Laser Ablation Parameters Research Articles

Effect of CTAB and NaBH4 Solutions on Ti and Cu Nanoparticles Prepared by Pulsed Laser Ablation

The effect of different media, including cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4), on the size, shape, optical absorption, and stability of titanium (Ti) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by laser ablation in liquid, was investigated. Ti and Cu NPs were fabricated by irradiating Ti and Cu targets using a Nd:YAG pulsed laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm, an energy of 500 mJ, repetition rate of 1 Hz, and a number of pulses of 1000. Results showed the direct effect of the type of surfactant on the size and size distribution of Ti and Cu NPs under the same laser ablation parameters. Morphological properties were described by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images, which revealed the formation of semispherical particles. The EDS results confirmed the spike-induced synthesis of Ti and Cu in CTAB and NaBH4 solutions. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed the nanostructures of Ti and Cu with spherical particles. The UV-vis absorption spectra showed that the absorption peak of Ti was almost constant at 289 nm, while the peak of Cu disappeared for both solutions. Zeta potential analysis showed that NPs prepared in CTAB solution were more stable than those in NaBH4 solution.

Accurate and precise in situ determination of beryllium contents in beryllium minerals using ablation spot size of 13 μm by LA–ICP–MS

Beryllium is a strategically critical metal, and its accurate in situ analysis in beryllium minerals is challenging in the field of earth science. High spatial resolution is also a difficult point in the analysis. A new analysis approach for the accurate and precise determination of beryllium contents in beryl using an ablation spot size of 13 μm by LA–ICP–MS was first achieved in this study. The control variables were used to optimise the instrument conditions and determine the laser ablation parameters suitable for determining beryl under an ablation spot size of 13 μm. The energy density was set at 5.5 J/cm2 with a repetition rate of 4 Hz, and the ablation time was 50 s. A new concept, the Relative Fractionation Index (RFI), was proposed to measure fractionation and matrix effects. Two potential beryl reference substances (B4–2 and Brl-3) were also assessed by determining their homogeneity to further improve the measurement accuracy. Other common beryllium minerals, including phenakite, chrysoberyl, and herderite, were identified in this study. By comparing the RFI values of different minerals and reference materials, appropriate reference materials and determination conditions were selected, and ideal analysis results were obtained. Therefore, the accurate and precise determination of beryllium contents in common beryllium minerals was achieved using an ablation spot size of 13 μm by LA–ICP–MS.

Femtosecond laser precision machining of carbon film based on aramid paper substrate

Carbon film has many applications in flexible electronic devices (FED) due to its low cost and high conductivity. However, it is difficult to remove carbon film from the substrate without damaging it. This research explores the use of femtosecond laser, which has minimal thermal effect and non-contact processing, for carbon film ablation. The main objectives are to determine the ablation threshold of carbon film and aramid paper, to optimize the laser ablation parameters and scanning path, and to analyze the ablation mechanism and quality. The results show that the optimal laser fluence is between 0.22 J/cm2 and 1.45 J/cm2, and the optimal scanning method is grid scanning method. The laser ablation achieves a removal depth of 9.4 μm and a minimum Sa of 3.0 μm. Raman spectroscopy confirms the complete removal of carbon film and the transformation of graphite to amorphous carbon. The ablation process is mainly governed by combustion and evaporation. A resistance strain gauge is fabricated using laser ablation to demonstrate its potential in carbon film FED manufacturing.

