Parameters Grain Research Articles

Single grain K-feldspar MET-IRSL sediment transport determination: bleaching patterns and rates

This paper describes ways that Infra-Red Stimulated Luminescence (IRSL) signals from K-feldspar grains can be used to determine patterns and rates of sediment transport. In particular, it focusses on the potential provided by single grains to reveal their individual exposure and burial histories by the application of multiple elevated temperature (MET) IRSL measurements. We examine similarities and differences in bleaching behaviour with different light sources and introduce the concept of an equilibrium bleach. We present data on the variability of bleaching parameters for grains from single sediment samples, and discuss different analysis approaches to best determine individual grain histories. We describe a single grain “bleach recovery” experiment, and the application of a combined growth-bleach protocol designed to allow optimal data collection of both aspects of grain behaviour. We discuss the development of a burial-bleach model using numerical simulations based on direct observations of sample characteristics.

Productivity of spring barley at different seeding rates and doses of fertilizers

In the forest-steppe of the Euro-North-East of the Russian Federation (The Republic of Mordovia), the research has been carried out to optimize methods for cultivating spring barley of the Zazersky 85 cultivar, which allow to increase yield and improve grain quality. The experiment was carried out in 2020–2022 on leached medium-humic heavy loamy chernozem. There were studied seeding rates (4.5; 5.0; 5.5 million germinating seeds/ha) and doses of fertilizers (Ν0Р0К0; Ν32Р32К32 – before sowing (background); background + Ν30-60-90 – in top dressing). It has been established that increasing the seeding rate from 4.5–5.0 to 5.5 million significantly reduced the barley grain yield by 0.61–0.70 t/ha, respectively, on average over the years of the research. The crop yield increased significantly under the influence of mineral fertilizers – by 1.62–3.42 t/ha compared to the control (2.68 t/ha). In general, the highest grain yield (6.29–6.47 t/ha) was obtained when sowing barley at rates of 4.5 and 5.0 million germinated seeds/ha by the application of Ν32P32K32 before sowing and Ν60-90 as a top dressing in the tillering phase. Under the influence of fertilizers, the quality parameters of grain changed: the grain unit increased by 15–33 g/l, the weight of 1000 grains – by 0.63–1.53 g, the protein content – up to 13.2 %; the film content decreased by 0.3–0.7 abs.%. The highest grain uniformity (93.0–94.8 %) was observed at the seeding rate of 4.5 and 5.0 million germinated seeds/ha in the variants with nitrogen fertilizers (Ν60-90) against the background of Ν32P32K32. The highest profitability of grain production of the Zazersky 85 barley cultivar (103,18 %) was obtained at the seeding rate of 4.5 million germinated seeds per 1 ha with the application of Ν32P32K32 before sowing and N60 as a top dressing in the tillering phase.

Investigation of metabolic processes of alcohol yeast during the fermentation of buckwheat-corn wort

To expand the range of competitive alcoholic beverages with original organoleptic properties, it is promising to study the use of new types of plant raw materials in grain distillate technologies. The purpose of this work was to establish the influence of the characteristics of the composition of grain wort prepared with the joint use of an alternative raw material source — buck- wheat and corn, which is widely used in alcohol production, on the metabolic processes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 985-T and alcoholic fermentation. The objects of the study were buckwheat and corn; enzyme preparations — sources of amylases, xylanases, β-glucanases and proteases; samples of grain wort, mash and mash distillates. The prospects of introducing mixed grain media prepared using non-traditional buckwheat raw materials into the technology of original alcoholic bever- ages are substantiated. It was shown that the use of buckwheat as a source of biocomplete protein, essential amino acids and minerals together with corn containing a high level of starch and a low level of non-starch polysaccharides contributed both to an increase in the yield of alcohol and a change in the quantitative content of secondary metabolites in the composition of volatile impurities. It was found that an increase in the concentration of soluble carbohydrates in the wort and a decrease in its viscosity by 15.5–40.3% occurred due to the inclusion of corn in the composition of the grain mixture, and the enrichment of the wort with nitrogen assimilated by yeast by 19.0–41.8% — as a result adding buckwheat. The optimal ratio of corn and buckwheat in the composition of the grain mixture (7:3) was selected, which made it possible to improve the biochemical and technological parameters of grain must, increase the efficiency of the vital processes of yeast and alcoholic fermentation, ensure an increase in the yield of alcohol by 1.8%, reduce the formation of side metabolites, especially higher alcohols, and change their composition in the direction of increasing the proportion of aldehydes and esters, which can have a positive effect on the organoleptic characteristics of the distillate.

