Parasitic Patch Research Articles

A miniaturized patch antenna with enhanced bandwidth by using reactive impedance surface ground and coplanar parasitic patches

In this article, a miniaturized hybrid patch antenna is proposed that shows improved matching bandwidth and almost invariant radiation patterns. This antenna consists of a driven patch, reactive impedance surface (RIS) based ground plane in addition to the coplanar parasitic patches. The simulated and measured results show that the proposed antenna offers fractional bandwidth of 28% (S11 = −10 dB, from 2.38 GHz to 3.18 GHz). When this antenna operates at 2.38 GHz, 2.68 GHz, 2.98 GHz, and 3.18 GHz, shows realized gain of 6.46 dBi, 6.69 dBi, 7.84 dBi, and 7.59 dBi, whereas the front-to back (F/B) ratio is 15.62 dB, 20.15 dB, 20.67 dB and 20.92 dB, respectively. The pattern quality is very consistent over the matching bandwidth. Compared to the conventional patch antenna, dimension of the hybrid patch antenna has decreased by about 36%.

2-D Wide-Angle Scanning Phased Array With Hybrid Patch Mode Technique

In this letter, a microstrip patch hybrid mode technique is introduced to design a 2-D wide-angle scanning planar phased array. The proposed element consists of a circular patch and four rectangular parasitic patches distributed around the circular patch. In order to obtain wider radiation beamwidth (BW) in two orthogonal azimuth planes, the TM11 mode of the circular patch and the zeroth-order resonant mode of the parasitic rectangular patches are separately excited. Experimental results show that the proposed element can obtain 3 dB BW more than 156° in the two orthogonal azimuth planes. Moreover, an 8 × 8 planar phased array formed by this element can realize wide-angle scanning in a range of about ±65° in the two orthogonal azimuth planes. In the above scanning range, the sidelobe levels of the phased array are always less than −7.8 dB, the scanning gain fluctuation is less than ±1.73 dB, and the main polarizations on the two orthogonal planes are both θ -polarized. In addition, the phased array has a simple structure, a low profile, and convenient fabrication.

5G camouflage antenna for pico‐cell base stations

A camouflage dual-polarised antenna for 5G pico-cell (PC) base stations is proposed in this study. The antenna offers good coverage for the 5G sub-6 GHz frequency band (3.3–3.8 GHz) with a reflection coefficient better than −15 dB and a port-to-port coupling less than −23 dB. The proposed antenna consists of two layers (a radiating layer and a feeding layer) separated by an air gap. The radiating layer uses a transparent conducting film (indium tin oxide) to form two patches (a radiating patch and a parasitic patch) printed on the opposite sides of a glass laminate. The radiating layer has visual transparency of 77%, which makes it possible to be integrated with the glass cover of the head of a street lamp while the feeding layer is embedded inside the head for camouflage. A 2 × 2 antenna array is formed to achieve a realised gain of 13.2 dBi and a 3-dB solid angle of 33° × 33°. Therefore, the proposed design is very suitable to be employed as a camouflage 5G PC base station.

An Octagonal Ring-shaped Parasitic Resonator Based Compact Ultrawideband Antenna for Microwave Imaging Applications.

An Ultrawideband (UWB) octagonal ring-shaped parasitic resonator-based patch antenna for microwave imaging applications is presented in this study, which is constructed with a diamond-shaped radiating patch, three octagonal, rectangular slotted ring-shaped parasitic resonator elements, and partial slotting ground plane. The main goals of uses of parasitic ring-shaped elements are improving antenna performance. In the prototype, various kinds of slots on the ground plane were investigated, and especially rectangular slots and irregular zigzag slots are applied to enhance bandwidth, gain, efficiency, and radiation directivity. The optimized size of the antenna is 29 × 24 × 1.5 mm3 by using the FR-4 substrate. The overall results illustrate that the antenna has a bandwidth of 8.7 GHz (2.80–11.50 GHz) for the reflection coefficient S11 < −10 dB with directional radiation pattern. The maximum gain of the proposed prototype is more than 5.7 dBi, and the average efficiency over the radiating bandwidth is 75%. Different design modifications are performed to attain the most favorable outcome of the proposed antenna. However, the prototype of the proposed antenna is designed and simulated in the 3D simulator CST Microwave Studio 2018 and then effectively fabricated and measured. The investigation throughout the study of the numerical as well as experimental data explicit that the proposed antenna is appropriate for the Ultrawideband-based microwave-imaging fields.

