Paranoid Personality Research Articles

Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Pelaku yang Memiliki Riwayat Gangguan Jiwa pada Perkara Pembunuhan di Kabupaten Kebumen

The problem faced is What is the criminal responsibility of the perpetrators of the crime of murder if the perpetrator has a history of psychiatric disorders in decision number 174/Pid.B/2018/PN.Kbm, and what factors are the cause of the murder case committed by the perpetrator who has a history of psychiatric disorders in decision number 174/Pid.B/2018/PN.Kbm, as well as how the judge's legal considerations in imposing a crime on the perpetrator murder criminal who has a history of mental disorders in decision number 174/Pid.B/2018/PN.Kbm? offender with a history of mental disorders. This type of research is normative legal research with the approach method used is normative juridical (normative legal research method). The research findings based on psychiatric examination and observation by specialist doctors at RSJ Prof. Dr. Soerojo Magelang on the suspect Sumudi bin Sodali include laboratory results within normal limits and for psychological examinations, intelligence level (IQ) is 75-79 /borderline and anti-social personality disorder with paranoia. As for other diagnoses, namely: Axis I (aspect I): F60.2 Anti-social personality disorder, meaning that the patient has a behavioral disorder characterized by not caring about social norms, cheating or lying, often committing criminal acts, and no sense of guilt and regret.; Axis II (aspect II): Paranoid personality trait meaning that the patient is easily suspicious.; Axis III (aspect III): No diagnosis, meaning no physical illness is found; Axis IV (aspect IV): Problems related to law /criminal means that the patient often violates the law/criminal.; Axis V (aspect V): Global function assessment 70-61, meaning some difficulties in social and work functioning, but in general functioning well, having a significant relationship. The conclusion is that based on the expert's statement that for cases of law violations that have been committed by a patient named Mr. SUMUDI bin SODALI towards his own biological mother is part of a mental disorder, but not a severe mental disorder (psychotic) so that the patient can still direct his will consciously.

Exploring the role of genetic factors in personality disorders among women with heroin dependence

Heroin dependence is a severe psychiatric issue that often coexists with mood disorders and personality disorders, which further compound the complexity and severity of the dependence. The utilization of genetic factors in predicting psychiatric disorders has made notable advancements. We enrolled female patients diagnosed with heroin dependence (n = 263) and assessed individuals with paranoid personality disorder, depressive personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and schizoid personality disorder based on the DSM-IV criteria. Our objective was to examine the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs174696, rs174699, rs4680, rs4818, rs737866, rs933271, rs12953076b, and rs44458044b) and their association with personality. We discovered a significant association of antisocial personality disorder with rs1544325, rs4680, and rs4818 (P < 0.05). Additionally, hallucinogen use was associated with rs3792738 (P < 0.05), rs10062367 (P < 0.05), and rs1875999 (P < 0.01). However, we did not observe a relationship between the SNPs and schizoid personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, or depressive personality disorder. Heroin dependence is linked to specific personality disorders, particularly antisocial personality disorder. The influence of genetic factors could have a significant impact on the emergence of personality alterations linked to the consumption of heroin.

The interaction between TMEM161B (rs768705) and paranoid personality traits in relation to the risk of major depressive disorder: Results form a longitudinal study of 7642 Chinese freshmen

BackgroundRs768705 (TMEM161B) is one of the identified single nucleotide polymorphisms related to major depressive disorder (MDD). Paranoid personality traits are independently associated with the risk of MDD. This study aimed to investigate the interaction effect between rs768705 (TMEM161B) and paranoid personality traits on the new-onset risk of MDD in Chinese freshmen. MethodsA longitudinal study was conducted among 7642 Chinese freshmen without lifetime MDD at baseline in 2018. 158 new-onset MDD cases were ascertained in 2019. DNA samples were extracted to detect the genotype of rs768705. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-IV criteria were used to determine MDD and personality disorder traits. Multiplicative interaction was assessed by logistic regression models. Tomas Andersson's method for calculating biological interactions was used to estimate the additive interaction. ResultsRs768705(AG) (OR = 1.88, 95 % CI: 1.24–2.83) and paranoid personality traits (OR = 3.68, 95 % CI: 2.57–5.26) were significantly associated with the risk of MDD. The multiplicative interaction model with the product term of rs768705 and paranoid personality trait traits had a significant interaction effect (OR = 4.20, 95 % CI:1.62–10.91). There was also a significant additive interaction effect (RR = 7.08, 95 % CI:4.31–11.65) for the incidence of MDD. Seventy seven percent patients among new MDD cases were attributed to the additive interaction effect between rs768705 and paranoid personality traits. ConclusionsRs768705 (AG) may interact with paranoid personality traits to increase the incidence of MDD among Chinese college students. Schools and psychosocial health organizations should pay more attention to individuals with paranoid personality traits for MDD intervention and prevention.

