Paraurethral Glands Research Articles

Combined oral contraceptives promote androgen receptor and oestrogen receptor alpha upregulation in the female prostate (Skene's paraurethral glands) of adult gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cyproterone acetate (CPA) and ethinyloestradiol (EE) alone or in combination on the female prostate of adult gerbils. Adult females were exposed for 21 days to daily oral doses of CPA (1mgkg-1), EE (10µgkg-1) or a combination of CPA and EE. Female prostatic complexes were removed, weighed and subjected to morphological, stereological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses. CPA treatment caused epithelial atrophy and decreased prostate secretory activity. The EE treatment group showed glandular hyperplasia, a high cell-proliferation index and an increase in androgen and oestrogen receptor α (AR and ERα) immunoreactivity. Combined treatment (CPA+EE) caused adverse effects, such as an increase in cell proliferation, higher AR and ERα immunoreactivity, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, cell degeneration and aging. In conclusion, the CPA-only treatment promoted antiandrogenic effects on the female gerbil prostate, whereas EE-only had a potent oestrogenic activity. However, when combined, EE overlapped the effects of CPA, changing the pattern of glandular hormonal regulation and stimulating the development of prostatic lesions in female gerbils.

Administration of Oral Therapy For Gonorrheal Urethritis Patients With Local Complications In Men: Case Reports

Urethritis gonorrhea is the most prevalent venereal disease today and can be found all over the world. Timeliness of treatment, correct selection of drugs with adequate doses can eliminate infections that affect the individual, prevent the development of complications, prevent further transmission and avoid germ resistance. This article reports, 24-year-old male patient with a diagnosis of gonore urethritis who came to polyclinic Skin and Veneral at Hospital Syaiful Anwar Malang. Patients come with complaints of pus out of the genitals without itching. Patients also complain of pain during urination, as well as urinating in small volume and often. On examination of external urethra urifisium area obtained ectropion, purulent discharge, and hyperemia macula. There is a lump and duh at the tip of the genitalia caused by inflammation of the paraurethral glands. From the investigation found diplococcus bacteria Gram negative intrasellular PMN. The causative therapy given is a single oral dose of Oral 400mg. Evaluation was done 3 days after treatment and improvement was obtained.
 Keywords: gonorrhea urethritis; oral urethritis therapy; uretritis gonorrhea complications

Prepubertal chrysin exposure upregulates either AR in male ventral prostate or AR and ERα in Skene's paraurethral gland of pubertal and adult gerbils

Chrysin is a plant-derived polyphenol that has the potential to increase endogenous testosterone levels both by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme and by stimulating testicular steroidogenesis. The effects of chrysin on the prostate are unknown, especially during its development and functional maturation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chrysin prepubertal exposure on the male and female prostates of both pubertal and adult gerbils. To evaluate the possible androgenic responses of chrysin, gerbils were also exposed to testosterone. Male and female gerbils were exposed to chrysin or to testosterone cypionate from postnatal day 15 to 42. Male and female gerbils were euthanized at either 43days or 90days age. The prostates were collected for biometrical, morphological and immunohistochemical analysis. The results showed that prepubertal exposure to chrysin had differential effects on the prostate of both pubertal and adult animals. The prostates of male and female pubertal gerbils showed no histological alterations, although there was increased frequency of androgen receptor (AR) in males and females, and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in females. Adult males and females presented developed prostate glands, with higher cell proliferative rate. In addition, AR and ERα frequency remained high in the prostate of adult animals. These results demonstrated that prepubertal exposure to chrysin disrupts steroid receptors regulation in the prostate, potentiating the response of this gland to the biological effects of endogenous steroids. In this context, excessive consumption of phytoestrogens during the critical stages of development should be considered with caution.

Para-urethral cyst in a female neonate: what pediatricians must know?

Para-urethral cyst, arising from cystic dilatation of a paraurethral gland in a female, is rarely reported in neonatal age group. The low frequency and little awareness about its clinical course may lead to inappropriate management. The choice of treatment for this lesion still remains controversial. Surgical excision has been advocated, but non-operative treatment is also gaining popularity nowadays. We are hereby reporting a symptomatic female neonate, whose paraurethral cyst was managed surgically with good recovery. The purpose of this report is to clarify the natural course of paraurethral cysts in female neonates and to generate awareness among physicians and surgeons for correct diagnosis and proper management. The embryology, clinical features and various treatment options are discussed along with the management of our case.

