Parameters Rotational Speed Research Articles

Study on the throwing device of residual film recycling machine for the plough layer

An innovative residual film recycling machine for the plough layer (RFRMPL) is proposed in view of difficulty in picking up residual film and the easy missing out on picking up fine residual film. In this study, the soil throwing device is designed and optimized, as the soil throwing efficiency of the throwing device is essential for residual film separation efficiency of the RFRMPL. The soil throwing efficiency is selected as evaluation index, and a mechanical simulation model of throwing device based on Discrete Element Method (DEM) and Rocky is built up according to structure and working principle of the soil throwing device. The optimal combination of working parameters of the throwing device is obtained via theoretical calculations, single and multi-factorial simulation test. The results show that the optimal working parameters of rotation speed of the rotary tilling mechanism, speed of the soil elevating mechanism and the distance between the rotary tilling mechanism and soil elevating mechanism are 200 rpm, 320 rpm and 130 mm respectively. The field validation test is carried out based on the optimal combination parameters. The results show that soil throwing efficiency of the soil throwing device is 87.45 %. The error between the field validation test results and the simulation results (90.42 %) is 3.4 %, which proves the correctness of the simulation model. It can provide theoretical reference for the design and optimization of the RFRMPL.

Effect of underwater friction stir welding parameters on AA5754 alloy joints: experimental studies

The water as a welding environment may generate serious technological and metallurgical problems but in certain cases, the physicochemical properties of water can be used effectively, e.g., to impart the specific properties of welded materials. The purpose of the work was verification of effectiveness of the water cooling of aluminium alloy AA5754 for various sets of technological parameters of underwater friction stir welding (UFSW). For the joints performed with the range of parameters of rotational speed: 475–925 rpm and welding speed: 47.5–95 mm/min, the following examinations were carried out: visual tests, radiographic tests, static tensile test, fractography (SEM, scanning electron microscope) analysis, and surface texture analysis performed with 3D measurement system. All of the joints were characterized with some amount of flash. Besides, depending on the values of selected parameters, the defects arising from inadequate stirring were found—tunnel defects and melting. The best appearance of the joint was obtained for the set of parameters of 925 rpm and 47.5 mm/min. The samples of the same joint were found to be of the highest mechanical properties—ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 194 MPa and elongation (A) of 9.2%. The results were confirmed by the fractography analysis, which in this case indicated the ductile fracture mode. Dynamic plastic behaviour strongly depends on the process parameter values, which was reflected in the results of surface texture analysis. The parameter selection resulted in significant changes in the roughness results (from 8 to 14.2 µm depending on the sample) as well as the flow ring distance of the weld (from 20 to 50 µm depending on the sample).

Dynamic thermal analysis and drill bit temperature in AISI 430 stainless steel

This paper presents a novel numerical model applied specifically for the drilling of AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel, a material of significant importance across various industries. The model thoroughly investigates the geometric parameters of drill bits, including Point Angle (PA), Helix Angle (HA), and rotational speed (RS), meticulously analyzing their impact on two crucial factors: heat generation and temperature distribution. The study covers a broad spectrum of PA (110°, 130°, 150°, and 170°) and HA (30°, 40°, and 50°), along with varying RS (1200 rpm, 1400 rpm, and 1600 rpm). Results indicate that the temperature of the drill bit rises with the increase in parameters such as PA, HA, and RS. Notably, a PA of 170° exhibits the highest temperature among different point angles, with the temperature at the contact surface during drilling escalating from 476 K to 520 K at a point edge angle of 130°. Furthermore, a helix angle of 50° records the highest temperature, while a 30° angle registers the lowest. Heat generation during the drilling process intensifies as PA, HA, and RS parameters advance. The developed numerical model accurately reflects drilling parameters, offering valuable insights for optimizing drilling operations.

Research on the Influence of Deep-Water Drilling Risers on Drillstring Motion Trajectory and Vibration Characteristics

The swing of the riser in deep-water drilling can significantly impact the drill string. In this study, we establish a riser model that considers the combined disturbance of periodic dynamic wind and wave loads. By coupling it with the drill string model, we develop a dynamic model for deep-water drilling systems. Through analyzing multiple sets of different drilling parameters, we examine displacements and impact forces at various positions along the drill string system. Specifically, our focus lies on velocity, acceleration, and rotational speed information of BHA. We investigate how WOB and rotational speed influence motion trajectory and vibration characteristics of the drill string within the dynamic model of deep-water drilling systems. Simulation results reveal slight differences in whirling trajectories between inside the riser and below mud line for the drill string. Rotational speed has a greater impact on the drill string compared to WOB; higher rotational speeds lead to increased collision forces between the drill string system and both riser and wellbore. Our findings identify specific combinations of WOB and rotational speed parameters that can stabilize drilling operations within dynamic models for deep-water drilling systems. These research results provide valuable insights for adjusting WOB and rotational speed parameters in deep-water drilling.