Manifestations of Paranoid Personality in Workaholic Middle Managers.

The problem of paranoid disorders is widespread and difficult to diagnose due to the many mental symptoms that a person often perceives as character traits. Passion for work, the so-called pathological workaholism, harms not only the suffering person but also all the people around them, affecting their quality of life and disrupting social and family ties. The purpose of study was to determine the level of pathological workaholism and its main symptoms. The objectives of the study included interviewing respondents and identifying the correlation between the level of workaholism and mental manifestations, and finding differences in the manifestations of workaholism in men and women. For this purpose, 78 people were examined, including 38 women and 40 men. All participants worked as middle managers in multinational companies. The aim was to identify people with pathological workaholism among the participants using the "Work Addiction Risk Test" questionnaire. Among managers, a high degree of predisposition to workaholism was diagnosed. We found that women have a strong tendency to be fixated on work, and as a result, they have increased rumination anxiety. Regardless of gender, managers who took part in the study showed a pronounced manifestation of paranoid and obsessive-phobic disorders, depression, and asthenic manifestations. Regarding the relationship between neurotic symptoms and a tendency to workaholism, a high correlation was observed ( p < 0.05). The results of this study may be useful for specialists to develop means of preventing and effectively treating paranoid workaholism, as a disease that is increasingly having a negative impact on society.

Psychological and Psychiatric Characteristics of People with Keratoconus

Background and Objectives: There are many reports in the literature on the co-occurrence of somatic diseases and psychiatric disorders. Relatively few have addressed the co-occurrence of corneal cone with anxiety, depression, or personality disorders. Materials and Methods: 99 patients with keratoconus (study group) and 92 patients without keratoconus (control group) participated in the entire study, which was conducted in 2015 and 2020–2023. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to assess depressive symptoms, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to assess anxiety symptoms, and the DSM-IV Personality Disorder Inventory (IBZO-DSM-IV) to identify personality disorders. Results: In the study group, the severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms correlated with all types of personality disorders. In the control group, these symptoms did not correlate with antisocial and narcissistic personalities. In the comparative analysis, there were more patients with antisocial, schizotypal, obsessive compulsive, schizoid, paranoid, and dependent personality traits in the study group. Conclusions: Patients with keratoconus have increased expressions of antisocial personality traits, but no differences in anxiety and depression symptoms were evident. Further research is needed among patients diagnosed with keratoconus in the short term.

Unmasking the narcissism and workaholism dilemma: A parallel and sequential mediation dance of perfectionism and paranoia in diverse organizational environments

Narcissistic workaholics are preoccupied with establishing themselves as authoritative figures in order to hold status. The need to achieve the highest status can become obsessive for certain people, driving them to continuously test their limitations. The same can be said about the mind when it comes to any kind of addiction and work life-stressor. Those who suffer from perfectionism have unrealistically high standards for themselves. In this mental state, paranoia might develop. The purpose of this paper was to investigate these concerns. So far, we hypothesized that, according to the Whole Trait Theory, narcissist suffering from perfectionism and paranoid personality disorder positively linked with workaholism Using multi-source data of 450 responses from leaders-subordinates' dyads working in 20 Pakistanis Industries (which include Information Technology, Banking and finance, and healthcare). The data was analyzed using PLS-SEM. The results showed that narcissism is positively linked with workaholism, while perfectionism and paranoia first parallel mediates this relationship, and in comparative view, the complex sequential serial mediation model mediated first through paranoid personality disorder and then perfectionism. Employee mental health should be prioritized, and positive workaholism should be encouraged.