Skenes gland cyst causing urinary retention

Introduction Skene`s gland also known as paraurethral glands are bilateral prostatic homologues glands. It was first discovered and described by Alexander Johnston Chalmers Skene in 1880. Paraurethral glands are located posterolaterally to the urethra. Embryologically derived from the urogenital sinus. Skene`s gland secretes a small amount of mucoid material which has a role in sexual stimulation and lubrication. The etiology of paraurethral cysts remains unknown. The obstruction of Skene's ducts as a result of infection or inflammation usually in response to skenitis, of which gonorrhea is the most common cause, or cystic degeneration of embryonic remnants of the paraurethral glands, have been assumed to be possible causes of paraurethral cysts. The distinguishing features of paraurethral cysts are the displacement of urethral meatus by the mass and a cyst containing milky fluid. Thus, we report a case of Skene's duct cyst in a female which presented with acute urinary retention secondary to the lateral displacement of meatus. Case description A previously healthy female presented to casualty with gradual onset of suprapubic pain, associating with a sudden onset of the inability to void for 6 hours. The patient was complaining of obstructive lower urinary tracts symptoms for 2 weeks. She had 3 uncomplicated normal full term vaginal deliveries with an unremarkable past medical or surgical history. Examination of the external genitalia revealed an ovoid, fluctuant, tender swelling located just inferior to pubic symphysis and completely displacing and stretching the external urethral meatus to the opposite side. Compression of the swelling did not result in fluid extravasation through the urethra. Vaginal patency was also verified. Insertion of 14 Fr foley’s catheter was managed with difficulty and drained 600cc clear urine. MRI showed normal kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder with a simple 2.1x2.7x3.3cm lower vaginal cyst with high protein/hemorrhagic content mostly a paraurethral gland duct cyst. Patient underwent examination under anesthesia, cysto-urethroscopy and skene’s duct cysts excision was done. Histopathology examination displayed the presence of benign cystic lesion lined by transitional and squamous epiltleium with focal surface ulceration; thereby confirming the diagnosis of paraurethral cyst. Foley’s catheter was removed after 5 days and she voided freely. Results and conclusions Skenes gland cyst should be listed in the differential diagnosis of a female patient who comes with an acute urinary retention.

PD26-07 URETHRAL DIVERTICULA IN WOMEN ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED URETHRA-SPHINCTER COMPLEX VOLUMES