In situ S isotopic analysis in apatite using laser ablation-multiple collector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The S isotope composition (34S/32S) in apatite has been considered as a new powerful tool to trace S source reservoirs and to evaluate redox state and dynamic sulfur behavior in magmatic systems. This study presents the first in situ method to analyze S isotope compositions in apatite using laser ablation multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS). The sulfur isotope analysis of low-S apatite suffered the problem of high background interference, resulting in a low ratio of signal to noise (S/N). A detailed investigation found that ∼50% background of S isotopes originated from memory effect in the aerosol particles transformation system and can be removed through careful cleaning or replacement. A linear regression calculation method was proposed instead of the traditional data reduction method to improve the performance of correcting the S background signal. Femtosecond laser ablation system (fs-LA) was used to reduce the thermal effect and suppress the potential fractionation of S isotopes during the laser ablation process, significantly improving the stability of δ34SV-CDT values at different laser ablation parameters. Seven natural apatite samples with a large S concentration range were measured by the presented method. A good agreement of δ34SV-CDT values between fs-LA-MC-ICP-MS and IR-MS was obtained. The reproducibility of δ34SV-CDT obtained from fs-LA-MC-ICP-MS was similar to that in SIMS. These results confirm that the presented method can provide high-quality S isotopic compositions in natural apatites. Four apatite samples (Sly-1, Sly-2, MG, and OL-1) with various concentrations of SO3 (0.21% to 1.26%) show the homogeneous S isotope compositions based on the large amounts of repeated analyses using fs-LA-MC-ICP-MS. They are suggested as the high-quality external reference materials for in situ S isotope analysis for LA-MC-ICP-MS and SIMS.

Autofluorescence spectral analysis for detecting urinary stone composition in emulated intraoperative ambient

The prevalence and disease burden of urolithiasis has increased substantially worldwide in the last decade, and intraluminal holmium laser lithotripsy has become the primary treatment method. However, inappropriate laser energy settings increase the risk of perioperative complications, largely due to the lack of intraoperative information on the stone composition, which determines the stone melting point. To address this issue, we developed a fiber-based fluorescence spectrometry method that detects and classifies the autofluorescence spectral fingerprints of urinary stones into three categories: calcium oxalate, uric acid, and struvite. By applying the support vector machine (SVM), the prediction accuracy achieved 90.28 % and 96.70% for classifying calcium stones versus non-calcium stones and uric acid versus struvite, respectively. High accuracy and specificity were achieved for a wide range of working distances and angles between the fiber tip and stone surface in an emulated intraoperative ambient. Our work establishes the methodological basis for engineering a clinical device that achieves real-time, in situ classification of urinary stones for optimizing the laser ablation parameters and reducing perioperative complications in lithotripsy.

Effect of laser pulse repetition rate in the synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles in PVA solution on the adsorption efficiency against phosphate ions

Eutrophication of the receiving confined water bodies could be caused by the presence of phosphate traces in treated wastewater from municipalities and factory businesses. One of the promising methods for phosphate removal is adsorption, which could be used in conjunction with the phosphate ions in the wastewater sectors, to meet discharge requirements when the biological media performance is compromised by changes in operating conditions. For that, pulsed laser ablation in liquid media process was used to create nickel oxide nanoparticles and embed them with poly vinyl alcohol to create nanocomposite structures. Their effectiveness in removing phosphate from the water was then investigated under various aquatic environmental circumstances. Additionally, the novelty was appeared for the first time to vary their particle sizes using different laser ablation parameters, like repetition rate. To determine how surface characteristics affect the phosphate adsorption behavior, the surface structure of the materials was examined using X-ray diffraction, a N2-adsorption-desorption technique, UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, a transmission electron microscope, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. After that, in the adsorption investigation, adsorption isotherms, pH effects, and a desorbability study were all investigated during the adsorption test. The findings demonstrated that the prepared nanocomposite with a lower particle size of NiO NPs had higher adsorption efficiency than that with a larger particle size of NiO NPs because of the changes in surface structure of the materials. The results also demonstrated that the adsorbed amounts of phosphate tended to reduce with increasing pH for all samples. Thus, phosphate could be absorbed by the NiO/PVA nanocomposite structure in complicated solutions.

Investigation of through micropatterns fabrication on C194 copper foil by ultraviolet nanosecond pulsed laser microdrilling