Сравнительная агротехнологическая оценка возделывания яровой пшеницы в южной лесостепи Западной Сибири

Abstract. Long-term (more than 20 years) studies were carried out on meadow – chernozem soil in the southern forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. In a stationary grain-steam crop rotation (steam-wheat-wheat-wheat-barley), a comparative assessment of fertility, the state of agrophytocenosis, yield and quality of spring wheat grain, depending on the placement of the crop in the crop rotation, the tillage system, and complex chemicalization was carried out. The purpose of the research is to establish the influence and effectiveness of multi-level agricultural technologies of spring wheat on the elements of soil fertility, the state of agrophytocenosis, productivity and technological properties of grain in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia. Research methods. In the southern forest-steppe agricultural landscapes, the effectiveness of multi-level agricultural technologies of spring wheat cultivation has been established, with an increase in yield from 1.51 to 3.24 t/ha (2.1 times) and a decrease in technological parameters of grain. For the first time, the share contribution of chemicalization components in increasing the productivity of spring wheat cultivated by steam and in the grain-steam crop rotation has been established. Two-factor experience: factor A – tillage system (dump-plowing on the head of 20–22 cm, annually; combined-plowing in the fallow field and under the third wheat after steam for 20–22 cm and flat-cut on the head of 10–12 for the second wheat after steam barley; flat-cut on the head of 10–12 cm for all crops annually; minimal – in the fallow field cultivation on the 8–10 cm. in other fields without autumn treatment); factor B – means of intensification (control – without chemicals, the option of complex application of chemicals included the combined use of fertilizers (N24 P36 per 1 ha of arable land), recommended herbicides, fungicides and retardants). Results. It was found that intensive agrotechnology with the use of fertilizers and plant protection products makes the main contribution to increasing the yield and technological parameters of grain – 30–35 %, precursors – up to 20–25 %, weather conditions of the growing season – 18–20 %, the system of tillage in crop rotation – 10–12 %. The complex application of chemicals contributes to an increase in crop biomass to 2080 g/m2 (by 49 %), reduces water consumption to 73 mm per 1 t\ of grain (2.7 times), optimizes the nutrient regime of the soil and the phytosanitary state of agrophytocenosis, which ultimately increases yields from 1.51 to 3.27 t/ha while improving the technological properties of grain gluten content up to 26.4 – 29.4 %. Long-term rational use of chemicals does not lead to the accumulation of ecotoxicants in soil and grain. The scientific novelty was revealed for the conditions of Western Siberia with the long-term rational use of chemicals, the accumulation of ecotoxicants in the soil and grain was not observed.

Development of a fuzzy logical model of Sugeno for the classification of grain varieties

Ambiguity and fuzziness are characteristic of many real-life situations, including the classification of objects based on their characteristics. In this context, fuzzy logic is a powerful tool for modeling uncertainty and making decisions under fuzzy conditions. The Sugeno model, a subset of fuzzy logic, offers a simple and effective approach to constructing rule-based control and classification systems based on linguistic variables. This paper explores the application of the Sugeno model to classify grain varieties based on their characteristics. For this purpose, a data set containing information about the parameters of grains from three different varieties of wheat is used. The study develops a fuzzy logic model that can effectively and accurately classify grain varieties based on their size and shape. To build the model, the scikit-fuzzy library is used, which provides tools for working with fuzzy logic in the Python programming language. Experiments are conducted with different variants of classification rules, optimizing the model to achieve the highest classification accuracy and reliability. The results obtained allow us to evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of the Sugeno model for the classification problems of grain varieties. The developed model can be useful for agronomists and agricultural specialists to automate the process of identifying wheat varieties based on their characteristics.