Maladaptive personality traits are associated with burnout risk in Italian anesthesiologists and intensivists: a secondary analysis from a cross-sectional study

BackgroundBurnout is a maladaptive response to chronic stress, particularly prevalent among clinicians. Anesthesiologists are at risk of burnout, but the role of maladaptive traits in their vulnerability to burnout remains understudied.MethodsA secondary analysis was performed on data from the Italian Association of Hospital Anesthesiologists, Pain Medicine Specialists, Critical Care, and Emergency (AAROI-EMAC) physicians. The survey included demographic data, burnout assessment using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and subscales (emotional exhaustion, MBI-EE; depersonalization, MBI-DP; personal accomplishment, MBI-PA), and evaluation of personality disorders (PDs) based on DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition) criteria using the assessment of DSM-IV PDs (ADP-IV). We investigated the aggregated scores of maladaptive personality traits as predictor variables of burnout. Subsequently, the components of personality traits were individually assessed.ResultsOut of 310 respondents, 300 (96.77%) provided complete information. The maladaptive personality traits global score was associated with the MBI-EE and MBI-DP components. There was a significant negative correlation with the MBI-PA component. Significant positive correlations were found between the MBI-EE subscale and the paranoid (r = 0.42), borderline (r = 0.39), and dependent (r = 0.39) maladaptive personality traits. MBI-DP was significantly associated with the passive-aggressive (r = 0.35), borderline (r = 0.33), and avoidant (r = 0.32) traits. Moreover, MBI-PA was negatively associated with dependent (r = − 0.26) and avoidant (r = − 0.25) maladaptive personality features.ConclusionsThere is a significant association between different maladaptive personality traits and the risk of experiencing burnout among anesthesiologists. This underscores the importance of understanding and addressing personality traits in healthcare professionals to promote their well-being and prevent this serious emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion state.

Clinical features of auto-aggressive behavior in borderline personality disorder: a review of current research

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a common psychiatric disorder characterized by severe auto-aggression (AA) in the form of suicide attempts (SA) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). The purpose of this review was to describe the current knowledge about the clinical features of self-harming behavior in borderline personality disorder. Materials and methods: The eLibrary, PubMed, CNKI, and Google Scholar databases were searched for articles on the relevant search query for the last 11 years. As a result, 28 articles were selected and summarized (a total of 7,284 BPD patients and 134 controls were included). Results: Suicidal attempts occur in 75 % of BPD patients, and NSSIs — in 90 %. AA behavior varies with age: adolescents tend to NSSIs, while adults more often undertake SAs. Depending on the type of clinical dynamics, AA in BPD may be impulsive, demonstrative, associated with comorbid addiction, or occur in the context of depersonalization. Among BPD symptoms, feelings of chronic emptiness, avoidance of abandonment, emotional instability, and identity disturbance are most commonly associated with auto-aggression. Risk factors for self-harming behavior in BPD include traumatic childhood events, especially physical and sexual abuse, and stress caused by microsocial conflict. Men with BPD and AA more often have comorbid narcissistic, antisocial, paranoid, and schizotypal personality disorders, as well as substance use disorders. Women with borderline personality disorder and AA tend to suffer more from addictive and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, as well as eating disorders, particularly bulimia nervosa. In conclusion, self-harming behavior in BPD has many clinical features and can manifest in different forms. It is always necessary to study the predominant clinical manifestations, risk factors, and comorbid disorders to be able to assess the severity of AA.

Effectiveness of Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation on Impulsivity and Anxiety in Patients with Paranoid Personality Disorder

Background: Individuals with paranoid personality disorder (PPD) usually suffer from impulsive behavior and anxiety and constantly imagine others trying to humiliate, harm, or threaten them. This disorder causes mistrust towards others and may interfere with a person's ability to form close relationships. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) on impulsivity and anxiety in patients with PPD. Methods: This quasi-experimental research adopted a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population included all patients aged 30 – 50 years with PPD referred to psychological and psychiatric clinics and hospitals in Yazd, (Iran), in 2022. Convenience sampling was employed to select 30 individuals with PPD. The participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 15) and a control (n = 15) group using a table of random numbers. The participants completed impulsivity and anxiety questionnaires during the pretest and posttest stages. The experimental group received ten 20-minute sessions of tDCS. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS v25.0. Results: The participants included 30 men and women with PPD with an average age of 41.23 ± 8.40 years. In the posttest, the mean ± SD of impulsivity for tDCS and control groups were 54.67 ± 4.03 and 93.93 ± 3.67, respectively. Moreover, the mean ± SD of anxiety in tDCS and control groups in the posttest were 16.40 ± 2.79 and 42.39 ± 2.99, respectively. The results indicated that tDCS significantly improved impulsivity and reduced anxiety at the posttest stage (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Transcranial direct-current stimulation can alleviate impulsivity and anxiety in patients with PPD. Therefore, therapists can implement the tDCS method as a complementary therapy to improve impulsivity and anxiety in patients with PPD.

