P-phenylenediamine Research Articles

Rosin based epoxy coating: Synthesis, identification and characterization

Ketone type derivative of rosin was prepared by dehydrocarboxylation of isomerized abietic acid. Coupling of dipimaryl ketone with maleic anhydride was performed by acetic acid catalyzed Diels–Alder reaction. Afterwards, the dipimaryl ketone was epoxidized to get the corresponding tetra glycidyl ester. The chemical structure of the synthesized products was confirmed by UV, FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic analyses. Cured resins using a rosin-based crosslinker and p-phenylene diamine (a commercial crosslinker) were evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and some preliminary universal coating tests. Results showed that the fully rosin-based epoxy system gave better performance than commercially bisphenol-A based one. This finding was attributed to a liquid crystal behavior of the rosin-based crosslinker. Mesomorphic transition temperature and liquid crystalline texture of the rosin-based crosslinker were investigated by polarized optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

Preparation of hydrophilic PVDF/PPTA blend membranes by in situ polycondensation and its application in the treatment of landfill leachate

High modulus poly(p-phenylene terephtalamide) (PPTA) reinforced composites are of great scientific interests. But the thermodynamic difference makes the polymer pairs incompatible and endows the composites with inferior physical-chemical properties. In this study, hydrophilic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/poly(p-phenylene terephtalamide) (PPTA) blend membrane with improved hydrophilicity and mechanical strength was prepared through in situ polycondensation of p-phenylene diamine (PPD) and terephthaloyl chloride (TPC) in PVDF solution and subsequent immersion precipitation phase inversion process. The effects of PPTA concentration in polymer dopes on membrane formation process, structure, morphology and performance were systematically investigated. The results showed that thermodynamically, PPTA acted as a demixing enhancer which accelerated the phase inversion process. Dynamically, liquid-liquid phase separation was still in control of membrane formation process especially in the later period, whereas the addition of PPTA mainly promoted the early emergence of the liquid-liquid demixing. The surface hydrophilicity, ant-fouling properties and mechanical strength were significantly improved when PPTA content was 17wt%. When PPTA content increased to 26wt%, membrane bursting pressure increased to nearly 0.6MPa which was 1.5 times higher than that of PVDF membrane. The resultant PVDF/PPTA blend membrane exhibited an improved antifouling property than that of PVDF membrane when applied in the MBR in the treatment of landfill leachate and also showed a relatively high removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chrom.

Anisotropic thermal conductive properties of hot-pressed polystyrene/graphene composites in the through-plane and in-plane directions

Abstract The interactions between polystyrene (PS) and graphene as well as the factors leading to anisotropic thermal conductive properties in the in-plane and through-plane directions of the hot-pressed samples were studied. In this procedure, the PS/graphene composites (PG) were prepared via solution mixing followed by hot-pressing method, the graphene oxide (GO) was simultaneously modified and reduced to graphene nanosheets by p-phenylene diamine. And the polydispersity index of PS matrix was controlled at as narrow as 1.14 by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The characterization showed that the thermal conductivity of PG composites with 10 wt% graphene loading was enhanced by 66% to 0.244 W m−1 K−1 compared with 0.147 W m−1 K−1 of pure PS. The thermal diffusivity (α) of hot-pressed PG samples showed anisotropic behavior according to the heat transfer directions. The α of in-plane direction was almost ten times higher than that of in through-plane direction. And both of them changed slowly in function of graphene loadings. This anisotropic property may be caused by the ordered arrangement of graphene sheets and PS chains after PG composites were hot-pressed.