Numerical simulation and result analysis of deformation tubing of P110 steel milled by flat-bottomed shoe grinding and milling

To investigate the influence of rotational speed and drilling pressure on the milling efficiency of flat-bottomed milling shoes, a three-dimensional milling model of flat-bottomed milling shoes and deformed casing was established by using ABAQUS finite element software, and the optimal parameter combinations of milling efficiency were investigated at rotational speeds of 70~90r/min and drilling pressures of 5~25kN. The results show that: with the increase of drilling pressure and rotational speed, the mass loss of casing and the amount of footage of the grinding shoe increase, and the grinding and milling efficiency is optimal under the process parameters of rotational speed of 90r/min and drilling pressure of 15kN. This paper provides an analytical method for the subsequent optimization and improvement of the evaluation of the pipe repair process and promotes the technological development of the research on the casing change mechanism and prevention and control countermeasures in shale gas wells.

Identification of misfiring in engine 1000cc using fast fourier transform analysis

Motorized vehicles are the primary mode of transportation in the neighborhood. An automobile is one of the motorized vehicles. Because of the mixing of air and gasoline, cars may move. The spark plug plays a crucial function in combustion because it ignites the mixture of fuel and air to generate combustion. Incomplete combustion will consequently result in misfiring. Damage to the spark plug, injector, and ignition coil are just a few of the things that might lead to misfiring. Therefore, due to misfiring, research on preventive maintenance for cars is required. Utilizing the vibration approach is one option. The combustion process in this study is stimulated by changing the 1000cc engine's speed. The engine speed ranges from 900 to 3500 revolutions per minute. The accelerometer sensor is then positioned vertically and horizontally on the machine's surface. According to this study, the first form mode's frequency at 900 rpm has an amplitude of 3,433 mm/s2 and occurs at a frequency of 69 Hz. In contrast, the first mode form occurs under typical circumstances at a frequency of 99 Hz and an amplitude of 1,254 mm/s2. Furthermore, at a rotational speed of 2500 rpm, the frequency in the first shape mode is abnormal at 69 Hz with an amplitude of . In contrast, under typical circumstances, the first form mode has a frequency of 249 Hz and an amplitude of 6,721 mm/s2. A frequency of 4x rpm was discovered for the rotational speed parameters of 900 rpm and 2500 rpm. This demonstrates that a misfiring-related bearing issue exists in the piston motor system.

Investigations on the Influences of the Thermomechanical Manufacturing of Aluminium Auxiliary Joining Elements

The demands on joining technology are constantly increasing due to the consistent lightweight construction and the associated increasing material mix. To meet these requirements, the adaptability of the joining processes must be improved to be able to process different material combinations and to react to challenges caused by deviations in the process chain. One example of a highly adaptable process due to the two-step process sequence is thermomechanical joining with Friction Spun Joint Connectors (FSJCs) that can be individually adapted to the joint. In this paper, the potentials of the adaption in the two-stage joining process with aluminium auxiliary joining elements are investigated. To this end, it is first investigated whether a thermomechanical forming process can be used to achieve a uniform and controlled manufacturing regarding the process variable of the temperature as well as the geometry of the FSJC. Based on the successful proof of the high and good repeatability in the FSJC manufacturing, possibilities, and potentials for the targeted influencing of the process and FSJC geometry are shown, based on an extensive variation of the process input variables (delivery condition and thus mechanical properties of the raw parts as well as the process parameters of rotational speed and feed rate). Here it can be shown that above all, the feed rate of the final forming process has the strongest influence on the process and thus also offers the strongest possibilities for influencing it.

ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT OF SINGLE-PHASE FLOW FIELD INSIDE THE CRUSHING CHAMBER OF MACHINE FOR LENTINUS EDODES STIPE CRUSHING

In order to analyze the flow field inside the crushing chamber of machine for lentinus edodes stipe crushing and improve performance of the machine based on the results of the flow field analysis, this paper applied the computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT to numerically simulate the flow field inside the crushing chamber of the machine for lentinus edodes stipe crushing. Thus, the flow field characteristics and flow state inside the crushing chamber were intuitively displayed, and the visualization of the flow field in the crushing chamber was realized. Then, the wind speed value obtained by simulation was compared with the value measured by experiment, and the average relative error between them was less than 10%. Finally, according to the simulation results of flow field, the flow field generated by one air inlet and two air inlets was analyzed, and then the blade structure, outlet area parameters, and rotation speed parameters were compared, simulated and optimized. Results analysis: the pressure distribution and velocity distribution of the flow field inside the crushing chamber were obtained, and the optimal structure and parameters were two inlets, the rotation speed of 2000 r/min and the outlet area of 160×80 mm2, the crushing chamber with the new blade parameters and structure had greater turbulent kinetic energy and velocity gradient, which was more favorable to the discharge, and provided a basis for further optimization and improvement of the crushing machine.

Effect of Spindle Speed of Bar-Plate Rotary Friction Welding Machine on Joint Interface Area and Hardness Value

This study aims to determine the effect of the rotational speed parameter on the joint interface weld area and the value of hardness on similar materials. Welding parameters used the rotational speed of 2,484 rpm, 2,613 rpm and 4,335 rpm. Test method used in this research was liquid penetrant, macro and micro-observation and hardness test. The results of the liquid penetrant test showed no defects on the surface of the connection. In macro-observation, where there is a fairly large void at rotational speed of 2,484 rpm, which has length is 2,69 mm, then shrinks at 2,613 rpm to 1,52 mm, then at 4,335 rpm there is no visible void. In micro-observations showed that the weld metal area had a finer grain structure than the HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) and base metal areas this affect hardness value. The results of the hardness test are that the higher the rotational speed the higher the hardness value produced.

Artificial neural network prediction and grey relational grade optimisation of friction stir processing

The study predicts friction stir process (FSP) parameters using an artificial neural network (ANN) model. A design of experiment (DoE) approach is used to conduct experiments on FSP and to evaluate the best operating parameters of FSP. ANN uses 30 neurons, 1 hidden layer, and an input and output layer in the Matlab® environment. ANN predicts the output parameters with R values of 0.999, 0.995, and 0.992 for training, validation, and test datasets, respectively, while the overall R-value is 0.997. GRA is used to optimize and rank the parameters of the processes and revealed that the rotational tool speed should be 1180 rpm, traverse feed rate 38 mm/min, and tool tilt angle 1° for best results. The optimized values obtained are 380 MPa, 3.8 µm, 138 HV, and 14% for tensile strength, grain size, microhardness, and elongation, respectively. According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and grey relational analysis, the order of influencing parameters on output factors was rotational speed (80%), followed by transverse feed (19%) and tool tilt angle (1%). An ANN is further used to predict using the two most significant parameters—rotational speed and traverse feed. The modified ANN has nearly the same R values as the original ANN. Thus modified ANN may be used for prediction.

Optimization of Sustainable Process Parameters of Friction-Stir Welding of Aluminium Alloy by Taguchi Method

In the current paper, AA6101-T6 aluminium alloy was subjected to friction stir welding (FSW) utilizing a vertical milling machine. Alloy plates were welded in butt position to provide a virtually flat interface, using a tool shape that was carefully selected. Because of the excessive generation of heat via the tool and workpieces during friction stir welding, substantial deformation in the nugget zone is seen. The mechanical attributes of the base metal at the joint are significantly impacted by an excessive variation in temperature at the weld. In this experiment, mechanical properties-related changes through the FSW process are kept to a minimum to achieve high tensile strength. The tool’s rotating speed (measured in rpm), the workpieces' traverse speed (measured in mm/min), and the tool tilt angle were chosen as the parameters to regulate the weld quality. As a result of its 44% contribution, the rotating speed parameter is shown to be the most beneficial one for stir welding. The metric determining transverse speed contributes the least, at 19%. For effective stir welding, such as high strength welds, defect-free welds, short welding times, low welding costs, etc., it is preferred that the tool rotational speed parameter be concentrated. By using sustainable Taguchi approach to optimize the chosen process parameter, high tensile strength is achieved at the welded connection.

