Surface Parameters Research Articles

Association between the use of prostaglandin analogues and ocular surface disease: a systematic review.

Patients with glaucoma often experience chronic ocular surface diseases, potentially underestimated in frequency and severity. To provide updated estimates of ocular surface diseases linked to prostaglandin analogue antiglaucoma eye medication, a systematic review was conducted. Twenty-seven publications were selected from databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, following a search strategy targeting glaucoma and prostaglandins while excluding certain medications '(Glaucoma AND prostaglandins OR 'prostaglandin analogues')('eye drops' OR 'artificial tears' OR 'ocular surface' OR 'dry eye' OR 'dry eye syndrome' OR 'ocular surface disease' OR 'tear film') NOT ('beta blockers' OR 'alpha adrenergic agonists' OR 'carbonic anhydrase inhibitors' OR 'rho-quinase')'. The review revealed a correlation between prostaglandin analogue use and ocular surface damage, assessing parameters such as tear break-up time, Schirmer test value, ocular surface staining, hyperaemia score, and meibomian gland characteristics. Some studies explored switching patients to alternative glaucoma medications, noting varied effects on ocular surface parameters. Comparisons suggested better tolerance and outcomes with preservative-free options over prostaglandins. Additionally, the impact of treatment duration and diquafosol on ocular health, including meibomian gland loss, was examined across different formulations. Although a link between prostaglandin analogues (with or without preservatives) and ocular surface damage was established, inconsistencies in methodologies and assessment across studies were noted. This comprehensive review, spanning a decade of glaucoma research, underscores the need for re-evaluation of treatment strategies in ophthalmology. It stresses the significance of informed decision-making for enhanced glaucoma care, taking into account the observed effects of various medications on eye health.

Has the German vehicle fleet become quieter? - Results of a measurement campaign using SPB and CPX measurements

In the past, the German Environment Agency has carried out several measurement campaigns to determine the noise behavior of the German vehicle fleet. The aim of the current project was to identify any trends in comparison to previous campaigns. Autonomous pass-by measurements were carried out at 30 locations throughout Germany in accordance with DIN EN ISO 11819-1 (SPB) with the aim of recording at least 1000 vehicles per location. As the road surface influences the pass-by noise, near-field measurements according to DIN EN ISO 11819-2 (CPX) were carried out to determine the homogeneity of the road surface at each measurement location. In parallel to the CPX measurements, texture measurements according to DIN EN ISO 13473 were carried out to quantify the relevant geometric parameters of the road surface. The presentation describes the methodology of these measurements and presents the final results including a comparison with data from the 2012 and 2002 measurement campaigns.

Surface, micellization, and thermodynamic behavior of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in sodium polystyrene sulfonate with and without methyl red in water–ethanol mixed solvent media at varying temperatures: A tensiometric analysis

In this study, we aim to systematically investigate the surface, micellization, and thermodynamic properties of Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) in Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (NaPSS) solutions with and without methyl red (MR) dye in water–ethanol mixed solvent media (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 vol fraction of ethanol at 298.15 ± 0.2 K, 308.15 ± 0.2 K, and 318.15 ± 0.2 K. By employing surface tension measurements, we seek to uncover the effects of solvent composition, temperature, polyelectrolyte presence, and dye addition on the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) and other key surface and thermodynamic parameters. The CMC, slope (dγdlnC), and γCMC values determined from γ versus ln [CTAB] for the CTAB + NaPSS + MR diminish in contrast to the CTAB + NaPSS in the chosen solvent and the temperature range studied. However, with a rising temperature and ethanol volume fraction, the CMC value rises while the obtained γCMC values fall. Various surface and thermodynamic parameters like γCMC,Amin,Γmax, ΠCMC, adsorption efficiency (PC20), packing parameter (P), aggregation number (Nagg), micellization Gibbs’ energy (ΔGm0), adsorption of Gibbs’ energy (ΔGads0), effective Gibbs’ energy (ΔGeff0), minimum Gibbs’ energy (ΔGmin), and many other parameters have been determined, comparatively discussed, and analyzed for CTAB + NaPSS and CTAB + NaPSS + MR systems. This research provides a deeper understanding of the fundamental behaviors of these complex systems, their stability, and their feasibility, with potential implications for their practical applications in fields such as drug delivery, wastewater treatment, and the formulation of personal care products.