While the lead frames of C194 copper alloy widely used in IC packages contain high density of through micropatterns, the method for realizing high precision manufacturing of the micropatterns on copper foil with thickness down to a few hundred micrometers is highly demanded. In the present work, we demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing high density through micropatterns on C194 copper foil with high precision and high uniformity by using ultraviolet nanosecond pulsed laser microdrilling. Specifically, the absorption coefficient of C194 copper foil for 355 nm wavelength is experimentally derived, based on which the sublimation enthalpy of the material is calibrated by iteratively comparing predicted crater morphology by finite element simulations with experimental data. Then the multi-pulse laser ablation mechanisms of C194 copper foil are investigated jointly by finite element simulations and experiments, which derive the quantitative correlation of ablation crater depth with laser ablation parameters. Finally, high density arrays of through micropatterns with high dimensional accuracy and high uniformity are fabricated on C194 copper foil with a thickness of 100 μm by the proposed ultraviolet nanosecond pulsed laser microdrilling with theoretically predicted repeat scanning number. Furthermore, the effect of pickling on surface quality and resistance of the manufactured copper lead frame is addressed. This work provides a feasible method for manufacturing copper alloy lead frames with high precision through micropatterns in an environmentally friendly manner.

Hierarchical composite structure to simultaneously realize superior superhydrophobicity and anti-reflection

Superhydrophobicity and anti-reflection of metallic surfaces have potential applications, and obtaining superhydrophobicity on metallic surfaces by simple methods is still a challenge. The composite microstructure consisting of micro-protrusions, micro-lumps and particles was fabricated on aluminum surface by laser ablation. A layer of hydrophobic species that can prevent the surface from being wetted formed on the microstructure through organic adsorption. In particular, laser ablation parameters were optimized to achieve better superhydrophobicity and anti-reflection. The fabricated superhydrophobic surfaces showed contact angles > 165° for water and contact angles > 160° for high-concentration solutions and high-viscosity solutions. Conventional bounce contact time < 10 ms was exhibited for water droplets impacting on fabricated surfaces, especially, the shortest contact time reaching 9.4 ms. anti-reflection was also realized on the laser-ablated aluminum surface, and specular reflections were almost completely avoided by laser ablation structures. The mechanism of the transition from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic on fabricated surfaces was discussed. Superhydrophobic aluminum surfaces with anti-reflection could be efficiently manufactured in a few hours without special equipment and harsh condition through the proposed two-step method.

Improving the accuracy of high-repetition-rate LIBS based on laser ablation and scanning parameters optimization.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system based on high-repetition-rate microchip laser (HR-LIBS) has been widely used in elemental analysis due to its high energy stability, good portability and fast spectral acquisition speed. However, repeated ablation on powder pellets like soil and coal using HR-LIBS system encounters the problem of serious decline in measurement accuracy. In this work, the relationship between laser ablation and scanning parameters, their correlation with spectral intensity, as well as the optimization approach were fundamentally studied. The correlations among the crater overlapping rate, crater depth and spectral intensity were obtained. An HR-LIBS system with microchip laser (4 kHz repetition rate, 100 µJ laser pulse energy) to perform repeated scanning ablation was established. A theoretical model of the ablation crater morphology for repeated scanning ablation was developed. By taking soil pellets as the experimental samples, the linear fitting curves of crater depth and the spectral intensity ratio were established with the R2 of 0.90∼0.99. The experimental results showed that as the crater depth developed during repeated ablation, the Si-normalized spectral intensity decreased, and thus the spectral repeatability decreased. It was found that by optimizing the overlapping rate to form a flat crater bottom, the confinement effect of the crater on the plasma could be avoided. As a result, the spectral repeatability was significantly improved. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of Si-normalized spectral intensity was improved from 5% to 0.6%. Finally, repeated ablation was performed with the optimized overlapping rate on soil pellets. The R2 of calibration curves of Fe, Mg, Ca, and Al were all above 0.993, and the average RSDs were between 0.5% and 1%. This study provides a fast, accurate, and stable method for the analysis of the samples consisting of various materials with high heterogeneity.