Differences in adherence to treatment, relapses and healthcare costs between delusional disorder and paranoid personality disorder

IntroductionLimited information is available regarding the clinical features, optimal treatment and prognosis of Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) and Delusional Disorder (DD). This is partly due to the low prevalence of cases and poor patient insight. The difference between DD and PPD has been questioned in the literature, as some studies have described them as a continuum, highlighting the role of specific personality traits in the transition to clinical delusions.Nonadherence to pharmacological treatment is one of the most challenging aspects. This further leads to relapses, increased use of emergency psychiatric services, psychiatric admissions, longer periods of hospitalization, and an increased cost of illness to healthcare systems.ObjectivesThe primary goal of this study is to compare the differences between DD and PPD in terms of medication adherence, relapses, lost to follow-up, and costs. Other aims of this study are to analyze the differences in these variables between patients who are adequately adherent and patients who are notMethodsAn observational, retrospective, and multicenter descriptive epidemiological study was conducted. Patients were selected from four public departments of psychiatry in Madrid, providing an area of roughly one million people. All patients were older than 18 years-old, diagnosed with DD or PPD from 2005 to 2022. Data were extracted from electronic medical records and from electronic prescribing program used in the public health system.The study was approved by the Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz Ethics Committee.Results1227 individuals diagnosed with DD (974 patients,79,3%) or PPD (253 patients, 20.61%). 23.81% (232 patients) of the DD-group did not take out the prescribed medication of the pharmacy, and 16.6% (42 patients) of the PPD-group were considered non-adherent.Adherent patients had greater follow-up (4.02 vs 2.89 years) and shorter hospital stays (5.15 vs 8.6 days, p&lt;0.05) compared to non-adherent patients. DD patients doubled the average hospitalization stay compared to the PPD group (6.7 vs 2.96 days, p&lt;0.01).Regarding costs: DD had higher hospitalization costs than PDD (1164 vs 488 euros per year) and higher total costs than PDD (2180 vs 1528 euros per year, p&lt;0.05). The costs were also higher in non-adherent than in adherent patients (2570 vs 1895 euros per year, p&lt;0.05)ConclusionsOur sample of 1227 DD and PPD patients followed from 2005-2022 is, to our knowledge, one of the largest collected to date. We found sociodemographic and clinical differences between the DD and the PPD group. We also found differences between adherent and non-adherent patients, highlighting that non-adherence is associated with longer mean stay of hospitalization and more costs, both hospitalization and total direct healthcare costs. We have also found association between non-adherence and risk of psychotic relapse.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

ITS ABOUT TIME! PARANOIA AND SELF-HARM IN GENDER MINORITY TEEN IN INDIA: A CASE REPORT

In conservative social cultures, such as those in South Asia, societal norms often lead individuals to neglect or suppress the expression of their perceived gender identity if different from their birth assignment. Gender incongruence (GI) occurs the gender identity of a person does not align with the gender assigned at birth. If GI causes significant distress or problems in functioning lasting for at least 6 months, it is described as gender dysphoria (GD). This case study contributes to understanding how gender dysphoria may result in personality disorders such as paranoid personality disorder in a conservative society. Removing societal taboos and accepting individuals with their perceived gender can lead to timely diagnosis and management of patients, preventing severe outcomes.

Gender-based violence and its long-term impact on women’s mental health in Andalusia (Spain): risk and protective factors

The aim of this research was to examine the relationship between surviving gender-based violence (GBV) and the long-term presence of clinical symptoms and psychological distress. This was a cross-sectional study of 105 women, 54 of whom had experienced GBV more than three years prior to the study. Participants ranged in age from 24 to 73 years old. They were assessed using a semi-structured interview, instruments to assess self-esteem, maladjustment, perceived stress, social support and resilience, and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). Between-group differences and linear regression analyses were used to determine which variables had the greatest impact on the current psychological health status of women survivors of GBV. We found differences in levels of self-esteem, maladjustment, social support and perceived stress. There were also differences in most of the MCMI-III scales, indicating a pattern of depression and paranoid personality. Experiencing GBV in childhood was found to be predictive of increased pathology and emotional distress. Social support has been shown to be a protective factor for anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. GBV should be treated as a distinct form of violence that requires specific treatment, rather than as just another form of interpersonal violence.