EFFECT OF BUILD POSITION ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF SLM PRINTED INCONEL 718

The present work investigates the variation of the surface roughness due to the build position of specimens with respect to the inert gas flow direction and re-coater movement direction. Selective laser melting (SLM) method was used to study this effect using Inconel 718 as workpiece material. A total of 21 samples were placed equidistant from each other on the built plate to observe the effect of gas flow and re-coater movement. The effect of these parameters on the printed samples was analyzed in terms of the profile surface roughness parameter such as Ra and Rz in the build direction. The result showed that samples placed near the gas inlet and the re-coater starting position had larger roughness as compared to the samples placed further from the gas inlet and re-coater end position. The result showed that the profile average roughness parameter values varied from Ra = 5.02 µm to 14.7 µm and profile maximum height surface parameter varied from Rz = 47.61 µm to 118.3 µm for all the printed samples. Surface topography of the samples was also studied which showed common printing defects such as cracks, micropores, local solidified melt pools, and dimples. The study opens an avenue to explore and optimize the placement of the printing sample on the build plate with respect to the inlet gas flow and re-coater movement directions for better surface roughness.

Correlation between the Ocular Surface Disease Index and dry eye functional parameters measured with the OCULUS Keratograph 5M in a Hispanic population

Abstract Background: The evaluation of dry eye disease (DED) and the ocular surface can be approached from patient-centered questionnaires, clinical scales using the slit-lamp microscope, and more recently innovative ophthalmological devices that allow for noninvasive tests. The OCULUS Keratograph 5M (K5M) is a device that allows for noninvasive measurement of ocular surface parameters. Materials and Methods: The present article is a retrospective and observational study detailing the correlation of the OCULUS K5M surface parameters and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score. Patients of any gender and age attending a cornea and refractive surgery practice in an academic center underwent a full ophthalmological examination and tear meniscus height, tear breakup time, bulbar redness, meibography, and OSDI score measurement through the K5M. Results: One hundred and sixty-four eyes of 82 patients were included. The sample showed a female preponderance (78%) and a mean age of 49.45 years. When comparing the OSDI score with ocular surface parameters, a weak negative correlation was found with the tear meniscus height (Pearson coefficient: [ −0.229, P = 0.003]). There were no other statistically significant correlations between the K5M and the OSDI score. In addition, the meibomian gland dropout was significantly associated with increasing age, whereas conjunctivochalasis was associated with the female gender, increasing age and increasing OSDI score. Conclusions: The subjective symptoms of DED measured with OSDI score correlate only with tear meniscus height measured by the K5M in a Hispanic population. The detection of symptomatic DED patients through the K5M is incomplete in this population.

The influence of non-Newtonian behaviors of blood on the hemodynamics past a bileaflet mechanical heart valve

This study employs extensive three-dimensional direct numerical simulations to investigate the hemodynamics around a bileaflet mechanical heart valve. In particular, this study focuses on assessing whether non-Newtonian rheological behaviors of blood, such as shear-thinning and yield stress behaviors, exert an influence on hemodynamics compared to the simplistic Newtonian behavior under both steady inflow and physiologically realistic pulsatile flow conditions. Under steady inflow conditions, the study reveals that blood rheology impacts velocity and pressure field variations, as well as the values of clinically important surface and time-averaged parameters like wall shear stress (WSS) and pressure recovery. Notably, this influence is most pronounced at low Reynolds numbers, gradually diminishing as the Reynolds number increases. For instance, surface-averaged WSS values obtained with the non-Newtonian shear-thinning power-law model exceed those obtained with the Newtonian model. At Re=750, this difference reaches around 67%, reducing to less than 1% at Re=5000. Correspondingly, pressure recovery downstream of the valve leaflets is lower for the shear-thinning blood than the constant viscosity one, with the difference decreasing as the Reynolds number increases. On the other hand, in pulsatile flow conditions, jets formed between the leaflets and the valve housing wall are shorter than steady inflow conditions. Additionally, surface-averaged wall shear stress and blood damage (BD) parameter values are higher (with differences more than 13% and 47%, respectively) during the peak stage of the cardiac cycle, especially for blood exhibiting non-Newtonian yield stress characteristics compared to the shear-thinning or constant viscosity characteristics. Therefore, blood non-Newtonian behaviors, including shear-thinning and yield stress behaviors, exert a considerable influence on the hemodynamics around a mechanical heart valve. All in all, the findings of this study demonstrate the importance of considering non-Newtonian blood behaviors when designing blood-contacting medical devices, such as mechanical heart valves, to enhance functionality and performance.

