept, Self-esteem, General Wellbeing and Parent Child Relationship in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

To assess school adjustment, self-concept, self-esteem, general wellbeing and parent-child relationship in children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)and to study the correlation of these parameters with chronicity of disease, number of active joints, laboratory parameters of disease activity and JIA subtypes. A total of 64 children (32 cases and 32 controls) were recruited for analysis. Self report questionnaires which included PGI General Wellbeing Measure, Adjustment Inventory for School Students, Parent Child Relationship Scale, Self Esteem Inventory and Self Concept Questionnaires were used to assess all the enrolled subjects. Cases had significantly lower general physical well being (p < 0.001), self- esteem (p = 0.039), social self-concept (p = 0.023) and poorer social (p = 0.002), educational (p = 0.002) and overall (p = 0.006) adjustment as compared to controls. Both parents of cases were significantly more demanding (p = 0.028, p = 0.004)and mothers were over protective (p = 0.009) and pampering with object rewards (p = 0.02). PGI wellbeing score (p = 0.042, p = 0.019) and self concept (p = 0.002, for social SCQ p = 0.030) correlated well with number of active joints and ESR. As the disease duration increased, fathers tended to neglect their children (p = 0.043) and with persistent disease activity (reflected by CRP positivity) even resorted to punishment (p = 0.022) or remained indifferent (p = 0.048). JIA significantly hampers the child's self-esteem, self-concept, adjustment in school, general wellbeing and evokes disturbed parent-child relationship.

A Study of Impact of Parent-Child Relationship on Self-Confidence of The Students of Higher Secondary Schools of Durg District

A B S TR A C T The present study aimed to investigate the impact of parent-child relationship on self-confidence of the students of higher secondary Schools of Durg district. Objective of the study was to study the correlation between parent-child relationship and self-confidence of government higher secondary school students. For the collection of data in respect of parent-child relationship, Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS) constructed by Dr. Nalini Rao (revised version 2011) was used and for collection of data in respect of self-confidence, Agnihotri’s Self-Confidence Inventory (ASCI) constructed by Dr Rekha Gupta (2005) was used. A total number of 753 XI class students comprised the sample for the study. i.e. 454 XI class students (223 male and 231 female) from rural area and 299 XI class students (154 male and 145 female) from urban area were selected for the study. Pearson’s Product moment coefficient of correlation was calculated for the analyses of data. Finding revealed that there is no relationship between parent-child relationship and self confidence of the children.

Reciprocal Influences Between Parents’ Perceptions of Mother-Child and Father-Child Relationships: A Short-Term Longitudinal Study in Chinese Preschoolers

ABSTRACT To examine the reciprocal influences between mother-child and father-child relationships, the authors analyzed cross-lagged longitudinal data on children's relationships with both parents using a structural equation modeling approach. Mothers and fathers of 100 Chinese preschoolers aged 2–3 years filled in the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (R. Pianta, 1992) across 2 time periods 9 months apart. The results showed stability of mother-child and father-child relationships and longitudinal reciprocal influences between the relationships in that over a 9-month follow-up period, mother-child closeness negatively predicted conflict in father-child relationships, and father-child conflict positively predicted mother-child conflict.

Perception of Parents about Their Relationship with Teenage Sons and Daughters

The present study investigated parent-child relationship (PCR) from the perspective of the parents of the teenage sons and daughters. Families for the present study were nuclear families from middle and upper- middle class where both parents were at least graduate and were working and had one teenaged son and teenaged daughter between 13-19 years of age. The present study was based on a sample of 400 respondents (100 of each fathers, mothers, sons and daughters). A self constructed socio-demographic questionnaire, Socio-Economic Scale and Parent-Child Relationship Scale were used in the present study. Results revealed that m ajority of parents perceived their overall relationship with their sons and daughters as good. Parents perceived similar kind of relationship irrespective of the gender of the child. Parents reported high level of acceptance, marital adjustment, realistic role expectations and moderate level of protection, indulgence, utopian expectations, severe moralism and severe discipline for their teenage children. High degree of congruence was found between perception of fathers and mothers across all the dimensions.

Parent-child relationship in children of alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents.

Aim:Overall aim of the study was to see parent-child relationship in children of alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents.Materials and Methods:The sample consisted of 30 alcoholic and 30 non-alcoholic parents and their children taken from Kanke Block of Ranchi district. The sample was selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Socio-demographic data sheet and Parent Child Relationship Scale (Rao, 1978) were administered to the children.Results:In a child’s perception of father in various domains of parent-child relationship, significant difference at P < 0.01 was found in the domain of symbolic punishment, rejecting, objective punishment, demanding, indifferent, symbolic reward in loving and neglecting, and in child’s perception of the mother. Significant difference at P < 0.01 was found in the domain of symbolic punishment, rejecting, object punishment, indifferent and in neglecting.Conclusion:The result showed that the children of alcoholic parents tended to have more symbolic punishment, rejecting, objective punishment, demanding, indifferent, symbolic reward loving and in neglecting than children of non alcoholic parents.