Qualitative imaging of elemental spatial distribution in stalagmites through laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis

The laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) technique is considered versatile for multi-elemental analysis and imaging because it is easy to handle, compatible with different types of solid samples, requires minimal sample preparation, and provides high spatial resolution and sensitivity. One of the challenges of imaging analysis is to obtain accurate and precise spatial information of elements distribution in the sample, so the optimization of the laser ablation (LA) parameters is essential. In this context, this study aimed to optimize the LA parameters for direct analysis of speleothem samples. Laser intensity, frequency, and spot diameter were evaluated through multivariate experimental design and multi-response data, the influence of ablation scan speed and the use of 44Ca as an internal standard (IS) for the qualitative image of 66Zn, 137Ba, 55Mn, 57Fe, 88Sr, 60Ni, and 26Mg distribution in the sample were also evaluated. The multivariate optimization revealed positive interactions between the parameters evaluated, i.e., the greater the laser intensity, LA frequency, and spot diameter, the greater the analyte signal and, thus the sensitivity. Therefore, 90% laser ablation intensity, 20 Hz repetition rate, and 100 µm spot diameter were selected. In the scan speed evaluation, the images obtained with 40 and 20 µm s-1 were very similar for all isotopes. The use of 44Ca as IS did not impact the resolution of the images. The use of 44Ca can provide important information about the speleothem formation and paleoclimate changes.

Manufacture of TiO2 nanoparticles with high preparation efficiency and photocatalytic performance by controlling the parameters of pulsed laser ablation in liquid.

This study proposes a method to improve the production efficiency and photocatalytic performance of TiO2 nanoparticles using the pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) method to optimise preparation parameters. In this study, the variation of particle size, morphology, preparation, and catalytic efficiency due to the increase in the number of pulses is studied. The mechanism of particle morphology change is analysed using thermodynamic simulation. The density functional theory (DFT) is used to calculate and characterise the reason why the special structure formed by particle breaking improves the photocatalytic performance. In addition, the influence of the law of solution height on particle breakage is summarised to obtain an optimised preparation parameter. The proposed method provides a reference for the selection of parameters in actual production.

Accurate Determination of Zr Isotopic Ratio in Zircons by Femtosecond Laser Ablation MC-ICP-MS with \u201cWet\u201d Plasma Technique

This work evaluates the use of femtosecond laser ablation multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (fs-LA-MC-ICP-MS) for Zr isotopic analysis in zircons. The mass fractionation caused by instrumental mass discrimination was corrected by a combination of internal correction using Sr as an internal standard (coming from a NIST SRM 987 standard solution) and external correction using a matrix-matched standard. Several important instrument parameters were investigated, such as the effect of the addition of N2 and “wet” plasma condition, the mass fractionation behaviors between Zr isotopes and Sr isotopes, the position effect in laser ablation cell and the effect of laser ablation parameters (laser spot size and energy density). The Zr isotope compositions of seven zircons (GJ-1, 91500, Plešovice, Rak-17, Paki, Aus and Mala) were determined by the developed fs-LA-MC-ICP-MS and thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). Our fs-LA-MC-ICP-MS results for Zr isotope compositions agreed with TIMS analyses within analytical uncertainties, indicating the presented method is a suitable tool to resolve isotopic zoning in natural zircons. The results also suggest that GJ-1, 91500, Plešovice, Paki, Aus and Mala had the homogenous Zr isotope composition and could be considered as the potential candidates for the Zr isotope analysis in zircons, except Rak-17 which presented the large Zr isotope variation.

Conducting interfaces between LaAlO3 and thick homoepitaxial SrTiO3 films for transferable templates

For the mechanical stability of heterostructure membranes such as LaAlO3 (LAO)/SrTiO3 (STO), which is well-known for two-dimensional electron transport at the interface, a thick template substrate layer is required. However, thick STO films typically suffer from the formation of undesired point defects, mainly due to its cation off-stoichiometry, which results in the insulating interface with LAO. Herein, we report the successful fabrication of a conducting interface between LAO and thick homoepitaxial STO films by pulsed laser deposition. The careful optimization of laser ablation parameters including laser energy density and laser spot size led to stoichiometric 500 nm–thick STO films that have a lattice structure identical to that of bulk single crystals of STO, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy. The interface between 4 nm–thick LAO and 500 nm–thick stoichiometric STO films exhibited a metallic behavior at low temperature down to 4 K, implying a low concentration of point defects in the homoepitaxial STO film. Ultimately, a crack-free, millimeter-sized 500 nm–thick STO membrane was successfully fabricated. These results are expected to facilitate the integration of high-quality complex oxide heterostructure membranes with various substrates including silicon, enabling their practical applications.