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Non-neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction II1 Apr 2017PD26-07 URETHRAL DIVERTICULA IN WOMEN ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED URETHRA-SPHINCTER COMPLEX VOLUMES Eskinder Solomon, Sahar Naseeri, Sachin Malde, Mahreen Pakzad, Rizwan Hamid, Jeremy Ockrim, and Tamsin Greenwell Eskinder SolomonEskinder Solomon More articles by this author , Sahar NaseeriSahar Naseeri More articles by this author , Sachin MaldeSachin Malde More articles by this author , Mahreen PakzadMahreen Pakzad More articles by this author , Rizwan HamidRizwan Hamid More articles by this author , Jeremy OckrimJeremy Ockrim More articles by this author , and Tamsin GreenwellTamsin Greenwell More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.1215AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The aetiology of urethral diverticula in women is unknown. Blockage of drainage and subsequent infection of paraurethral glands have been suggested but the primary initiating pathology remains to be elucidated. We have postulated that functional obstruction secondary to a high-tone non-relaxing sphincter may be the primary initiating pathology leading to the formation of a proximal to mid-urethral diverticulum (UD). As urethral pressure profilometry is unreliable in a urethra with a diverticulum, the urethra-sphincter complex volume may be used as a proxy for the maximal urethral closure pressure. We assessed whether urethra-sphincter complex volumes in female patients with proximal to mid-UD are higher than those without. METHODS The clinical and MRI data of 17 women with a mean age (± SD) of 49.4 years (±13.2) with the ostium of the diverticulum at or proximal to 2/3 the length of the urethra were reviewed. A consultant uro-radiologist outlined the urethra-sphincter complex using pelvic axial small field of view T2-weighted MRI sequences with 3 mm slices. OsiriX© was used to determine the urethra-sphincter complex volume. The findings were compared with a control group consisting of 24 age matched women of mean age 50.8 years (± 11.2 years) having MRI for unrelated conditions. RESULTS The mean urethra-sphincter complex volume for the UD group was 10.01 cm3 (±6.97 cm3). The mean urethra-sphincter volume of the control group was 3.92 cm3 (± 1.60 cm3). This difference was statistically significantly (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Women with proximal-urethral diverticulum have significantly higher urethra-sphincter complex volumes than those who do not. This finding suggests that high pressure in the proximal urethra during a void secondary to a high-tone non-relaxing sphincter may contribute to the formation of a urethral diverticulum. © 2017FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 197Issue 4SApril 2017Page: e508-e509 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2017MetricsAuthor Information Eskinder Solomon More articles by this author Sahar Naseeri More articles by this author Sachin Malde More articles by this author Mahreen Pakzad More articles by this author Rizwan Hamid More articles by this author Jeremy Ockrim More articles by this author Tamsin Greenwell More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Urethral Syndrome and Urethral Pain: Do we Treat People or Diagnoses?

The urethral syndrome with urethral pain and bladder voiding disorders is a diagnosis of exclusion. Possible aetiologies are diverse and include organic, functional and inflammatory pathologies of the urethra. Infections, inflammation of the paraurethral glands, spasms of the sphincter muscle and/or of the pelvic floor muscles, oestrogen deficiency, trauma, neuropathies, hypersensitivity and psychosomatic issues have been investigated as possible causes.Patients with urethral syndrome must be viewed, evaluated and treated holistically. They need a lot of time and attention during their evaluation and treatment. It is now well known that psychosocial aspects are involved in the development of many somatic conditions and may have a crucial impact on the course of a disease. This needs to be taken into consideration during the treatment process.

Comprehensive review of the anatomy and physiology of male ejaculation: Premature ejaculation is not a disease.

Human semen contains spermatozoa secreted by the testes and a mixture of components produced by the bulbo-urethral and Littre (paraurethral) glands, prostate, seminal vesicles, ampulla, and epididymis. Ejaculation is used as a synonym for the external ejection of semen, but it comprises two phases: emission and expulsion. As semen collects in the prostatic urethra, the rapid preorgasmic distension of the urethral bulb is pathognomonic of impeding orgasm, and the man experiences a sensation that ejaculation is inevitable (in women, emission is the only phase of orgasm). The semen is propelled along the penile urethra mainly by the bulbocavernosus muscle. With Kegel exercises, it is possible to train the perineal muscles. Immediately after the expulsion phase the male enters a refractory period, a recovery time during which further orgasm or ejaculation is physiologically impossible. Age affects the recovery time: as a man grows older, the refractory period increases. Sexual medicine experts consider premature ejaculation only in the case of vaginal intercourse, but vaginal orgasm has no scientific basis, so the duration of intercourse is not important for a woman's orgasm. The key to female orgasm are the female erectile organs; vaginal orgasm, G-spot, G-spot amplification, clitoral bulbs, clitoris-urethra-vaginal complex, internal clitoris and female ejaculation are terms without scientific basis. Female sexual dysfunctions are popular because they are based on something that does not exist, i.e. the vaginal orgasm. The physiology of ejaculation and orgasm is not impaired in premature ejaculation: it is not a disease, and non-coital sexual acts after male ejaculation can be used to produce orgasm in women. Teenagers and men can understand their sexual responses by masturbation and learn ejaculatory control with the stop-start method and the squeeze technique. Premature ejaculation must not be classified as a male sexual dysfunction. It has become the center of a multimillion dollar business: is premature ejaculation-and female sexual dysfunction-an illness constructed by sexual medicine experts under the influence of drug companies?