USE OF THE WORKING BODY OF THE UNIVERSAL VIBRATORY MILL FOR DRYING GRAIN MATERIAL

One of the most perspective directions of intensification of heat and mass transfer in the processes of drying plant materials and increasing the energy efficiency of drying plants is the application of a vibration field for mixing grain material while moving in the drying chamber. The analysis of existing vibration installations has revealed that the most promising is the usage of vibratory grinding chambers with spatial circulation of material for the implementation of grain heat treatment, in particular drying. As a result, it is proposed to use the proven element base of a vibratory mill as a working body of which grinding chambers with spatial circulation of the load are used. The article presents the structural and technological scheme of a vibratory thermal drying unit, the structural parameters of the unit, and a mathematical description of the grain drying process. The obtained differential equations constitute a mathematical model of the nonstationary process of continuous drying of grain material and determine the change in time, parameters of grain and steam-gas mixture at the outlet of the grain drying chamber. The constructed mathematical model of the drying process makes it possible to determine the modes of heating and dehydration of grain material during circulation in a vibrating chamber with a conductive energy supply and partial vacuuming of the chamber, to expand the technological capabilities of the "vibrating mill" type installations. The graphical dependences of the temperature and moisture content of grain over time, the data for which were determined experimentally, are presented when a monolayer of grain of mass m is heated on a heating surface of area F at a stabilized surface temperature θn. In this work, the kinetics of drying and heating of grain were obtained, which were used to calculate the parameters of the vibrothermal drying unit. Also, using the results of the experiments, the performance indicators of the vibration dryer created on the basis of the grinding chamber of the vibrating mill were determined.

Selected Cultivar-Specific Parameters of Wheat Grain as Factors Influencing Intensity of Development of Grain Weevil Sitophilus granarius (L.)

Wheat, the main source of protein in the human diet, is a staple food in many countries. The yields and technological quality of wheat grain depend on both the yielding potential of wheat and the properties of wheat grain that allow its safe storage. To a large extent, losses during storage are caused by storage pests. Grains of 46 wheat cultivars were used in the study (samples weighing 20 g of each variety in 10 replications), on which the development of the grain weevil Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was observed (20 insects aged 3–4 days; sex ratio of 1:1). The laboratory study was carried out at constant temperature (27 OC) and humidity (75% relative humidity). The laboratory study demonstrated that the physicochemical parameters of grain (hardness, glassiness, flouriness, content of protein, sugars, starch, and crude fat), which are cultivar-dependent, can act as regulators of the development of the grain weevil. The main aim of the study was to develop recommendations regarding the breeding of wheat cultivars resistant to the foraging of S. granarius and which could therefore produce grain for longer storage, and to distinguish those that are more sensitive to the grain weevil and whose grain should therefore be supplied to the market more quickly. Knowledge of the resistance or susceptibility of individual cereal varieties to the feeding of storage pests may be useful in integrated grain storage management. Among the 46 wheat cultivars studied, five cultivars with the highest and five cultivars with the lowest susceptibility to foraging by S. granarius were identified. The highest inherent tolerance to the grain weevil was displayed by the following cultivars: KWS Livius, Bogatka, Speedway, Platin, and Julius; in contrast, the cultivars Askalon, Bamberka, Ostroga, Forum, and Muszelka proved to be the most sensitive. The chemical and physical analysis of the selected cultivars revealed a significant, positive correlation between the intensity of the development of the grain weevil, the content of starch and crude fat in the grain, and grain hardness and flouriness.