Laser damage resistance of plasma-sprayed alumina and honeycomb skeleton/alumina composite ceramic coatings

Al2O3 and honeycomb skeleton-Al2O3 composite coatings on Titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) were prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying. A laser ablation experiment on as-sprayed coatings was performed. In this paper, the laser damage resistance, microstructure, phase composition of Al2O3 coatings were examined. 3D Dimensional Confocal Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) characterized the laser damage morphology, microstructure, phase composition, and element analysis, respectively. The influence of the honeycomb skeleton on the laser ablation damage on as-sprayed coatings was investigated by a comparative analysis of the laser damage morphology with different laser ablation times and gas flow. The results show that the honeycomb skeleton raises thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. Moreover, a “tower”-like dendrite was generated during the laser irradiation of the composite coating. The honeycomb skeleton refined the structure, suppressed crack propagation, and reduced the influence of gas flow on cracks. Under the same experimental laser ablation parameters, the laser damage area of the honeycomb skeleton-Al2O3 composite coating was smaller than that of the Al2O3 coating. It was demonstrated that the laser damage resistance of the honeycomb skeleton-Al2O3 composite coating was superior to that of the Al2O3 coating.

A Simple and Low-Cost Method for Fabrication of Polydimethylsiloxane Microfludic Chips.

The conventional fabrication methods for enrichment microfluidic devices require cleanroom, which are costly and time-consuming. Developing a facile and low-cost method to fabricate microfluidic chips could stimulate the progress of the applications of those chips. Here, we present an easy method for fabrication of a complete PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chip used for ion and protein enrichment. The method consists of three main fabrication steps: PDMS microchannels ablation by co₂ laser, nation membrane deposition, and oxygen plasma assist bonding under pressure. To fabricate a desired microchannel, the laser ablation parameters, containing laser power and ablation speed, were analyzed. The parameters for oxygen plasma assist bonding were also investigated to improve the bonding quality of the chips (low dimension loss and high bonding strength). The following Rhodamine B enrichment tests demonstrate that the presented method allows fabrication of microfluidic chips with precise dimensions and leakage free.

Effect of Laser Parameters on the Characteristics and Stability of Ag NPs Produced by Laser Ablation in Stationary Conditions

The effect of laser ablation parameters on the size and stability of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by laser ablation in deionised water was investigated. The results showed that the selected laser parameters (laser pulse wavelength and laser fluence) and ablation of the target in a fixed beam position had a direct effect on the size and size distribution of Ag NPs. The stability of all Ag nanoparticle samples prepared in different laser parameters has been studied. All the samples of Ag NPs presented remarkable long-term stability up to two months.

Effect of annealing on quality enhancement of micro-machining green alumina ceramics by laser ablation

The natural characteristics of sintered ceramics limit the micromachining of functional surface textures in terms of tool wear, processing quality and economic effectiveness. So, the micro-machining of green ceramics before completely sintering is introduced. In this paper, micro-channels are fabricated on the surfaces of green ceramics pretreated by different annealing temperatures. The effect of parametric combination of annealing temperature and laser parameters on the response of processing quality, channel dimension and material removal rate (MRR) are studied by single fact experiments and multi-objective optimization by the response surface method (RSM). The mathematical models of the interaction between different factor combinations are developed based on RSM. Results show that the annealing temperature has significant influence on the aspect ratio under different laser parameters. Continuous channels with few recast layers are always formed at the annealing temperatures of 500–800 °C and a higher annealing temperature always contributes to a larger aspect ratio. Based on the responses of RSM, the optimal parameters of laser ablation and annealing temperature are chosen as laser power of 6 W, scanning speed of 350 mm/s, laser frequency of 40 KHz, and the pretreatment annealing temperature of 750 °C. The experiments validate good agreement of proposed model.