Skene’s Gland Abscess

Skene’s glands are glands situated in the caudal two-thirds of the urethra. Infection of the gland by bacteria leads to inflammatory obstruction of the paraurethral ducts, causing the formation of a cyst or abscess. Patients typically present with dysuria, dyspareunia, vaginal discharge, and pain. On physical examination, a palpable mass is present and purulent material can be expressed from the ductal orifice. Clinical assessment of women with paraurethral gland symptoms is difficult, necessitating further evaluation with imaging. Recent advances in sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging have dramatically improved evaluation of the female urethra and the paraurethral glands, clarifying findings at physical examination and providing accurate road maps for surgeons. Even though magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard, transperineal sonography is an emerging imaging technique that is being used to evaluate female urethral and periurethral disease in a more cost-effective manner.

Comparison of high-frequency ultrasound imaging and 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging for the examination of males with gonococcal inflammation of paraurethral glands

Objective To investigate the morphologic characteristics of gonococcal inflammation of paraurethral glands in males. Methods Eleven male patients with gonococcal inflammation of paraurethral glands were examined by both real-time ultrasound imaging (Siemens Acuson X300) and 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, Philips Achieva). Results High-frequency ultrasound imaging revealed tubular echoic areas with well-defined borders and smooth margins in all the patients. The inside of these tubular areas was weak-echoic. These tubular echoic areas were blind in one end, but open in the other end, and ran in parallel with the urethra. The mean lumen diameter was 1.1±0.2 mm (range, 0.7-1.3 mm), and the mean lumen length was 8.4±0.6 mm (range, 7.0-12.0 mm). Anechoic liquid-filled areas were seen in the tubular echoic areas in two patients. Paraurethral ducts were not detected by 3.0 T MRI in these patients. Conclusions High-frequency ultrasound imaging can clearly show the morphologic characteristics of gonococcal inflammation of paraurethral glands in males, and provide valuable ultrasound images for surgery. Key words: Urethra; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Men; Magnetic resonance imaging; Ultrasonography; Inflammation of paraurethral glands

Chlamydia Infections in Children and Adolescents

1. Lorena M. Siqueira, MD, MSPH* 1. *Division of Adolescent Medicine, Miami Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL. * Abbreviations: CDC: : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention FDA: : Food and Drug Administration HIV: : human immunodeficiency virus LGV: : lymphogranuloma venereum MIF: : microimmunofluorescent MSM: : men who have sex with men NAAT: : nucleic acid amplification tests PID: : pelvic inflammatory disease STI: : sexually transmitted infection 1. The need for annual screening for chlamydia in sexually active adolescents and young adults is underrecognized because this infection is asymptomatic in most females (75%) and males (50%). 2. Difficulty in diagnosis arises from the range of possible symptoms at presentation of symptomatic infections and the type of testing that can be used in each situation. After completing this article the reader should be able to: 1. Recognize the spectrum of clinical manifestations of chlamydia infection in neonates, children, and adolescents. 2. Discuss the appropriate use of culture and nonculture diagnostic tests for chlamydia infections in various age groups. 3. List the current recommendations for screening and treatment of chlamydia infections. A 17-year-old girl presents with prolonged menstrual bleeding associated with severe menstrual cramping pain. Her menarche was at age 13 years. Subsequent menstrual cycles were monthly, lasting 5 days, with average flow associated with mild to moderate pain relieved by over-the-counter pain medications. The current cycle began a month ago and is associated with severe lower abdominal pain. She admits to sexual activity with one partner and uses condoms intermittently. On examination she is afebrile and in discomfort, with a heart rate of 120 beats per minute. She does not appear anemic and has good capillary refill. She has diffuse abdominal pain with significant tenderness in both the right lower and upper quadrants. Chlamydiae are small obligate, gram-negative, intracellular bacteria that contain both DNA and RNA and were formerly considered to be viruses. There are 3 species that are pathogenic to humans: Chlamydia trachomatis , Chlamydophilia pneumoniae, and Chlamydophilia psittaci . They fall within 2 genera in the family Chlamydiaceae . C trachomatis is in …

Adenocarcinoma of the paraurethral glands: a case report.