Evolutionary systems therapy for paranoid personality disorder: A seven cases series.

Little is known about effective psychosocial treatments for paranoid personality disorder. This study explores the feasibility of a novel treatment, namely Evolutionary Systems Therapy, in supporting individuals diagnosed with paranoid personality disorder. Seven patients attended 10 months of individual therapy without receiving any psychopharmacological treatment. The primary outcome was the feasibility of the intervention, while the secondary outcomes were remission from the diagnosis and reliable changes in personality pathology and paranoid ideation. All recruited patients completed the intervention and did not report any adverse events. Six out of seven patients experienced remission from the diagnosis of paranoid personality disorder. All participants showed reliable changes in personality pathology and paranoid ideation, which were maintained at the 1-month follow-up. Further research is needed to confirm these encouraging results.

Relations Between Rape Myths and Behavioral and Personality Characteristics in Males Convicted of Rape

To date the relationships between rape myths and other psychological constructs within males who have committed rape have not been explored sufficiently. Considered as a risk factor for the perpetration of rape it seems significant to examine their association to individual behavioral and personality characteristics more in detail. Therefore, we analyzed the relations between self-reported rape myth acceptance and the self-evaluation of aggressiveness, assertiveness, hypersexuality, social anxiety, sexual anxiety, SCID personality characteristics and the external assessment of psychopathy within a sample of N=569 males convicted of rape. The results showed significant correlations with all constructs except sexual anxiety, antisocial personality and psychopathy. Furthermore, findings indicated the assignment of the relevant variables to two principal components: rape myths, aggressiveness, hypersexuality, paranoid and narcissistic personality (K1) on the one hand and psychopathy and antisocial personality (K2) on the other hand. Following the results, rape myths are contextualized within the investigated psychological constructs and their potential differentiation from psychopathy and antisocial personality is discussed.

The Difference of The Influence of Family Education Environment on The Aggressive Behavior of (Male) Juvenile Offenders and Non-offenders

Aggressive behavior refers to a person's inability to control their own harm to others in any form, then this aggressive behavior may be caused by what, through investigation, abnormal family education environment may lead to young people's later aggressive behavior, and even criminal behavior. The abnormal family education environment includes incomplete family members, problems in the relationship of family members, and aggressive behavior of family members. Incomplete family may cause children to lack a certain part of their feelings, which may form a paranoid personality, jealousy of other children, and aggressive behavior, and family members have a bad relationship. Or there are people in the family who have aggressive behavior, once the child sees the scene of fighting or attacking others, the child is likely to imitate, thus forming aggressive behavior, so if we can predict the children who may have aggressive behavior in advance, we can intervene to prevent them from committing crimes. We can predict by observing the child's family environment, and intervene by psychological counseling or helping to improve the family environment.

Therapeutic aphorisms for paranoid personality disorder and paranoid ideation treatment: psychological opposites and complementaries in brief therapy.

BackgroundIn brief therapy (BT), aphorisms (As) have been considered a privileged element in therapeutic language. With a handful of words, they arouse emotions and different perspectives.Theoretical proposalIn As, a specific structure—the implicit and explicit symmetry of opposites (SoO)—allows a surprise effect, which in turn allows a therapeutic effect. Therefore, a carefully selected SoO (based on psychological complementaries) underlies the desired therapeutic reframing, which can be identified as a core goal of the psychotherapeutic intervention.Research questionIs it possible to identify As with therapeutic value in treating paranoid personality disorder (PPD) and high paranoid ideation (hPI) cases?MethodStarting from an initial collection of 369 original As created on the spot in 2,335 BT sessions, As used during on-line psychotherapy on 55 patients with PPD and/or an hPI measured with the SCL-90-R were identified.ResultsThirty-three As were selected and organised according to effective and ineffective strategies, the target of the BT intervention for PPD and hPI cases.