Dual‐wideband dual‐polarised magnetoelectric dipole antenna for 4G/5G microcell base station

A novel dual-wideband dual-polarised magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna for the fourth generation (4G)/fifth generation (5G) microcell base station is proposed. Using a pair of orthogonal ME dipoles and Γ-shaped tapered cross feeding lines, the initial antenna achieves dual-band and dual-polarised. Then, four U-shaped gaps, added in electric dipoles, effectively extend the lower impedance bandwidth. Finally, a circular parasitic patch with capacitive properties is innovatively loaded above the ME antenna, which obviously reduces the high-resonant frequency from 5.5 to 4.9 GHz. Meanwhile, a box-shaped reflector is employed to achieve stable gain and radiation patterns. As a result, the measured results show the good dual-wideband performance of 52.4% (2.14–3.66 GHz) and 7.4% (4.68–5.04 GHz) with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) 25 dB) and high gain (9.5 and 5.5 dBi, respectively). In addition, a stable radiation pattern with a half-power beam width of 63.5 ° ± 6.8 ° and good cross-polarisation discrimination (>20 dB) on the E-plane is realised over these two bands.

Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays for Millimeter Wave Wireless Communication

In present 4G the enormously growing of cellular user and the shortage of bandwidth which results in difficulty to provide a high data rate to each end user. To achieve wider bandwidth millimeter wave technology is considered to solve the problem of bandwidth shortage. This paper presents a 4x1 element circular phase array of inset fed rectangular patch antenna operating in the millimeter wave band (24.81GHz 33GHz). To achieve large impedance bandwidth the array is designed with edge coupled parasitic patch arrangement which provides dual resonance. The designed array used the ring-shaped sequential rotation feeding line to reduce the unwanted side lobe radiation. The design antenna array achieved good return loss – 10dB ≤ S11 ≤ – 18.64dB and maintaining 26% (24.81GHz 33GHz) bandwidth. The antenna array has achieved good return loss S11, -18.64dB at 29.09GHz and VSWR ≤ 1.85 (24.81GHz-33GHz). In millimeter wave wireless communication require high gain antenna to overcome the problem of path loss. The designed array has achieved 10.14dB gain. So the designed will be suitable for the future millimeter-wave wireless communication system.

Analysis and Design of Micro Strip Patch Antenna for Bandwidth Enhancement

Microstrip patch antenna for enhancement bandwidth has been presented based on stacked configuration. The microstrip patch antenna is a wide shaft narrowband antenna. it is made effectively by the printed circuit innovation and have the metallic layer at the two sides of the substrate, a transmitting patch on the upper side though metal plate on ground. For the improvements of bandwidth, there is influenced a more no. of slot on the ground plate to accomplish Ultra wide band (UWB). The UWB antennas is based on the micro strip patch antenna concept which is based on stacking. For the enhancement of bandwidth of the antenna, stacking is used in the designing of UWB antenna. In this research manuscript stack parasitic patch antenna is presented to enhance the bandwidth of the antennas different slot at ground. The proposed design is implemented in the CADFEKO software. For the design and analysis of a wide range of electromagnetic problem CADFEKO software is very useful having many applications to simulate 3D electromagnetic circuit included antenna design, micro strip antenna and circuits. The simulation results shows the enhanced antenna bandwidth of 14.5 GHz from 2.6 to 16.8 GHz..