Research on a novel fabricating method of diamond grinding tool with defined grain arrangement

Grain-arranged grinding tool refers to a kind of grinding tool in which the position of abrasive grains on grinding tool can be controlled artificially. In this paper, a new method for fabrication of grain-arranged grinding tool is proposed, which is to directly coat the mask material (UV ink) on the metal substrate, and then by combining laser ablation and grain electroplating technology, the grinding tool with orderly arrangement of abrasive grains can finally be obtained. For the proposed fabrication method, the fabrication process is introduced in detail, mainly including the relationship between laser ablation parameters and the ablated mask hole depth, and the relationship between mask hole aspect ratio and the morphology of the plated layer in the mask hole. It is found that for laser ablation of UV ink, the critical laser power to remove the UV ink is 1.79 W, and the critical ablation threshold is 0.269 J/cm2. When the used laser power is 5.4–21 W, the relationship between laser power and the ablated hole depth is basically linear. For mask hole electroplating process, it is found that the unevenness of the plated layer in the mask hole and the growth rate of the plating layer increase with the decrease of the mask hole aspect ratio. By using the proposed method, grain-arranged grinding tool with 6 mm diameter, 95 μm grain size, and 150 μm grain spacing has been successfully fabricated, and its processing performance has been preliminarily validated by machining experiments.

Investigation of nitrogen addition, position effect and mismatch intensity effect in Li isotopic analysis by nanosecond laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The accurate calibration of Li isotope ratio analysis was implemented by a simple and easy-to-operate sample-standard bracketing (SSB) calibration method using nanosecond laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ns-LA-MC-ICP-MS). The method requires stable instrumental conditions to ensure similar or same mass bias for the sample and the bracketing standard. To stabilize the instrumental conditions and reduce the matrix effect, N2 was added at 4 ml min−1 into the central gas, at a cost of 35–42% reduction in intensity of 7Li. Additionally, to reduce the mass bias difference between the sample and the bracketing standard, their positions in the ablation cell and intensity mismatch effect were also evaluated. An offset of up to 5‰ in δ7Li was observed if the sample and standard were too far apart in the laser ablation cell, and our study demonstrated that the position effect was effectively reduced/eliminated when the sample and standard were placed close to each other, or a volume-optional and low-memory (VOLM) cell was applied for analysis. Furthermore, the intensity mismatch effect was evaluated by changing three laser ablation parameters (spot size, energy and repetition rate). To reduce the intensity mismatch effect, Li content of the selected standard should be close to that of sample, and the Li intensity of sample and standard should be matched by adjusting laser repetition rate. According to the investigation of the above influencing factors on the Li isotope ratio measurements, we can optimize an effective analytical scheme of Li isotope for more geological materials using ns-LA-MC-ICP-MS.

FTIR and Raman as a noninvasive probe for predicting the femtosecond laser ablation profile on heterogeneous human teeth

For high precision laser surgery, noninvasive tool for prediction of laser ablation profile beforehand is imperative. The present study proposed a method to utilize nondestructive FTIR and Raman probes for predicting laser ablation profile overcoming the challenge of heterogeneity on individual target tissue. By ascribing the chemical heterogeneity of teeth drive their differential machining capability, the study establishes a correlation between the chemical composition and their ablation parameters (ω0,Deff and Fth). The chemical composition of teeth was obtained by noninvasive tools (FTIR and Raman) in terms of absorption peak intensity. To further correlate with key laser ablation parameters, the laser irradiation study was carried out using 800 nm, 100 fs, Ti:Sapphire laser. The surface morphology of irradiated sample was measured by optical profiler. A strong correlation was observed between laser ablation parameters and peak intensity of phosphate group for both FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The concentration of phosphate group shows a positive relationship to ablation threshold fluence, while the effective Gaussian beam radius and effective energy penetration depth show negative correlation. Both nondestructive probes show good linearity which enable us to extrapolate the key laser ablation parameters for predicting laser ablation profile on random dentin and enamel samples. The ablation profiles predicted based on both FTIR and Raman are well-matched in dentin, whereas it shows a slight deviation in enamel. The predicted profiles are consistent with experimental results at lower power whereas it shows a slight deviation at higher power due to screening effect. Thus, FTIR and Raman probes can be used to predict laser ablation profile nondestructively in real-time and obviate the need for trial runs. Furthermore, the present study has predicted the laser ablation rate and ablation efficiency for performing laser surgery in optimum laser processing conditions irrespective of teeth heterogeneity.