Phosphorus-containing polymers from THPS. II: synthesis and property of phosphorus-containing hyperbranched aromatic-aliphatic polyamides

Phosphorus-containing hyperbranched aromatic-aliphatic polyamides are prepared via direct polymerization of triacid (B3) with different diamines (A2), which for improving the processability of aromatic polyamides while keeping exellent thermal and mechanical property. The triacid (B3), tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine oxide (TCEPO), is synthesized from tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate and its structure is verified by Fourier transform infrared, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Then, the polycondensation reaction of TCEPO with p-phenylene diamine, 4,4′-oxyphenylene diamine and 4,4′-methylenedianiline result in three phosphorus-containing hyperbranched aromatic-aliphatic polyamides, and the degree of branching is found between 0.66 and 0.71. Gel permeation chromatography measurement reveal that all hyperbranched aromatic-aliphatic polyamides have moderate number-averaged molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distribution. The Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis results show all polymers have two glass transition temperatures (Tg) in the temperature range 85.3–128.0 °C and have high storage modulus about 1.52–3.19 GPa at 50 °C. The TGA results reveal the initial degradation temperatures (T5) and the temperatures for 10% gravimetric loss (T10) for the hyperbranched aromatic-aliphatic polyamides are in the range of 214–250 and 256–333 °C, and the maximum decomposition temperatures (Tm) are about 500 °C, and also the char yields of polymers at 850 °C are about 39.4–48.4%, which indicate good thermal stability.

Electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid at p-phenylenediamine film-holes modified glassy carbon electrode

In this work the determination of ascorbic acid (AA) at glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a perforated film produced by reduction of diazonium generated in situ from p-phenylenediamine (PD) is reported. Holes were intentionally created in the modifier film by stripping a pre-deposited gold nanoparticles. The modified electrodes were electrochemically characterized by common redox probes: hydroquinone, ferrocyanide and hexamineruthenium(III). The cyclic voltammetric and amperometric response of AA using the modified electrodes was compared with that of bare GCE. The bare GCE showed a linear response to AA in the concentration range of 5 mM to 45 mM with detection limit of 1.656 mM and the modified GCE showed a linear response to AA in the concentration range of 5 ?M to 45 ?M with detection limit of 0.123 ?M. The effect of potential intereferents on amperometric signal of AA at the modified GCE was examined and found to be minimal. The inter-electrode reproducibility, stability, and accuracy were determined. The modified electrode showed excellent inter-electrode reproducibility, accuracy and stability. The modified electrode reported is a promising candidate for use in electroanalysis of AA.

N-doped carbon layer coated thermally exfoliated graphene and its capacitive behavior in redox active electrolyte

A nitrogen-doped carbon layer coated thermally exfoliated graphene (NC-TEG) is prepared by in-situ polymerization of p-phenylene diamine (PD) with thermally exfoliated graphene (TEG) and subsequent high temperature pyrolysis (600°C for 1h in argon gas environment). Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy confirm the formation of poly-(p-phenylene diamine) layers on the TEG surfaces with a nitrogen doping level of ~6.1%. Physisorption analysis indicates that NC-TEG not only has the enlarged surface area, but also forms hierarchical three dimensional structures with several micro and meso-pores compared to pristine TEG. Due to the synergic effect of nitrogen atoms in the carbon structures and augmented surface area, the capacitance measured from cyclic voltammetry and galvanic charge–discharge increases to 282.5Fg−1 from the 95.1Fg−1 of TEG. Moreover, the PD monomer acts as a reversible faradaic agent. The capacitive performance of the NC-TEG electrode is investigated in different mixed electrolytes. The specific capacitance is significantly increased to 635.6Fg−1 in a mixed electrolyte of 0.025M PD and 2M KOH. After 10,000 cycles, the capacitive retention shows remarkable stability as high as 87.4%.