Physical and chemical properties of amaranth grain as affected by the varietal characteristics and humidity

Purpose. To establish the peculiarities of the formation of physicochemical properties of amaranth grain under the effect of varietal characteristics and humidity. Methods. Laboratory methods for determination of physicochemical and physicomechanical properties of grain; calculation for determination of volume, area and sphericity of grain; mathematical and statistical methods for the analysis of the experimental data. Results. The research shows that the carbohydrate content of amaranth grain varied from 63.1 to 68.7%. At the same time, the content of carbohydrates in the grain of variety ‘Kharkivskyi-1’ was significantly higher compared to ‘Atstek’ and ‘Helios’. The content of protein in the grain of the studied varieties varied significantly. The highest protein content was in the grain of 'Lera' and ‘Kharkivskyi-1’ varieties (20.2–24.9%). It should be noted that the lysine content in the grain of these varieties was also the highest (0.85–0.91%). Grain moisture content in the studied varieties was low (8.3–11.1%). The highest grain quality was in the ‘Helios’ variety – 819 g/dm3, while in the rest of the studied varieties it ranged from 748 to 775 g/dm3. 1000-kernel weight and 1000-kernel volume were almost equal in the studied amaranth varieties. At the same time, the angle of the natural slope varied reliably. The coefficients of external friction at rest and the coefficient of external friction in motion for the grain of the varieties ‘Kharkivskyi-1’, ‘Lera’ and ‘Atstek’ were significantly higher compared to ‘Helios’. The geometric parameters of grain changed reliably depending on their humidity: as the humidity of the grain increases, its geometric parameters increase. An increase in the moisture content of the grain increases the linear dimensions. At the same time, the volume and surface area of the grain increases, thanks to which the sphericity increases. Conclusions. It was established that the physicochemical properties of amaranth grain reliably change as affected by varietal characteristics and humidity. The grain of amaranth varieties ‘Lera’ and ‘Kharkivskyi-1’ has the highest protein content (20.2–24.9%) and lysine (0.85–0.91%). The carbohydrate content is 65.3–68.7%. ‘Helios’ variety has the highest grain quality – 819 g/dm3. 1000-kernel weight is 0.664–0.710 g, depending on the variety. The grain of varieties ‘Kharkivskyi-1’, ‘Lera’ and ‘Atstek’ is characterized by a higher angle of natural slope, coefficients of external friction at rest and external friction in motion. An increase in grain moisture significantly increases its geometric parameters.

Macromagnetic Approach to the Modeling in Time Domain of Magnetic Losses of Ring Cores of Soft Ferrites in Power Electronics

This article presents a new modeling approach capable of predicting Eddy current losses in soft ferrite cores as a function of the winding current. The proposed model is formulated in the time domain, which defines the magnetic core as a repeated regular structure of magnetic material grains and grain boundary in space. In this way, the homogenization process of the material is avoided, which is intended as the definition of a set of physical parameters of a continuous material equivalent to the real structure of the material. The distribution of the current density in the core and the core losses are computed utilizing the physical and geometric parameters of the grain of the magnetic material and of the grain boundary. To address the uncertainty in the definition of the physical and geometrical parameters of the magnetic grain and the grain boundary, a dedicated optimization procedure has been formulated, which takes into account the inaccuracy in the parameter measurement and the fact that the grain contour is an irregular surface and the boundary thickness is neither constant nor uniform. The performance assessment of the model is carried out over a broad frequency range using several experiments with a power amplifier and a dc–dc converter.