Adenocarcinoma of the paraurethral glands represents a very rare neoplasm of the urinary tract. Due to the rarity of this disease, there is no standard therapeutic approach. We report a case of adenocarcinoma of the paraurethral glands in a 56-year-old woman, presenting with abnormal serous vaginal discharges. The radiologic examination revealed a 5-cm mass around the urethra, which underwent surgical resection. After surgical resection, the histology revealed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, probably arising from the paraurethral glands. One month later, a pelvic recurrent mass was radiologically diagnosed; consequently, an anterior pelvic exenteration with lymph node dissection was performed. Histological examination revealed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, with glandular and micropapillary architecture, with multiple lymph node metastases. The absence of modifications such as urethritis cystic glandularis on the urethral mucosa, as well as the lack of a lesion in situ, associated with the immunohistochemical expression of PAX8 and negativity for GATA3 and S100p, suggested that the adenocarcinoma originated from the paraurethral glands rather than from the urethral mucosa. Post-surgery CT scans revealed no evidence of metastatic disease. The patient received 6 courses of adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. One year after the pelvic exenteration, because of inguinal lymph node progression, an inguinal lymphadenectomy was performed. Four months later, a TC-PET revealed a multidistrectual lymph node and a lung micronodule disease progression. Invasive micropapillary carcinomas have been characterized as a rare distinctive variant of carcinomas in several anatomic sites and are distinguished by a marked tendency to lymphovascular invasion, justifying the association with high-stage disease and poor prognosis. In the present case, both the poor prognosis connected with micropapillary structure and the lymph node involvement, encouraged adjuvant cisplatinum-based chemotherapy.

Novel immunohistochemical data indicate that the female foetal urethra is more than an epithelial tube

The female urethra has often been neglected in previous studies on the development of the human urogenital system. Our aim has been to reach a consensus on the organogenesis of the female urethra and the vagina with respect to interactions between the epithelia with different evolutionary origins. Therefore we tried to clarify open questions on the spatiotemporal distribution of molecular markers raised against mesenchymal and epithelial structures within the developing human female urethra. Furthermore, we draw comparisons regarding gender-specific aspects in urethral development. To this effect, we used molecular markers such as different cytokeratins (CKs), p63, Ki67, uroplakin III, E-cadherin, vimentin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), cleaved caspase 3 and paired box gene 2 (PAX 2) to phenotype developmental changes. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay was additionally performed to reveal apoptosis. We examined different gestational stages starting from week (W) 8 until W 15. Immunohistochemistry showed a distinct staining pattern for p63 and CK17, both markers for stem cells, ensuing from the urogenital sinus (UGS) proceeding into the Muellerian duct (MD). This was observed throughout development and might be a stimulus for the formation of the vaginal anlagen that derive from the MD. In the attachment area of the MD we detected a conglomeration of cells with different embryonic origins. The epithelium of the UGS became transitional at W 9 after fertilization, and the differentiation advanced in a cranial to caudal direction. The paraurethral glands showed a slightly different staining profile than the urethral epithelium, which may be able to explain why carcinomas of these structures display various histological appearances. In addition, we could show that during the development of the female urogenital system the primary incidence is the formation of the urethra. This is followed by the establishment of the vagina, which clearly depends on the proper differentiation of the UGS/urethra.

Effect of ageing on albino rat female prostate (paraurethral glands)