Premelting Theory‐Based Mechanism for Water Freezing in Saline Soil

AbstractThe unfrozen water content constitutes a pivotal parameter in freezing soil, significantly impacting its thermal‐mechanical and deformation behavior. This study delves into the alterations in soil attributes as unfrozen water content varies. It examines the influences of impurities, van der Waals forces, and Coulomb forces on the water film, employing the premelting theory as a foundation. A critical state curve quantifying the ratio of the surface charge density to impurity concentration is parameterized for various soil types. Subsequently, combining the theory of effective solution concentration, we have provided calculation methods for the particle surface parameters of pore solutions as ideal and non‐ideal dilute solutions, respectively. This has determined the key variables in the model. Additionally, through the integration of equivalent particle sizes, packing structure, and water film thickness, a calculation model is devised and verified for determining the unfrozen water content and residual water content within in freezing soil. The findings indicate that fluctuation in the unfrozen water content primarily stem from impurities. In soils with equivalent saline content, impurity levels exhibit proportionality to the equivalent particle sizes. The residual unfrozen water is predominantly present within the absorbed water layer.

Optimization of liquid film parameters of indirect evaporative cooling system based on machine vision

The wet channel plate surface of indirect evaporative cooler (IEC) cannot be completely wet in actual working conditions, and the plate surface parameters of liquid film wetting rate and liquid film thickness are difficult to observe, and the lack of relevant experimental research and data support. Therefore, in this paper, machine vision technology will be used to experimentally investigate the wetting rate and liquid film thickness of the secondary side channel of the IEC, and the UDF interface program and the parameters of the original simulation model will be enhanced. The results show that the average and maximum errors of the first and second outlet temperatures of the corrected analytical model are reduced compared with the original model, and the average error is within 5% under different spray flow rates.

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Vocal Fold Oscillations: Correlating Superior and Medial Surface Dynamics Using Ex Vivo Human Hemilarynges.

The primary acoustic signal of the voice is generated by the complex oscillation of the vocal folds (VFs), whereby physicians can barely examine the medial VF surface due to its anatomical inaccessibility. In this study, we investigated possibilities to infer medial surface dynamics by analyzing correlations in the oscillatory behavior of the superior and medial VF surfaces of four human hemilarynges, each in 24 different combinations of flow rate, VF adduction, and elongation. The two surfaces were recorded synchronously during sustained phonation using two high-speed camera setups and were subsequently 3D-reconstructed. The 3D surface parameters of mean and maximum velocities and displacements and general phonation parameters were calculated. The VF oscillations were also analyzed using empirical eigenfunctions (EEFs) and mucosal wave propagation, calculated from medial surface trajectories. Strong linear correlations were found between the 3D parameters of the superior and medial VF surfaces, ranging from 0.8 to 0.95. The linear regressions showed similar values for the maximum velocities at all hemilarynges (0.69-0.9), indicating the most promising parameter for predicting the medial surface. Since excessive VF velocities are suspected to cause phono-trauma and VF polyps, this parameter could provide added value to laryngeal diagnostics in the future.