25GHz 40GHz Circularly Phase Array Microstrip Patch Antenna for Millimeter Wave Communication

Millimeter wave technology will enable to provide high data rate. It is also expected to provide continuous good quality, low latency video. For high-resolution video, wireless communication will require huge bandwidth. The present 4G spectrum will be unable to meet the demand of each mobile user. To solve bandwidth shortage millimeter wave technology is consider. In this paper present a circularly phase array designed. It is operating in the 25GHz to 40GHz. To enhance bandwidth the array used edge couple parasitic patch arrangement which provides dual resonance. The array is designed in circular phase array with the rotational feeding line. The designed used polyflon CuFlon(tm) low dielectric constant, Ɛr = 2.1 and tangential loss, δ = 0.00045 with height h = 1.6mm. The designed achieved 8.41dB gain. The array achieved good return loss, S11 bandwidth i.e. -11.83dB ≤ S11 ≤ -37.8dB (25GHz to 40GHz) and voltage standing wave ratio, VSWR ≤ 1.7 (25GHz to 40GHz).

A compact pattern diversity MIMO antenna with enhanced bandwidth and high‐isolation characteristics for WLAN/5G/WiFi applications

AbstractIn this article, a novel multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna with compact structure and diverse radiation patterns is designed for a wireless communication device. Four monopole antenna elements are placed orthogonally at the corner of the substrate. A decoupling structure composed of a circular patch and 4 L‐shaped branches placed counterclockwise is printed on the upper surface of the substrate to reduce coupling between antenna elements. Due to the surface current on the circular parasitic patch, which was acquired by coupling with the monopole antenna, the MIMO antenna exhibits an omnidirectional radiation pattern at low frequencies and a directional radiation pattern at high frequencies. In order to verify the accuracy of theoretical analysis and simulated results, the proposed antenna with a compact size of 30 mm × 30 mm is fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the overlapping bandwidths (S11 ≤ −10 dB) are 28.8% from 4.58 to 6.12 GHz and over 4.02 dBi gain. Furthermore, the measured results of pattern diversity are basically consistent with the simulated results, and the measured isolation is up to 15.4 dB, which suggest that the presented antenna can be applied to WLAN/5G/WiFi wireless communication.

Wideband Dual-Polarized Binary Coding Antenna With Wide Beamwidth and Its Array for Millimeter-Wave Applications

A novel millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) binary coding antenna with broadband, dual-polarization, and wide beamwidth is proposed, and its broad-angle scanning array is also studied. The element employs the stacked patches, where the optimal middle parasitic patch and top driven patch are introduced to broaden the bandwidth and beamwidth. The driven and parasitic patches are realized by series of small units optimized by binary code. The measured results for the proposed antenna prototype agree well with the simulated ones, showing a wide impedance bandwidth and good port isolation from 21.8 to 33.2 GHz (FBW = 41.5%). The measured half-power beamwidth is between 128 $^{\circ }$ and 157 $^{\circ }$ over the operating bandwidth. The element was then extended to an eight-element phased array. The measured results demonstrate that the array with a broad scanning angle more than 100 $^{\circ }$ over the available band can be achieved.

Bandwidth enhancement of a circularly polarized tapered crossed slot antenna with corner parasitic directors

This paper presents a single-feed wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna with tapered crossed slots and corner directors. According to the multi-mode resonance concept, the antenna uses two identical cross placed Vivaldi-like tapered slots as the wideband radiating elements, and four rectangular parasitic patch directors are connected on each corner of the ground for further enhancing the bandwidth. A simple second-order stepped microstrip line with a via on the other side of the substrate is used to feed the antenna. Two pairs of capacitors and inductors are placed on each slot to realize a 90° phase difference for CP operation. The proposed antenna is designed, fabricated and measured. Simulation results are in good agreement with the measured results that demonstrate a 10 dB impedance bandwidth (IMBW) from 1.98 to 5.71 GHz (3.73 GHz, 97.01%) and a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) from 2.13 to 3.91 GHz (1.78 GHz, 58.94%). The antenna outperforms most of the reported cross slot antennas for its wide IMBW and ARBW.

A wide‐band rhombus monopole antenna array for millimeter wave applications

AbstractThis article presents a simple antenna array for millimeter‐wave communications at 28 GHz. The proposed antenna array is 40 × 19.22 mm2 in size and operates in a measured 26.04 to 30.63 GHz frequency range. The antenna array elements are excited by a planar four‐way feed network, which has been designed and optimized for optimum performance. The single element of the proposed antenna array is a rhombic monopole surrounded by a series of vias, square parasitic patches were etched on the back side to enhance its impedance performance. The proposed antenna array has a peak gain of 11.24 dBi with radiation efficiency more than 85% in its entire operating band. Both single and its 4 × 1 array have been modeled, simulated, and fabricated using standard PCB process. Excellent agreement exists between the simulated and measured results. The antenna's simple design, compact size, and low fabrication cost, enables it to be deployed in millimeter‐wave communication systems.