DIVERSITY OF LOCAL MAIZE IN EJIDOS OF THE FRAILESCA REGION OF CHIAPAS, MEXICO

<p><strong>Background</strong>: In studies of local maize diversity, conservation is often identified as a linear process, related to the limited analysis of the implications of technological change, especially improved commercial seed, on local maize potential and its conservation. This generates increasing socio-technical complexity <strong>Objective</strong>: To characterize the potential of local maize present in two ejidos of the Frailesca region of Chiapas, considering the farmers' knowledge about them and the configurations they adopt together with other maize in the context of technological change. <strong>Methodology</strong>: Using the snowball technique, peasant domestic production units that conserve local maize (LM) were identified and samples were collected. The ethnographic method was used to deepen the farmers' knowledge of the local varieties and the configurations they share with other maize. The characteristics of the ear and kernel of the collected LM were described. <strong>Results</strong>: In the selected peasant domestic production units farmers maintain 15 varieties of LM based on a broad knowledge of these varieties; the basis of the selection process, conservation and adaptation to the conditions where they preserve them. According to the parameters of grains and cobs the LM collected are concentrated in three groups and form non-linear configurations with improved maize and other local varieties, in correspondence with the homogenizing technological flow typical of the Frailesca region. I<strong>mplications</strong>: This productive environment where the conservation of LM is developed makes evident the importance of an integrative approach to capture their growing socio-technical complexity. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: The LM potential evidenced permanence and morphological variability despite the homogenizing effect of technological change in the study area, where the socio-technical framework of LM conservation becomes more complex and the broad expert knowledge of farmers on the management of maize diversity acquires greater relevance. </p>

Effect of Biopreparations Obtained from Carboxymethylated Plant Raw Material on the Wheat Growth, Crop Capacity, and Biochemical Parameters of Grain

Effect of Biopreparations Obtained from Carboxymethylated Plant Raw Material on the Wheat Growth, Crop Capacity, and Biochemical Parameters of Grain

Formation of winter rye productivity and grain quality under insufficient moisture

The purpose of the current work was to identify the features of the formation of productivity and grain quality indicators of modern winter rye varieties and hybrids, depending on the moisture content of the spring-summer vegetation period. The study was carried out at the TatRIA FRC KazSC RAS (Republic of Tatarstan) in contrasting weather years (2020–2021). The object of the study was the population of winter rye varieties ‘Estafeta Tatarstana’, ‘Radon’, ‘Ogonyok’, ‘Tantana’, ‘Podarok’, ‘Zilant’ and German heterotic hybrids ‘KVS Aviator’ and ‘KVS Prommo’. There has been established that for the studied rye varieties and hybrids, grain productivity decrease caused by drought was 44 %, number of heads per 1 m2 reduced on 19.4 %, and 1000-grain weight dropped on 27.7 %. The advantages of rye hybrids according to grain productivity with a good supply of spring-summer vegetation were 14 %, with a lack of moisture they were 10 %. Among the population varieties, the varieties ‘Zilant’, ‘Podarok’ and ‘Tantana’ had the least losses from drought. There has been identified that in terms of baking and technological qualities the situation was vice versa. In a dry year, there was an increase of such indicators as the amylogram height (in 2 times), protein (on 20.8 %), and falling number (on 14.2 %). There has been established that the biochemical parameters of grain (content of fiber, ash, oil) improved significantly. The obtained study results have indicated that in dry years it is necessary to prepare batches of rye with high technological qualities and biochemical properties for baking industry.

Bioecological Features, Biochemical and Physicochemical Parameters of Grain of New Genotypes