Emergency care for psychogenic paranoids in modern environment

The work presents data on the main modern variants of reactive paranoids. Clinical manifestations, differential diagnostic criteria, features of the dynamics, modern approaches to treatment of this pathology are described. The possibility of distinguishing modern variants of psychogenic paranoids is emphasized, taking into account the existing pathomorphosis of manifestations of this pathology. Currently, the most common forms are paranoids of attitude, persecution, litigious, somatogenic-reactive, induced, deprivation variants of psychogenic delusions. The patterns for the development of delusional psychogenic disorders are presented. The manifestations of attitude and persecution paranoid are described, with emphasis on the reflection of psychotraumatic experiences in patients’ statements and behavior. When considering litigious reactive psychosis, the importance of paranoid personality traits is emphasized, which contribute to the formation of a “struggle for justice” with a psychotic interpretation of real events. Information is given about the emergence of a relatively new variant of somatogenic-reactive paranoid in patients with combat injuries. Psychogenic deprivation hallucinosis with paranoid interpretation of experiences in premorbidly healthy individuals is described. Differential diagnosis of reactive paranoids and similar pathology is carried out. A special place is given to emergency care for psychomotor agitation of patients with the need to comply with the requirements of current legislation in psychiatry. Recommendations are given for further treatment of patients after relief of acute conditions, with the need to add psychocorrective measures to restore mental health.

Changes of intuition in paranoid personality disorder.

Wherever psychopathology operates with the concept of (disorders of) the self and personality, it can address the role of the intuitive access we have toward ourselves, others, and the world. This study discusses the concept of oikeiôsis. It examines its role in explaining paranoia as a change in intuitive self-and-world relatedness. In the first step, symptomatic features of paranoid personality disorder are sketched, with a focus on the explanatory role of attentional and interpretative biases, which correlate with significant changes in intuitive processing. In the second step, the prototypical phenomenality of feelings of unfamiliarity and mistrust are discussed against the backdrop of changes of oikeiôsis in paranoid personality disorder. In the third step, the main therapeutic challenge in treating paranoid personality disorder-building a trustful relationship-is explored. It is concluded that the notion of oikeiôsis resonates particularly with introspection-based therapeutic approaches.

Tinnitus and Psychiatric Disorders (a Clinical Psychopathological Study of Patients without Otorhinolaryngological Pathology)

Background: tinnitus is the perception of acoustic, phantom sounds in the ear and/or head in the absence of an external source. The prevalence of tinnitus is 5–15 % in the population. The occurrence of subjective noise may have a number of possible causes, but the causal relationship between psychiatric disorders and tinnitus remains insufficiently proven, according to previous studies. The aim was to study an acoustic phenomenon of the “ear/head noise” type, comparable with tinnitus symptomatology, in the absence of otorhinolaryngological, neurological, somatic pathologies. Patients and methods: the sample consisted of 12 patients (11 men, 1 woman, mean age 38 ± 8.5 years) who underwent complex psychopathological, pathopsychological, psychometric, otorhinolaryngological, neurological, and instrumental examinations, statistical. The patients met the diagnostic criteria of subjective tinnitus according to ICD-10 classification (code H93.1). Results: the psychopathological qualification of tinnitus in our observations corresponds to psychosensory disorders of the synesthesia type. In the most cases, the ear noise occurred against the background of already long-standing neurotic or overvalued hypochondria. Depending on clinical picture of ear noise, and features of the course of hypochondriacal disorder, the acoustic phenomenon of the “ear / head noises” type was revealed within four nosologies: hypochondriacal schizophrenia, schizotypal disorder, cluster B personality disorder with the phenomenon of hypochondriacal diathesis, paranoid personality disorder with the phenomenon of overvalued hypochondria. Conclusion: the results of the present study, in spite of a limited number of observations, allow us (as a working hypothesis) to propose the following statement: the acoustic phenomenon of the “ear / head noise” type can manifest in psychiatric disorders (psychopathological phenomena of the hypochondriacal circle) duplicating the symptoms of tinnitus at clinical level which, are formed within otolaryngological, neurologicl and somatic pathology. Taking into account these clinical data, hypochondriacal formations appearing in the considered casuistic of the present study, having no base of otorhinolaryngology-related pathology, or internal organ pathology, can be qualified in accordance with the criteria presented in publication A. B. Smulevich et al. (2023) as a part of somatic paranoia. Further comprehensive study of this phenomenon is necessary for more accurate verification of the clinical criteria for differential diagnosis, increasing the efficiency of identifying the pathology under discussion, and determining rational methods of complex treatment, including psychopharmacotherapy and psychotherapeutic modalities.

Prof. Nevzat Tarhan: "Jealousy is common in women and grandiosity paranoia is common in men"

President of Üsküdar University, Psychiatrist Prof. Nevzat Tarhan evaluated Paranoid personality disorder.