Sensitivity of horizontal resolution and land surface model in operational WRF forecast for Online Nuclear Emergency Response System (ONERS)

Accurate Meteorological forecasts are crucial for the assessment of plume dispersion and dose prediction in nuclear power plant (NPP) sites. In this work the forecast sensitivity of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is tested by running a series of forecast simulations for horizontal resolution, and land surface models (LSM) in the context of Online Nuclear Emergency Response System (ONERS) for Indian NPP sites. 72 h forecast simulations are made for three seasons viz. summer, southeast and northeast monsoon using the Global Forecast data. Three simulation experiments, namely 2 km-NOAH, 3 km-NOAH and 3 km-NOAHMP are conducted using two different nested domain configurations (18–6–2 km and 9–3 km) and two LSM schemes (NOAH and NOAH-MP) and tested at four different NPP sites. Forecast comparison of surface winds, relative humidity, temperature, heat fluxes and planetary boundary layer heights with data from meteorological tower, radiosonde and the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications 2 (MERRA-2) shows 3 km-NOAH is equally capable in predicting surface parameters as well as vertical profiles compared to 2 km-NOAH with marginal differences. 3 km-NOAHMP shows less mean bias and better correlation for boundary layer height and heat fluxes. Comparison of spatial flow-field with 5th generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA5) data shows synoptic scale seasonal winds, sea level pressure systems and temperature hot-spots are better captured by 3 km-NOAHMP compared to 6 km coarse domain in the 18–6–2 km configuration. The daily accumulated rainfall by all simulations is overestimated compared to ERA5 data. The predictions by 3 km-NOAHMP better agree with Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM-IMERGE) data whereas 2 km-NOAH predicts delayed rainfall occurrence. Dispersion simulations of hypothetical plume release from a coastal NPP site with all three forecasts properly show the influence of local scale diurnal land-sea breeze and seasonal winds on the plume movement. Therefore the 9–3 km domain with NOAHMP LSM is found to be a suitable choice for operational weather forecast in ONERS for Indian NPP sites.

Specified time dual-group synchronization of uncertain complex chaotic systems

Aiming at the specified time dual-group synchronization problem of multi-wing complex chaotic systems containing uncertain terms and external disturbances, a new specified-time sliding mode control scheme is proposed, which directly synchronizes the complex chaotic system without separating the real and imaginary parts of the complex chaotic system. First, a new specified time stability criterion is used to construct the integral sliding mode surface of the synchronous error system to ensure stable sliding motion within the specified time. Subsequently, a proximity controller is designed to drive the error system to reach and remain on the sliding surface within another specified time, thereby achieving specified-time synchronization. In order to realize the proposed stability concept, this paper introduces a new sliding surface and defines the corresponding control law and adaptive rate. The effectiveness of this scheme is proved through Lyapunov stability theory and specified time stability theory. Numerical simulation results show that the scheme has strong robustness to uncertainties and external disturbances, and the controller is not affected by internal uncertainties and external disturbances. Compared to other stabilization time control schemes, this scheme has a shorter synchronization time. In general, this study introduces complex variables and adopts a scheme in which sliding mode surface parameters and controller parameters can be preset to simultaneously achieve dual-group synchronization of two groups of complex chaotic systems within the complex domain. This study offers greater flexibility, presenting novel ideas and approaches for the synchronization control of complex systems. It holds significant theoretical and practical value, providing valuable references and insights for research and applications in related fields.

Imitating pangolin scale structure for reducing adhesion and resistance of rotary tillage in wet-adhesive soil

The bionic design of soil-engaging components has recently received much attention in conservation tillage and is extremely important for reducing tillage resistance and increasing implement passability in wet-adhesive rice paddy soil. In this paper, to reduce adhesion and resistance of rotary tillage in wet-adhesive soil, a novel imitating pangolin scale structure is first proposed, and the bionic non-smooth surface parameters affecting the soil adhesion effect is clarified. Afterwards, based on the JKR attached Bonding contact model, an accurate discrete element interaction model of the designed rotary tillage blade -wet adhesive soil is established, and the effect of spindle speed, bump size and bump distance on the tillage resistance and soil disturbance is analyzed using the proposed model. Finally, the proposed imitating pangolin scale structure is optimized to improve the anti-adhesive and drag reduction properties using response surface method, furthermore, the corresponding model validation experiments and field tests are also conducted. Results reveal that the relative errors between the simulated and experimental values of the bionic blade rotary torque and soil adhesion mass are only respectively 4.4 % and 8.3 %. In addition, the optimal parameter combinations of anti-adhesion and drag reduction are also determined: the spindle speed is 180 rpm, the bump width is 10.6 mm and the bump distance is 17.9 mm, respectively, at the time, the effect of soil breaking of the designed blade is reduced by 9.95 % compared to that of the traditional blades but the effect of anti-adhesion and drag reduction is improved by 18.81 %.