Pengaruh parameter proses friction stir welding dengan material aluminium alloy AA6061-T651 terhadap distorsi dan kekerasan

Welding is a process of uniting two or more materials into a form of connection using heat energy. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding method that can produce high-quality welding joints for some materials with low weldability such as aluminum. The research objective was to determine the effect of process parameters on the distortion and resistance of aluminum AA6061-T651 material through the Brinell hardness test. The FSW tool used has a hexagonal pin geometry. The experimental design used the Taguchi method. This study uses 4 factors and each factor has 4 levels, the elements used are tool rotation speed, welding speed, tool tilt angle, and concave shoulder angle. The responses analyzed are distortion and hardness of the welded joint material. The effect of process parameters on the response was analyzed using ANOVA. The results of ANOVA on distortion obtained the value of Brinell hardness in the weld metal area, and in the TMAZ area. Specimen 13 with tool rotation speed parameters of 3022 rpm, welding speed of 43 mm/min, tool tilt angle of 3.5°, and concave shoulder angle of 2° with a distortion value of 0.117°. Then we get the results of the Brinell hardness of the weld metal which is close to the target of the base metal with the parameter tool rotation speed of 3022 rpm, welding speed of 90 mm/min, tool tilt angle of 2.5°, and concave shoulder angle of 8° with a Brinell hardness value of 75. 7 BHN, and the Brinell hardness value at TMAZ with tool rotation speed parameters of 1208 rpm, welding speed of 65 mm/min, tool tilt angle of 2.5°, and concave shoulder angle of 2° with a Brinell hardness value of 74.7 BHN.

Parâmetros de moagem e caracterização de resíduos sólidos para aplicação como materiais cimentícios suplementares

Abstract Despitethe increasing number of publications on residual raw materials as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), the milling beneficiation process and its parameters have been underexplored and presented. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the milling parameters for marble, clay tile, clay brick, and phosphogypsum waste processing for recycling as SCM. The raw materials were benefitted by grinding, sieving, and milling in a planetary ball mill, varying the time and rotation speed parameters. The waste was characterised by helium gas pycnometry, DSC, BET specific surface area, XRF, TGA, and XRD/Rietveld. Waste materials in which the mineral composition of phases was formed at higher temperatures were associated with higher demands for specific milling energy and lower grindability indexes. Marble waste (MW) has a mineral composition similar to commercial limestone and phosphogypsum (PG) can be an alternative to natural gypsum in cementitious materials. Clay brick waste (CBW) and clay tile waste (CTW) have the potential to be used as SCM to replace calcined natural clays, although CTW requires higher energy during milling processes.

Microstructural and Statistical Investigation on Dissimilar Friction Stir Spot Welding of Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless-Steels

The increasing use of austenitic and ferritic stainless steel sheets, especially in the power plant industry, highlights the importance of research into the mechanical and metallurgical properties of these joints. Friction stir spot welding of these sheets was investigated using full-factorial experimental design. Considering the three main parameters of rotational speed, plunge depth and dwell time, each of which had three levels, led to 27 tests. The highest strength (6400 N) was related to sample number 8 with parameters 900 rpm, 2.7 mm and 20 s and this sample was selected for microstructural studies. The metallurgical properties of this sample were investigated and the microstructures of heat affected zone, thermos-mechanically affected zone and stir zone were extracted. Thermomechanical changes during the process and especially dynamic recrystallization in the stir zone due to heat application and severe plastic deformation by the process reduce the grain size, which in turn increases the bond strength. Using analysis of variance, it was found the direct effect of rotational speed and plunge depth on the lap shear strength is significant. The interaction effect of rotational speed and plunge depth and also, rotational speed and dwell time on the response were significant.

Wear Optimization of Aluminium and Hybrid Reinforcement Metal Matrix Composites Using Response Surface Methodology

Aluminum 6061 alloy-based alloys were used to make various motor vehicle parts such as connecting wire, O-ring, circular blocks, disc brakes and aircraft primary components, but the use of alloys was restricted in some of their applications due to their low strength, poor stiffness and high friction wear resistance. Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites are achieved the potential mechanical properties compared to single reinforced composite materials. Tribological behaviour of hybrid composites were optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Design of experiment statistical analysis. The contribution of various parameters rotational speed, sliding distance and axial load on hybrid composite materials were evaluated by Analyses of Variance (ANOVA). For each output response, a multilayer linear equation was used to examine the relationship between the parameters. According to the results, hybrid compounds provide greater adaptability and reliability in the development of a component of the product depending on the reinforcement composition and structure.

Analysis of mechanical properties of 6010-T6 aluminum alloy without Tool Tilt Angle friction stir welding

The friction stir welding (FSW) of 6010-T6 aluminum alloy sheet with 10 mm thickness was carried out with tool tilt angle of 0°. The process parameters that could realize effective joint were given. The performance of the weld zone was tested. The experimental results showed that the effective FSW could be achieved under the process parameters of rotation speed of 400–600 rpm and welding speed of 200–400 mm/min. The tensile strength of the weld zone was the best under the rotation speed of 600 rpm and welding speed of 400 mm/min, which was 86.4% of the base metal, under which process the microhardness of the nugget zone was higher than that under other processes, and the grain was significantly finer than that of the base metal zone. This paper presents the technological breakthrough of the FSW of 10 mm thickness aluminum alloy with tool tilt angle of 0°.