Skin sensitization induced Langerhans’ cell mobilization: variable requirements for tumour necrosis factor‐α

Upon antigen/allergen recognition, epidermal Langerhans' cells (LC) are mobilized and migrate to the local lymph node where they play a major role in initiating or regulating immune responses. It had been proposed that all chemical allergens induce LC migration via common cytokine signals delivered by TNF-α and IL-1β. Here the dependence of LC migration on TNF-α following treatment of mice with various chemical allergens has been investigated. It was found that under standard conditions the allergens oxazolone, paraphenylene diamine, and trimellitic anhydride, in addition to the skin irritant sodium lauryl sulfate, were unable to trigger LC mobilization in the absence of TNF-α signalling. In contrast, two members of the dinitrohalobenezene family (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene [DNCB] and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene [DNFB]) promoted LC migration independently of TNF-R2 (the sole TNF-α receptor expressed by LC) and TNF-α although the presence of IL-1β was still required. However, increasing doses of oxazolone overcame the requirement of TNF-α for LC mobilization, whereas lower doses of DNCB were still able to induce LC migration in a TNF-α-independent manner. These novel findings demonstrate unexpected heterogeneity among chemical allergens and furthermore that LC can be induced to migrate from the epidermis via different mechanisms that are either dependent or independent of TNF-α. Although the exact mechanisms with regard to the signals that activate LC have yet to be elucidated, these differences may translate into functional speciation that will likely impact on the extent and quality of allergic sensitization.

Carboxylated or aminated polyaniline-multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanohybrids for immobilization of cellobiose dehydrogenase on gold electrodes.

Polymer-multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanohybrids, which differ in surface charge have been synthesized to study the bioelectrocatalysis of adsorbed cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) from Phanerochaete sordida on gold electrodes. To obtain negatively charged nanohybrids, poly(3-amino-4-methoxybenzoic acid-co-aniline) (P(AMB-A)) was covalently linked to the surface of MWCNTs while modification with p-phenylenediamine (PDA) converted the COOH-groups to positively charged amino groups. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements verified the p-phenylenediamine (PDA) modification of the polymer-CNT nanohybrids. The positively charged nanohybrid MWCNT-P(AMB-A)-PDA promoted direct electron transfer (DET) of CDH to the electrode and bioelectrocatalysis of lactose was observed. Amperometric measurements gave an electrochemical response with KMapp = 8.89 mM and a current density of 410 nA/cm2 (15 mM lactose). The catalytic response was tested at pH 3.5 and 4.5. Interference by ascorbic acid was not observed. The study proves that DET between the MWCNT-P(AMB-A)-PDA nanohybrids and CDH is efficient and allows the sensorial detection of lactose.

Highly Efficient Membraneless Glucose Bioanode Based on Corynascus thermophilus Cellobiose Dehydrogenase on Aryl Diazonium‐Activated Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

AbstractWe present an approach for electrode modification by using the oxidoreductase cellobiose dehydrogenase from the ascomycete Corynascus thermophilus (CtCDH). CtCDH is a two‐domain enzyme, in which the catalytic dehydrogenase domain (DHCDH) hosts flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as cofactor and is connected through a flexible linker to a small cytochrome domain with a heme b cofactor (CYTCDH). This domain is responsible for the electron transfer from DHCDH to macromolecular electron acceptors, and is capable of direct electron transfer (DET) with electrode surfaces. CtCDH is optimal at pH values between 7 and 9 and exhibits one of the lowest apparent KM values for glucose (2.4×104 μM) in contrast to the majority of other CDHs, which have acidic optimal pH values and have very low or no activity for glucose. Glassy carbon (GC) electrodes were modified by drop‐casting single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCTs) and further modifying with aryl diazonium salts (DS). When adsorbed on such GC‐SWCT‐DS electrodes, CYTCDH showed efficient DET in the presence of a substrate. Six different functional groups for the aryl amines were studied and compared to non‐DS modified GC‐SWCT electrodes. The charge of the grafted aryl amines was investigated and it was found that surfaces modified with aniline, 4‐aminophenol, and 4‐aminobenzoic acid (ABA) contain negative charges at pH 7.4. On the other hand, surfaces modified with p‐phenylenediamine (PD), N,N‐dimethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine, and N,N‐diethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine remain uncharged. To date, the highest DET current density (JMAX=32.5 μA cm−2 for lactose and JMAX=16.2 μA cm−2 for glucose) for a CDH‐modified electrode at human physiological pH can be obtained by using a GC‐SWCT‐ABA CtCDH modified electrode. The use of glutaraldehyde (GA) in GC‐SWCT‐PD‐modified electrodes increases the JMAX twofold. The modified electrodes with DS showed a more negative onset potential for the catalytic current. For GC‐SWCT‐ABA modified electrodes and GC‐SWCT‐PD with GA, a change in the onset potential of −62 and −66 mV, respectively, was found compared with non‐DS modified electrodes. The prepared bioanodes show a loss in response current of 15 % after 9 days of continuous measurements from the original signal in 5 mM glucose, using 50 mM phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.40 at 37 °C.