A semi-analytical model for low-density impact-based surface treatments: Application to the abrasive waterjet texturing of thermoplastic polymers

Surface roughness is critical for bonding applications, as it directly influences the mechanisms occurring at the adhesive interface. Abrasive Waterjet texturing has emerged as a promising technique for functionalizing surfaces, but predicting the surface characteristics from stochastic impact-based processes remains a challenge. This study aimed to develop a numerical model capable of forecasting key morphological parameters for AWJ-textured surfaces with pilotable treatment coverage. The proposed model was optimized through theoretical analysis and confronted to topographical data from polymer samples treated with low-density AWJ using standard parameters. Profilometry measurements were supported by a custom post-treatment algorithm to remove artefacts and assess the characteristics of individual particle impacts (number, repartition, dimensions). The predicted roughness showed a 94 % concordance to the measured values.

Stability analysis of dual solutions for nonlinear radiative magnetohydrodynamic flow of [formula omitted] hybrid nanofluid over a nonlinearly shrinking surface

The present work explores the existence and temporal stability of dual solutions with the consequence of nonlinear thermal radiation on hybrid nanofluid flow (including Silver and Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in water) past a permeable shrinking sheet. The analysis also considers the united outcomes of suction/injection, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and magnetohydrodynamics. Employing realistic assumptions and suitable similarity transformations, the governing nonlinear partial differential equations are formulated and altered into a nonlinear ordinary differential equations system. These equations are then solved numerically using the Lobatto IIIA technique. It is observed that dual solutions can occur within a precise range of the shrinking surface parameter. Analyzing the temporal stability of these dual solutions under small disturbances shows that the upper solution branch is stable and represents a physically realistic solution to the problem. In contrast, the lower solution branch is unstable and not physically realizable. No solution exists beyond the critical λc=−1.3915 for the shrinking parameter. The critical values of shrinking parameter λc=−1.2565,−1.3188, and −1.4161 correspond to volume fractions of hybrid nanofluid with φAg−TiO2 of 2%,4%, and 8%, respectively. No solution exists beyond this critical point. The graphical representation and quantitative explanation demonstrate how various emergent characteristics affect momentum and thermal boundary layer profiles, Nusselt number, and skin friction. The velocity and temperature profile of hybrid nanofluid can be improved by adding a small volume of nanoparticle volume fraction. Thermal boundary layer thickness is amplified by an accumulation in the shrinking parameter, power index of velocity component, thermal radiation parameter, and temperature difference ratio. Sheering stress and heat transfer coefficient improve with adding more nanoparticles in the base fluid for the first solution braches, but opposite effects are found in the second solutions. The contributions of this research are significant both theoretically, in terms of advancing the mathematical modeling of hybrid nanofluid flow with heat transfer in engineering systems, and practically, in terms of applications to engineering cooling systems.

Evaluation of ocular surface parameters before and after cryo- and laser therapy for distichiasis in dogs: A pilot study.