Introduction The prostate is not a gland exclusive to males, also being an organ of the female genital system. Aim of the work The aim of this study was to detect histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric changes associated with ageing in female paraurethral glands (PUGs). Materials and methods Forty female rats were divided into two groups: adult group and aged group; each group comprised 20 rats. PUGs of both groups were removed, paraffin sections were obtained and stained with H&E, Mallory trichrome, periodic acid schiff, anti-α smooth muscle actin and anti-Ki67 immunostains, and then studied morphometrically. Results The adult gland was formed of two lobes located on both sides of the urethra and showed large and small acini with wide lumens that contained periodic acid schiff-positive secretions. The acini were lined by cubical and/or columnar epithelium of two types: secretory and basal cells. Also, a few collagen fibres, thick periacinar smooth muscle layers and a few Ki67-positive cells were observed. Aged gland showed disarrangement of acinar epithelium, with formation of alveolus-like structures. Stroma was more vascular, with the appearance of newly developed acini and inflammatory infiltrate. Statistically, aged gland showed a highly significant increase in the number of acini, height of acinar epithelium, area% of collagen and Ki67 immunoexpression. In addition, a highly significant decrease in the area of acini, and a significant decrease in the acinar nuclear area and thickness of periacinar smooth muscle layers were detected. Conclusion and recommendation Ageing of female prostate (PUG) was associated with abnormal histological and morphometric changes similar to those occurring in male prostate and this could adversely affect the health and quality of women’s life. Therefore, further studies are needed to elucidate processes that maintain homeostasis of this gland.

Pathogen profile in men with inflammation of paraurethral glands

ObjectiveTo investigate the pathogen profile in men with inflammation of the paraurethral glands.MethodsWe enrolled 40 patients with first-onset, drug-naive inflammation of the paraurethral glands. Discharge from the lesions was collected...

L’émission fontaine ou l’éjaculation féminine

For centuries, squirting (female ejaculation) has been known all over the world. In female sexuality, three subjects are in controversy: the G spot (erogenous anatomical zone), the female prostate (glandular peri-urethral tissue) and the female ejaculation (incorrect but often used expression). The term “fountain emission” is more accurate: involuntary fluid expulsion, which arises rather often at the same time as the orgasm but not systematically. Prevalence would be from 6 to 10% of the women. It seems interesting to hear “fountain women” talk, for such a long time absent in this debate. What do they say on the Internet and during the personal inquiries? What are the partner's actual experiences? Results of my inquiriesGenerally, a squirting woman is easily multi-orgasmic and is happy with her flood, often associated with great emotional intensity and appreciated by her partner, in spite some inconvenience. She does not speak a lot about this phenomenon, which remains not very well known by the medical field. She has a tacit request towards the doctors even she rarely consults on this subject (excepted for the woman embarrassed by her flood). Circumstances that may trigger this issue, are emotional (to let go and to trust her partner), and technical: digital caresses (two fingers hooked into the vagina and strong pressure; 92% of success); coitus (Andromache's position and importance of penile inclination; 61% of success); masturbation (66% of success) and cunnilingus (28% of success). The origin and the composition of these fluids still remain a mystery for many people. Scientific researchesIn 2012, results are always divergent on this subject. However, by 1950, Gräfenberg [9], father of the G spot (Fig. 1) and female ejaculation, had almost everything already discovered! ConclusionsThere exist three stages: an excessive lubrification; an ejaculation (squirting): average quantities coming through para-urethral ducts. Involvement of para-urethral glands (skene glands). The female prostate (Zaviacic [17]) would be a misnomer; the fountain woman: existence of a loss of modified and diluted urine. This is confirmed by the experience of the laboratory and other searchers (Godberg; Schubach [14]…). Significant amounts expelled from urethra. For some women, light emissions also come out from para-urethral ducts. The bladder is implied, for sure. The liquid has a clear appearance, a more or less strong smell, a pungent and salty taste. Emitted quantities: half glass to two glasses per emission or a little puddle after several orgasms. The two ages of predilection are: early sexual intercourse and after 40years old. From this age, some fountain women may suffer from urinary incontinence. All women cannot be fountain women. Some of them have predispositions. Treatment in case of embarrassment: perineal reeducation first (Foldes [2,8]). We can accept in 2012 the evidence of this phenomenon, which is no longer a myth. However, “female sexuality is still an obscure and unknown part of medicine” (Jannini [3]).

Recién nacida con tumoración genital interlabial de resolución espontánea. Caso clínico

Interlabial masses of newborns are rare issues that fall into the interest of pediatricians, pediatric surgeons, urologists, dermatologists and gynecologists. The most common are the hymenal cysts and paraurethral gland cysts. Several interlabial masses, including those of embryological origin, ectopic tissue, prolapse, urological anomaly, or neoplasia, can superficially resemble simple cysts. These include prolapsed urethra, prolapsed ectopic ureterocele, prolapsed vagina or uterus, Gartner's duct cyst, hydrometrocolpos associated with an imperforate hymen and botryoid rhabomyosarcoma. The differential diagnosis is important both for treatment approach and for follow up. We present a 3- day- old baby girl patient diagnosed with hymenal cyst.