Effect of 8-Hydroxyquinoline Citrate, Sucrose and Peroxidase Inhibitors on Vase Life of Lisianthus (EUSTOMA GRANDIFLORUM L.) Cut Flowers

Abstract Cut lisianthus flowers have a short vase life, possibly due to blockage of xylem vessels. The effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate, sucrose and peroxidase inhibitors on delaying senescence and extending vase life of cut lisianthus flowers was tested. The peroxidase inhibitors used in this experiment were catechol (CH) (5, 10, 15 mM) and p-phenylenediamine (PD) (5, 10, 15 mM). All vase solutions contained 200 mg-dm-3 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) and 3% sucrose. 10 mM CH treatment was the most effective for vase life extension (13.3 days), increasing water uptake, and delaying fresh weight loss. The vase solution containing 10 mM CH significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased peroxidase (POD) activities. Similarly, 10 mM PD increased anthocyanin content more than the other treat–ments. Protein degradation was significantly delayed by application of 5 mM PD. The malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation was reduced when CH at 5 mM and PD in 5 and 15 mM were added to the vase solution. Results indicated that peroxidase inhibitors in combination with 8-HQC and sucrose increase vase life of lisianthus by improving water uptake and delaying fresh weight loss.

Assessment of serum and salivary ceruloplasmin level in patients with oral lichen planus

Background: Oxidative stress is a deleterious process that can be an important mediator of damage to cell structures and consequently various disease states. Exposure to free radicals from a variety of sources has led organisms to produce a series of defense mechanisms. The antioxidant ceruloplasmin is a copper-containing ferroxidase that can oxidize ferrous iron (Fe2+) to its nontoxic ferric (Fe3+) form. Ferrous iron (Fe2+) is extremely damaging because of its ability to generate toxic free radicals. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory oral mucosal disease of unknown etiology. Previous studies reported that reactive oxygen species may be involved in the pathogenesis of lichen planus. The aim of this study was to estimate the role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of OLP through the study of serum and saliva ceruloplasmin as a marker of antioxidant status. Methods: Forty eight patients with histologically confirmed OLP by oral pathologist were included in this study. The sample group was split up in to two groups according to the clinical presentation of the lesions, 21 patients with reticular formation and 27 patients with erosive form together with 32 healthy looking volunteers that were age-matched with the patients. Serum and saliva ceruloplasmin activity was determined by oxidation of P-Phenylenediamine to give a blue - violet color that measured spectrophotometricaly at 525 NM. Results: Statistically, there was a substantial increase in serum and saliva ceruloplasmin levels of OLP patients group as compared to controls (p 0.05). The study showed that there was no statistically significant correlation between serum and saliva ceruloplasmin levels in OLP patients group (r=-0.029, p>0.05). Conclusion: Oxidative status play a role in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus represented by increased serum and saliva ceruloplasmin levels.

Ligand-stabilized Pt nanoparticles (NPs) as novel materials for catalytic gas sensing: influence of the ligand on important catalytic properties.