Characterization of Stressing Conditions in a High Energy Ball Mill by Discrete Element Simulations

The synthesis of sulfide solid electrolytes in ball mills by mechanochemical routes not only is efficient but also can enable the upscaling of material synthesis as required for the commercialization of solid-state battery materials. On a laboratory scale, the Emax high energy ball mill accounts for high stresses and power densities, as well as for temperature control, to prevent damage to the material and equipment even for long process times. To overcome the merely phenomenological treatment, we characterized the milling process in an Emax by DEM simulations, using the sulfide solid electrolyte LPS as a model material for the calibration of input parameters to the DEM, and compared it to a planetary ball mill for a selected parameter set. We derived mechanistic model equations for the stressing conditions depending on the operation parameters of rotational speed, media size and filling ratio. The stressing conditions are of importance as they determine the outcome of the mechanochemical milling process, thus forming the basis for evaluating and interpreting experiments and for establishing scaling rules for the process transfer to larger mills.

Optimisation of friction stir welding parameters to improve corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of AA2219 aluminium alloy welds

AA2219 Al-Cu alloy is mainly used for aerospace and defence applications. Welding is used in the fabrication of components made of AA2219 aluminium alloy and causes microstructural changes in various zones that form during fusion welding of AA2219 alloy, which strongly influence the corrosion behaviour. Friction stir welding (FSW) could be the remedy to avoid the above problems and mainly joint strength of AA2219 FS welds gets affected by tool pin profile parameter. Mathematical models are developed using response surface method (RSM). A central composite design with four parameters and five levels has been used to limit the experimental conditions. Response optimisation shows the optimum combination of tensile strength, hardness and corrosion resistance were achieved with hexagon tool pin profile and welding parameters of rotational speed 1,214 rpm, welding speed 63 mm/min and axial force 11 KN. From the microstructural studies it was found that properties of the welds made with hexagonal tool pin profile are superior when compared to conical tool pin profile, and is attributed to relatively more fine grain structure in hexagonal tool pin profile when compared to conical tool pin profile.

Polyethylene FSSW/Adhesive hybrid single strap joints: Parametric optimization and FE simulation

In this paper, the mechanical behavior of single strap joints was investigated under tensile loading. Four sets of specimens were fabricated e.g., adhesively bonded, friction stir spot welded (FSSW), adhesively bonded-FSSW (AB-FSSW), and hybrid joints. The failure load of specimens subjected to lap shear tests was employed to compare the load carrying capacity of the samples. L9 Taguchi design of experiment was used and the effects of FSSW parameters e.g. tool rotational speed (RS), plunge rate (PR), and dwell time (DT) on the failure load of the specimens were investigated. It was found that the welding parameters of RS = 1600 rpm, PR = 8 mm/min, and DT = 30 s leads to the highest failure load (FL) of FSSW joints, and applying the adhesive increased the joints failure load capacity up to 80%. By comparing the Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) images of the FSSW joints, it was revealed that a specimen with the maximum failure load has a homogeneous microstructure. The finite element method was developed to estimate the failure load of different joint types. It was observed that the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data with errors of less than 6%.

Analysis of the Tribological and Dynamic Characteristics of the Piston Compression Ring Under Different Engine Operating Conditions

In this investigation, a study of the tribological and dynamic characteristics present in the compression ring is executed for different engine conditions. A series of numerical simulations has been carried out using the OpenFOAM software for the study. The simulation conditions have been based on the parameters measured on a diesel engine test bench. Different ranges of rotation speed, load, and lubrication oil temperature have been established for the analysis. The results show that the parameters of rotation speed and engine load significantly influence the tribological and dynamic conditions of the piston compression ring. An increase of 425 rpm and 136 Nm in the rotational speed and load of the engine causes an increase of 13% and 34% in the power loss due to friction. The Top Dead Center and the Bottom Dead Center are the locations most prone to experience critical wear and tear. Increasing the lubricating oil temperature increases the maximum friction force by 9%. In general, the proposed methodology allows for establishing a direct relationship between the operating conditions and the tribological characteristics in the compression ring that directly affect the efficiency and useful life of the engine.