Beam Steering Monopole Antenna for Low Power Wireless Communication in WSN

Antenna for wireless sensor networks (WSN) application need to satisfy a number of additional properties like antenna efficiency. Since there are many WSN nodes, the use of low cost and high efficient antenna is highly important. Therefore, in this paper, a beam steering antenna resonate at 2.4 GHz with monopole element by using parasitic array technique is proposed. The parasitic array element is introduced to achieve a better gain and acts as a reflector to steer the beam to the desired degree of angles. The structure of the proposed design consists of monopole antenna as the radiating element, and to parasitic patches with the same dimension of monopole are placed next to the radiating patch. Two switches (PIN diode) are used and embedded at the back of the structure. By activating and deactivating of the switches (ON or OFF), the parasitic is either grounded or disconnected from ground. Consequently, depending on the switches configuration, the beam pattern can be steered two direction angles which ±25° left or right. The simulated and measured results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed antenna.

Dual-Band Parasitic Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications

The paper presents a novel dual-band patch working at GSM band and S-band. The patch encompasses a rectangular radiator coupled with a parasitic patch in the coplanar region and a split ring resonator in the ground region. The patch is analyzed numerically and is synthesized using the HFSS simulator. Finally, the performance characteristics of the model are measured and are compared with numerical and simulated results. The patch gives two different bands at 950MHz and 2.3GHz and gives -10dB impedance bandwidth in the lower band from 950MHz -1GHz and higher band from 2.275GHz – 2.325GHz. The patch also accomplishes a gain of 4.74dBi in the effective band 1 and 4.02 dBi in the operating band 2.

Dual Slot H Shape Antenna for SAR Estimation

In the proposed work, H-shaped microstrip antenna is designed with two slots. Itoperates at a frequency of 2.2GHz with a FR-4 substrate. The proposed antenna is designed for UHF application like mobile communication. The dimension of the proposed antenna is 42 x 30x 1.6 mm^3. Two equal size parasitic patches are being introduced to implement the H shape and simulated using HFSS software. Further, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of the proposed antenna is found out. Average SAR value for this proposed design appears to be 0.39 W/Kg, which is also far less than the prescribed value by Telecom Engineering Center (TEC) of 1.6W/Kg.

A dual‐band dual‐mode microstrip Yagi antenna with quasi‐end‐fire radiation

A dual-band dual-mode microstrip Yagi antenna with quasi-end-fire radiation patterns is proposed in this paper. It consists of five radiating patches driven by a single slot-loaded patch placed in the middle. Meanwhile, two slot-loaded parasitic patches are symmetrically located on two sides of the driven patch, respectively. In the lower band, the five patches involved resonate at TM01 mode. While in the upper band, all the patches resonate at TM02 mode. In order to ensure quasi-end-fire radiations in the both bands, four slots are symmetrically etched around the strongest surface currents of each patch resonating at TM02 mode. As a result, the resonant frequency of TM02 mode is decreased dramatically, while the resonant frequency of TM01 mode almost remains unchanged. With these arrangements, the separations between any two of the adjacent patches at their centers satisfy the requirements in design of the microstrip Yagi antenna in both bands, so as to realize the dual-band dual-mode microstrip Yagi antenna on a single-layer substrate. Finally, an antenna prototype is fabricated and tested. The measured results reveal that the dual operating bands of 2.76~2.88 and 4.88~5.03 GHz for |S11| < −10 dB are satisfactorily achieved. Most importantly, the proposed antenna can indeed realize the quasi-end-fire radiation patterns in dual operating bands.