Different mono- and bifunctional amine ligands have been used to stabilize Pt NPs for catalytic H2 gas sensing. Depending on the chemical structure and properties of the ligand, the catalysts show different overall sensor performances, activation periods, and long-term stabilities. These sensor characteristics are put into relation with chemical processes like cleaning of the surface, degradation processes of the ligands and nanoparticle (NP) sintering. It has been found that during activation free adsorption sites are formed primarily due to desorption of synthetic residues. Furthermore, partial desorption of the ligands followed by their degradation may occur. For monoamines the latter process results in destabilization of the NPs followed by catalyst deactivation through particle sintering. The use of bifunctional ligands that link individual NPs shows significantly enhanced stabilities which can be related to the reduction of the ligand desorption rates and degradation. Besides the functionality of the ligands it was observed that the chemical nature of their hydrocarbon skeleton affects the catalyst stability: aromatic substructures remain intact upon H2 oxidation, while alkyl fragments undergo oxidation and decomposition. The advantages of bifunctionality and an aromatic hydrocarbon skeleton can be combined by the use of para-phenylenediamine (PDA) as a linking ligand. Networks formed by this ligand were indeed found to be stable under the applied catalytic conditions for more than 24 h.

Determination of Structures for Some Syn and Anti Isomeric Anil Schiff Bases by Some Spectroscopic and Physical Methods

Originally, three aromatic anil Schiff bases were synthesized by reactions of salicylaldehyde with o-,m- and p-phenylene diamine by a standard method, in the presence of azeotrope forming solvent. Two syn and anti isomeric Schiff bases having yellow and orange colors were separated by fractional recrystalization in ethanol, when primary aromatic amine used having o and p-phenylene diamine structures. Mean while m-phenylene diamine gave a single yellow anti isomeric compound. The main aim of the study was the determination of structures for these five syn and anti Schiff base isomers by the available physical methods. These were performed by using melting points, UV-IR spectra and pKa values for these amphiprotic substances. Results collected in this investigation were interpreted and discussed by proper scientific way depending on experimental data collected.

Three dimensional graphene aerogels and their electrically conductive composites

Three dimensional (3D) graphene aerogel was prepared by in situ reduction-assembly method. Paraphenylene diamine (PPD) was used as reducing and functionalizing agent of graphene oxide in an aqueous medium with ammonia. The synthesized 3D graphene-PPD aerogel has highly porous structure, low density, high electrical conductivity and good mechanical properties. Further, epoxy/aerogel composites were prepared by vacuum-assisted impregnation process, which exhibited good electrical conductivity and compressive properties.

Functionalized graphene oxide based on p-phenylenediamine as spacers and nitrogen dopants for high performance supercapacitors

p -Phenylenediamine (PPD) functionalized graphene oxide (GO) materials (PPDG) were prepared through a one-step solvothermal process and their application as supercapacitors (SCs) were studied. The PPD is not only as the spacers to prevent aggregating and restacking of the graphene sheets in the preparing process but also as nitrogen sources to obtain the nitrogen-doped graphene. The structures of PPDG were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the results show that the nitrogen-doped graphene was achieved with nitrogen content as high as 10.85 at.%. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) have confirmed that the morphologies of PPDG were loose layered with less aggregation, indicating that PPD molecules, as spacers, effectively prevent the graphene sheets from restacking during the solvothermal reaction. The special loose textures make PPDG materials exhibit excellent electrochemical performance for symmetric SCs with superior specific capacitance (313 F/g at 0.1 A/g), rate capability and cycling stability. The present synthesis method is convenient and may have potential applications as ultrahigh performance SCs.

The molecular level control of three-dimensional graphene oxide hydrogel structure by using various diamines

The well-controlled and covalently cross-linked three-dimensional networks of graphene oxide hydrogels (GOHs) are realized by using two different diamines, such as o-phenylene diamine (oPDA) and p-phenylene diamine (pPDA). Amide linkages are formed between two graphene oxide (GO) sheets due to the condensation reaction between diamines and carboxylic acids on the GO sheets. The surface area and pore volume of pPDA-GOH are twice the size of those of oPDA-GOH due to the longer amine-to-amine distance. Aromatic amine-based hydrogels exhibit enhanced mechanical strength compared to that of aliphatic amine due to the presence of an aromatic ring between amide linkages. Highly-developed 3D networks of GOH fabricated by using pPDA facilitate the removal of organic dye such as methylene blue in aqueous solutions at various pH conditions. It also shows improved regeneration ability in repeated adsorption tests.