The presented study allowed for better coverage of the features of new varieties of soft winter wheat and winter triticale, demonstrating the bioecological potential of their crops and the biochemical and physicochemical parameters of grain, which is a relevant matter. This paper presents the results of selection work on winter triticale, highlights the parameters of productivity, the biochemical composition of grain of the new Myronosets variety. The purpose of this study was to create new genotypes of winter triticale and soft winter wheat and investigate them in terms of bioecological potential and biochemical, physico-chemical parameters of grain. The study involved biometric, physico-chemical, biochemical, and mathematical research methods. The Myronosets variety has a high grain yield (6.8-7.2 t/ha), a high protein content (≥14.2%) and a composition of essential amino acids, which confirms its nutritional and consumer value. It is recommended to use flour from this variety to produce functional bakery products. For the first time, it was found that Myronosets triticale variety is superior (4919 mg/100 g DM) to Ariivka wheat variety (3977 mg/100 g DM) and Borotba rye variety (3241 mg/100 g DM) in total amino acid content. It was found that triticale grain is inferior to wheat grain in terms of tryptophan and isoleucine content. Rye is inferior to wheat grain in all essential amino acids except leucine, and to triticale – in all amino acids except tryptophan. The most represented amino acids in triticale grain were as follows: leucine (1442 mg/100 g), valine (733 mg/100 g), phenylalanine (720 mg/100 g) and isoleucine (510 mg/100 g), in rye – leucine (1343 mg/100 g), valine (481 mg/100 g) and phenylalanine (396 mg/100 g). Further broad targeted introduction of the new variety in agroecosystems will increase the volume of grain of valuable both animal feed and to produce functional bakery products

Morphometric parameters of sulphide ores as a basis for selective ore dressing

To assess the possibility of selective disintegration and reduction of overgrinding of hard-to-reproduce ores, optical microscopic and X-ray microtomographic studies were carried out and quantitative characteristics of morphological parameters of disseminated and rich cuprous ore samples from Norilsk-type Oktyabrsky deposit were identified. Among quantitative morphological parameters the most informative are area, perimeter, edge roughness, sphericity, elongation and average grain spacing for disseminated copper-nickel ores; area, perimeter, edge roughness and elongation for rich cuprous ores. The studied parameters are characterized by increased values and dispersion in ore zones, which is especially important for fine-grained ores, which are difficult to diagnose by optical methods. Three-dimensional modelling of the internal structure of sulphide mineralisation samples was carried out using computed X-ray microtomography, which allows observation of quantitative parameters of grains, aggregates and their distribution in the total rock volume and interrelationship with each other. The evaluation of rock pore space by computer microtomography made it possible to compare the results obtained with the strength characteristics of rocks and ores, including those on different types of crushers. The obtained quantitative characteristics of structural-textural parameters and analysis of grain size distribution of ore minerals allow us to evaluate the possibility of applying selective crushing at various stages of ore preparation

Thermomechanical treatment influence on strength properties of vanadium alloys of V-Me(Cr, W)-Zr system at different temperatures

The results of a study of the influence of thermomechanical treatment modes and stabilizing annealing temperature on structural-phase state parameters and mechanical properties of disperse-strengthened vanadium alloys of V-Me(Cr, W)-Zr system are presented. The methods of scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the grain, defect, and heterophase structure of alloys. The regularities of their structural-phase transformation and fracture were studied depending on the conditions of treatment and tensile deformation. The values of strength properties and plasticity were determined by tension at different temperatures after various treatment modes. It has been established that, regardless of the stabilizing annealing temperature, the use of a modified thermomechanical treatment (TMT-II) provides a higher level of strength properties of the studied alloys both at room and elevated temperatures. The influence of the main factors (elemental composition, volume fraction and dispersion of the second phase particles, parameters of grain and defect structure) on the thermal stability of the structural-phase state and mechanical properties of V-Me(Cr, W)-Zr system alloys is discussed.

Application of New-Generation Growth Regulators and Topdressing Nitrogen Fertilizers Increases Improver Winter Wheat Yield and Grain Quality in South Russia