The aim of this pilot study was to establish a satisfactory, scientific approach to effectively compare quantitative measurements of various ocular surface parameters before and after surgical treatment in dogs suffering from distichiasis. An ophthalmic examination was conducted on 12 dogs (23 eyes) before and after surgical treatments for distichiasis, at four different time points, (t0 = before surgery, t1 = 1-2 h after surgery, t2 = 1 week after surgery, t3 = 1 month after surgery, and t4 = 6 months after surgery) between 2021 and 2022, and analyzed retrospectively. The examination included Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1), interferometry, noninvasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT), tear meniscus size (TMS), and meibography. No statistically significant changes were found in STT-1 (t0: 22.2 ± 6.5 mm, t2: 22.5 ± 5.7 mm, t3: 20.8 ± 5.1 mm, and t4: 22.6 mm ± 4.8 mm) before and after surgery. Mean interferometry scores showed a slight, not statistically significant, decrease from t0 to t3 and t4 (t0: 2.1 ± 0.8, t1: 2.1 ± 0.7, t2: 2.1 ± 0.9, t3: 1.8 ± 0.6, and t4: 1.9 ± 1.1). Mean NIBUT did not change significantly between time points (t0: 3.9 ± 1.3 s, t1: 4.0 ± 1.3 s, t2: 4.0 ± 1.4 s, t3: 3.5 ± 0.7 s, and t4: 3.5 ± 0.9 s). TMS showed a slight, not statistically significant increase (t0: 0.5 ± 0.3 mm, t1: 0.5 ± 0.3, t2: 0.5 ± 0.3 mm, t3: 0.6 ± 0.2 mm, and t4: 0.7 ± 0.3 mm). There were no changes in the gross morphology of the meibomian glands (MG). This pilot study could not detect a negative effect of different forms of treatment of distichiasis on the precorneal tear film parameters in dogs. However, due to the study's retrospective nature and small sample size, no definitive conclusion can be drawn regarding the changes at the different time points.

Evolution Patterns and Dominant Factors of Soil Salinization in the Yellow River Delta Based on Long-Time-Series and Similar Phenological-Fusion Images

Previous studies were mostly conducted based on sparse time series and different phenological images, which often ignored the dramatic changes in salinization evolution throughout the year. Based on Landsat and moderate-resolution-imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) images from 2000 to 2020, this study applied the Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (ESTARFM) algorithm to obtain similar phenological images for the month of April for the past 20 years. Based on the random forest algorithm, the surface parameters of the salinization were optimized, and the feature space index models were constructed. Combined with the measured ground data, the optimal monitoring index model of salinization was determined, and then the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of salinization and its driving mechanisms in the Yellow River Delta were revealed. The main conclusions were as follows: (1) The derived long-time-series and similar phenological-fusion images enable us to reveal the patterns of change in the dramatic salinization in the year that we examined using the ESTARFM algorithm. (2) The NDSI-TGDVI feature space salinization monitoring index model based on point-to-point mode had the highest accuracy of 0.92. (3) From 2000 to 2020, the soil salinization in the Yellow River Delta showed an aggravating trend. The average value of salinization during the past 20 years was 0.65, which is categorized as severe salinization. The degree of salinization gradually decreased from the northeastern coastal area to the southwestern inland area. (4) The dominant factors affecting soil salinization in different historical periods varied. The research results could provide support for decision-making regarding the precise prevention and control of salinization in the Yellow River Delta.

On the characterization of reflective surfaces using dual-polarization GNSS-R

Global navigation satellite systems reflectometry (GNSS-R) is a technique to extract information from reflecting surfaces by the reflected GNSS signals. GNSS-R has garnered increasing attention in the scientific literature due to its continuous global coverage and its superior spatial resolution. Moreover, operating in the L-band renders GNSS-R relatively immune to adverse weather conditions and affords high sensitivity to soil electrical properties. This work introduces a new approach with a dual-polarization antenna, left-hand circular polarized (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarized (RHCP), receiving the reflected signal from a sufficiently smooth surface so that all reflected energy arrives from the specular reflection point. The objective is to characterize the reflecting surface by extracting the relative permittivity and conductivity from the reflected signal. In contrast to other studies found in the literature, the reflection of the GNSS signal on different materials, including dielectric and conductive materials is considered. We derive a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for estimating the dielectric parameters of the reflective surface and other parameters of the reflected signal. We also derive the respective Cramer–Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) evaluating the performance of the MLE. The attained results are assessed based on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the angle of reflection of the reflected signal, which are the parameters that predominantly influence the proposed approach. Lower elevation angles, for instance, lead to higher estimation accuracy, while for reflective surfaces composed of metallic materials a higher SNR is needed to yield favorable estimation performance. Regarding dielectric materials, the estimation results are encouraging and thus enable diverse remote sensing applications by GNSS-R using the proposed setup.