New developments in endocervical glandular lesions

McCluggage W G (2012) Histopathology New developments in endocervical glandular lesions There is evidence that the prevalence of premalignant and malignant endocervical glandular lesions is increasing in real as well as in apparent terms. In this review, new developments and selected controversial aspects of endocervical glandular lesions are covered, concentrating mainly on premalignant and malignant lesions. The terminology of premalignant endocervical glandular lesions is discussed with a comparison of the World Health Organization classification and the cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN) system, which is in widespread use in the United Kingdom. Primary cervical adenocarcinomas comprise a heterogeneous group of different morphological types, and while it is known that the majority of these are associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), it has become clear in recent years that most of the more uncommon morphological types are unassociated with HPV, although they may sometimes be p16-positive. A spectrum of benign, premalignant and malignant cervical glandular lesions exhibiting gastric differentiation is now recognized; these include type A tunnel clusters, typical and atypical lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia, adenoma malignum and gastric-type adenocarcinoma. The latter is a recently described variant of primary cervical adenocarcinoma which has a different morphological appearance to the usual endocervical type and which is probably associated with different patterns of spread and a worse prognosis. There is accumulating evidence that 'early invasive' cervical adenocarcinomas have an excellent prognosis and are suitable for conservative management. Immunohistochemical markers of value in the distinction between a primary cervical and endometrial adenocarcinoma are discussed. While it is well known that a panel of markers comprising oestrogen receptor (ER), vimentin, p16 and monoclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is useful, several major pitfalls are pointed out and this panel of markers is predominantly of value in 'low-grade' adenocarcinomas. A related group of lesions, including cervical ectopic prostatic tissue and vaginal tubulosquamous polyp, are probably derived from para-urethral Skene's glands and may be positive with prostatic markers. Recent developments in cervical neuroendocrine neoplasms are discussed, as these are associated not uncommonly with a premalignant or malignant endocervical glandular lesion.

Structure, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the male reproductive accessory glands in the neotropical flat-faced fruit-eating bat Artibeus planirostris (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

Chiroptera, the second largest mammalian order, presents different reproductive strategies and unique reproductive features. However, there are few reports regarding male reproductive accessory glands (RAGs) in Chiroptera. Thus, the aim of the present study was to characterise the RAGs of the exclusively neotropical bat Artibeus planirostris (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) macroscopically, microscopically and ultrastructurally. The RAGs were composed of a prostatic complex with two regions (ventral and dorsal) and paraurethral and bulbourethral glands, but no seminal vesicles. The ventral region had an undefined epithelium, with secretory and basal cells, and its secretions were periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive. The dorsal region received both deferens ducts, had a columnar pseudostratified epithelium with secretory and basal cells. There were two types of secretions from the dorsal region: one that was basophilic and another that was mixed PAS positive and PAS negative. The paraurethral glands were dispersed in the connective tissue of the urethra, whereas the bulbourethral glands were located in the penile root. Histological and ultrastructural data confirmed the prostatic nature of the ventral and dorsal regions and the holocrine nature of the ventral region, with the latter finding never having been described previously for the prostate gland. Our findings demonstrate the wide discrepancy of RAGs between A. planirostris and other mammals in terms of their composition, structure and morphology.

Risk factors for male patients with gonorrhoea complicated by inflammation of the paraurethral glands around the external urethral orifice

Gonococcal inflammation of paraurethral glands around the external urethral orifice is a local complication of gonorrhoea in men. To investigate the risk factors for this complication we compared prepuce factors, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, demographic data and behavioural indicators of gonorrhoeal patients with and without this complication. Results showed that a prolonged disease course of gonorrhoea, sexual intercourse during gonorrhoea, repeated squeezing of the penis and a redundant prepuce were risk factors for this complication.