Aniline/Ag+ to polyaniline/Ag nanocomposite in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and phenylene diamine

Silver ion oxidized effectively aniline monomer in the presence of p‐phenylene diamine (PDA) promoter in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar medium to polyaniline/silver nanocomposite (PANI/Ag). To compare the results obtained, a sample of PANI polymer lacking Ag nanoparticles was also synthesized by a similar manner using ammonium peroxydisulfate instead of silver ion as the reaction oxidant. The use of PDA promoter/SDS emulsifier system could on one hand decrease the reaction time compared to those of reported previously, and on the other hand, allow the as‐reduced silver particles to stay nanosized. The Ag‐loaded PANI nanocomposite was structurally confirmed using Fourier transform‐infrared and X‐ray diffraction techniques. The uniformly‐dispersed Ag nanospheres with average particle size of ∼20 nm were clearly detectable in the bright‐field micrographs obtained from transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis showed that major losses of the mass occurred at two temperature regions including 150–375°C and 375–800°C. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:253–256, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers

An Analytical Study of Hair dye Poisoning

Aims and Objectives : To study the incidence in different demographic parameters and clinical, biochemical manifestations, fatal dose and fatal period of hair dye poisoning. Materials and Method: The study was conducted on hair dye poisoning cases which were admitted in Gandhi Hospital, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Various demographic data was collected, different clinical features&biochemical findings were recorded. Results : There is significant increase in incidence of hair dye poisoning and is high in married women who are housewives. Supervasmol is the major hair dye responsible for poisoning. Clinical features are manifested within 8 hours of poisoning in majority of the cases and tachycardia, dyspnoea, dysphasia are the common features. ABG derangement is the most common biochemical finding. Conclusions: As Supervasmol hair dye available at lower price in all general stores, it is easy to purchase&consume. Para-Phenylene Diamine (PPD) is the main compound responsible for clinical features of hair dye poisoning. Use of PPD in hair dyes should be restricted to decrease toxicity of hair dye poisoning.

Paraphenylene Diamine (Hair Dye) Poisoning Leading to Critical Illness Neuropathy

Hair dye poisoning has been evolving as one of the significant causes of intentional self-harm in the developing world. Hair dyes contain Paraphenylene-Diamine (PPD) and a host of other chemicals that can cause laryngeal edema, severe metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. We present the case of a young woman who presented with complaints of progressive upper and lower limb weakness following PPD poisoning. The patient was diagnosed with the critical illness neuropathy on EMG and by history and examination. The patient was treated symptomatically and did well. Awareness and knowledge of this disorder and intervention at the right time is essential for physicians, nurses and health care workers to ensure appropriate care and treatment of such cases.

Comparison of the adsorption behavior of flavonoids on three macroporous adsorption resins modified with hydrogen‐bond groups

ABSTRACTThree macroporous crosslinked poly(styrene‐co‐divinyl benzene) resins functionalized with p‐phenylene diamine (PPDA), p‐aminophenol, and p‐aminobenzoic acid (PANB) groups were prepared, and their adsorption characteristics for the flavonoid constituents from the leaves of Olea europaea L were studied. The materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The specific surface area and the pore size distribution of the adsorbents were calculated by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Barrett‐Joyner‐Halenda methods. The results show that the materials had a faster adsorption rate and high adsorption capacities for flavonoids, and PPDA had the highest adsorption capacity in comparison with the others. The isotherms could be fitted by the Freundlich model, and the adsorption was an exothermic process. The adsorption kinetics could be characterized by the pseudo‐second‐order rate equation, and the initial stage was controlled by the intraparticle diffusion model. This study contributes to the remediation of adsorption for organic materials and active components of natural products and to the effects of different functional groups on adsorption mechanisms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40188.