A Combined Scheme based on the Multiscale Stochastic Perturbed Parameterization Tendencies and Perturbed Boundary Layer Parameterization for a Global Ensemble Prediction System

Abstract Stochastic representations of model uncertainties are of great importance for the performance of ensemble prediction systems (EPSs). The stochastically perturbed parameterization tendencies (SPPT) scheme with a single-scale random pattern has been used in the operational global EPS of China Meteorological Administration (CMA-GEPS) since 2018. To deal with deficiencies in this operational single-scale SPPT scheme, a combined scheme based on the multiscale SPPT (mSPPT) scheme and the stochastically perturbed parameterization for the planetary boundary layer (SPP-PBL) scheme is developed. In the combined scheme, the mSPPT component aims to expand model uncertainties characterized by SPPT at mesoscale, synoptic scale, and planetary scale. The SPP-PBL component with six vital parameters is used to capture uncertainties in PBL processes, which is underrepresented by SPPT for the tapering treatment within PBL. Comparisons between the operational SPPT scheme and the mSPPT scheme reveal that the mSPPT scheme can generate more improvements in both ensemble reliability and forecast skills mainly in tropics. Besides, additional benefits from SPP-PBL on top of mSPPT are shown to be primarily distributed in tropics at the lower layers below 850 hPa and surface. Furthermore, the combined scheme of mSPPT and SPP-PBL is suggested to yield better spread–error relationships and forecast skills than the operational SPPT scheme in terms of objective verification scores for standard upper-air variables and surface parameters. A case study for the extreme precipitation event on 20 July 2021 in Henan Province of China also demonstrates the better ability of the combined scheme in forecasting the precipitation intensity and location. Significance Statement A comprehensive and reasonable representation of model uncertainties helps to improve the performance of ensemble prediction systems (EPSs). Despite the popular usage in simulating model uncertainties, the stochastically perturbed parameterization tendencies (SPPT) scheme possesses several shortcomings. To overcome this, a combined scheme based on the multiscale SPPT (mSPPT) scheme and the stochastically perturbed parameterization for the planetary boundary layer (SPP-PBL) scheme is proposed. Based on the global EPS of China Meteorological Administration (CMA-GEPS), additional benefits from the independent usage of mSPPT and SPP-PBL are disclosed. And the combined scheme can inherit the merits of mSPPT and SPP-PBL and generate more improvements on ensemble performance than the original single-scale SPPT scheme. This research provides a guideline for future upgradation of CMA-GEPS.

Asymmetry of Microcirculation Parameters in Rats against the Background Conditions of LPS Administration.

The effect of intraperitoneal injection of LPS (pyrogenal, 100 μg/kg) on the asymmetry of the right-left hemodynamic balance of microcirculation (MCR) was studied in 10 male Wistar rats. Synchronous measurements of the MCR parameters of the outer surface of the symmetrical areas of the tail base were carried out by laser Doppler flowmetry. The coefficients of asymmetry of the regression relationships between changes in perfusion of each of the observation sides and the initial perfusion values of both the eponymous and opposite observation sides, as well as the mean values and coefficients of perfusion variation of the studied areas, were analyzed. Injection of pyrogenal changed parameters of the asymmetry of the right-left hemodynamic balance of MCR in comparison with the initial values. One hour after the injection of pyrogenal, the contribution of the left MCR bed to the right-left hemodynamic balance increased, and the right one decreased. At the same time, the value of the perfusion variation coefficient decreased on the left and increased on the right. The shift of the hemodynamic balance towards the left MCR bed led to significant increase in blood supply to the left MCR pool after pyrogenal injection. The results of the studies indicate a stress type of reaction of the animal body to the injected drug.

Effect of Zn2+–Ti4+ co-doping on the structural, infrared, surface, magnetic, electric and dielectric parameters of nanoscale CoFe2O4

Effect of Zn2+–Ti4+ co-doping on the structural, infrared, surface, magnetic, electric and dielectric parameters of nanoscale CoFe2O4