Low-Profile Beamforming-Network-Avoiding Multi-Beam Antenna Based on Parasitic Patch and Shorting-Pin

In this paper, a new method to design multi-beam antenna based on parasitic patch and shorting-pin is proposed and demonstrated through two cases of singleand multi-source. For the single-source multi-beam antenna, by arranging the parasitic patch shorted with pins around a square patch, the beam is divided into four parts and a multi-beam radiation is realized. Also, arc slots in the parasitic patch are added to improve the bandwidth and shorting-pins located along the edges of square patch are introduced to adjust the operating frequency, gain and pitch angle. The multi-source multi-beam antenna has a similar construction with the single-source case except it has four ports. In addition, an asymmetric gap is added in the square patch to improve the isolation between the four ports. Finally, both the simulated and measured results verify the proposed methodology. The realized single-source antenna operates in the range of 5.22 - 5.42 GHz. Four beams point at (φ, 8) = (0°, 41°), (90°, 35°), (180°, 41°) and (270°, 38°). For the multi-source case, the corresponding bandwidth is 5.25 - 5.48 GHz. The radiation beams are steered to (φ, 8) = (0°, 30°), (270°, 37°), (90°, 30°) and (180°, 37°).

Wideband Filtering Dumbbell-Shaped Slot Antenna With Improved Frequency Selectivity for Both Band-Edges

A novel wideband filtering dumbbell-shaped slot antenna with improved frequency selectivity for both band-edges is proposed in this paper. The filtering slot antenna is composed of a dumbbell-shaped slot, two parasitic patches, eight slot-stubs and a feeding line with a pair of step impedance resonator (SIR) stubs. An additional resonance is generated to increase the bandwidth and a gain null is produced at the upper band-edge to improve the frequency selectivity by loading parasitic patches in the dumbbell-shaped slot. Eight slot-stubs adjacent to the dumbbell-shaped slot are etched to enhance the impedance matching. In addition, the bandwidth is further broadened and two gain nulls are realized at both band-edges by adding a pair of SIR stubs. Moreover, the gain nulls can be adjusted individually by the length of parasitic patches or SIR stubs. As a result, the gain curve of the proposed filtering slot antenna has good flatness and the frequency selectivity for both band-edges is significantly improved. A prototype has been manufactured and measured to verify the validity of the design. The measured impedance bandwidth of |S 11 | <; -10 dB is 62.5% (2.2 GHz - 4.2 GHz). High suppression levels of 26 dB and 30 dB can be achieved in the lower and upper stopbands, respectively.

Circular Planar Antenna with Reconfigurable Radiation Pattern using PIN Diodes

This work presents a circular planar antenna with reconfigurable radiation pattern using parasitic patches. The radiation pattern of the proposed antenna may take different radiation modes. The mode change is made using the PIN diodes connected in the gap between the central circular patch and the parasitic patches. A short circuit or an open circuit can be provided by this gap. The proposed antenna works at 5 GHz, such as 802.11a/d/n applications. The goal is to provide wider coverage by redirecting the main lobe and controlling the main beam directions to avoid interference with surrounding signals.

A Novel Beam Steerable Antenna Employing Tunable High Impedance Surface With Liquid Crystal

A novel beam steerable antenna employing tunable high impedance surface with liquid crystal is proposed. This antenna utilizes three microstrip patches as the radiators and a tunable high impedance surface based on liquid crystal as the ground plane. In this design, liquid crystal is deliberately disposed under the two parasitic microstrip patches to reduce the effect of relatively large dielectric loss and to improve the gain and radiation efficiency of the antenna. More importantly, this work explores a tunable high impedance surface based on liquid crystal, which has advantages of simple structure and biasing scheme as compared with other tunable high impedance surfaces based on solid-state devices. It is shown that by tuning the permittivity of liquid crystal, the high impedance surface becomes to support the propagation of TE surface waves to strengthen the mutual coupling between main and parasitic microstrip patches. Consequently, the main lobe can be steered to the desired direction and the scanning range of the antenna is enlarged. To prove this novel concept, a Ka-band prototype is fabricated and tested. Measured results show that the antenna not only has acceptable gain, but also keeps a satisfactory scanning range. In addition, this antenna consumes negligible DC power and thus is a strong antenna competitor for 5G access point applications.