The need for effective nutrient management is crucial for optimizing wheat production and increasing the plant’s ability to tolerate different environmental stresses. In this study, we assessed the influence of new-generation PGRs and foliar topdressing nitrogen fertilizer and their interactive effects on wheat yield and quality parameters of grain and flour. A three-year field experiment was conducted on the dark chestnut soil of the Rostov region. We estimated the effect of foliar topdressing liquid nitrogen fertilizer on consumption rates of N32 (N32), N64 (N32 + N32), and N96 (N32 + N32 + N32), as well as new-generation plant growth regulators (PGRs), namely, Zirkon, Silk, and Albit, on the productivity and grain quality of winter wheat Tarasovskaya 70. The results of the experiments indicate that the highest average grain yield over three years was 5.34 t/ha−1 with the application of N96 (N32 + N32 + N32) and Albit PGR. In 2020, due to favorable weather conditions, the greatest grain yield was attained at 6.27 t/ha−1 for N96 (N32 + N32 + N32) and Albit PGR. The highest grain quality with the greatest gluten content >28% was obtained when N96 (N32 + N32 + N32) and PGRs were applied. According to the results, using N96 (N32 + N32 + N32) and PGRs made it possible to obtain “valuable” grain in terms of quality, which is suitable for the production of premium flour. The beneficial interactive effects of N application rates and PGRs on winter wheat yield and quality parameters are worthy of further investigation.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРЕПАРАТА БИОТРАН НА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ И КАЧЕСТВО ЗЕРНА ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ СРЕДНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

An experiment to study the effect of plant growth regulators Biotran and Energia M on spring wheat yield was carried out in Ulyanovsk region at the experimental site of Ulyanovsk Research Institute of Agriculture - a branch of the Samsra Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2019-2021. The influence of the studied preparations on the yield data and quality indicators of spring wheat grain was studied. It was established that the use of growth regulators studied in the experiment had a positive effect on the grain yield and its quality. The effective doses of the studied preparations were determined. The following were used in the experiment: growth stimulants - Energy M (standard), Biotran and a complex mineral fertilizer (Azofoska at a dose of 15 kg AI). Spring wheat cultivar Simbirtsit was sown as the studied crop. The soil of the experimental plot is represented by leached, heavy loamy chernozem. The scheme of the experiment involved the study of the following options: mineral fertilizers (factor A) - without fertilizers (0), azophoska during sowing (N15P15K15); growth regulators for pre-sowing treatment of seeds and single treatment of vegetative plants (factor B) - without treatment (0), Energy M (standard) 4 g/t + 10.0 g/ha, Biotran 5 g/t + 5.0 g/ha ha, Biotran 5 g/t + 10.0 g/ha. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds was carried out manually by the method of semidry dressing the day before sowing, with dosages recommended by the manufacturer. Spraying was carried out manually with a knapsack sprayer during the budding phase of spring wheat. The results of the research found that the increase in spring wheat yield was the largest in the variant with the use of the Biotran growth regulator at a dosage of 5 g/t (presowing seed treatment) + 10 g/ha (spraying) in all years of the experiment. On average, for three years in this variant, the yield was 1.85 t/ha against the background without the use of fertilizers and 1.94 t/ha against the fertilized background. Under the influence of the studied growth regulators, the technological and biochemical parameters of grain improved: the protein content in the grain increased by 0.3-1.4%, gluten by 0.2-1.9%, nature by 1-12 g/l.

MODERNIZATION OF CORN GRAIN CRUSHER IN THE CONDITIONS OF IT-SYSTEM EQUIPMENT

Corn is widely used as a source of starch in the food, pharmaceutical, paper, mining and construction industries.This starch is usually obtained after the cleaning process, and corn germ, fiber and protein are also produced. It is used in theproduction of biodegradable plastic bags, medicines, paper, corrugated cardboard, detergents, paints, diapers, cosmetics,glue, surfactants and agrochemicals. Corn is the most important grain in the world. After all, in addition to the highest consumptionof all grains, corn is also a universal product from which you can get fuel, electricity and household goods. Thismeans that by increasing the volume of corn processing, it is possible to go beyond the agricultural sector and create goodswith high added value. Growing corn for grain allows better use of agricultural machinery due to the later dates of sowingand harvesting. Valuable properties of corn cause its consistently high demand on the world market.Corn grain processing is part of the technological lines that are part of cereals. The main equipment that ensureshigh quality products are impact centrifugal crushers.Analysis of the operation of the impact-centrifugal crusher revealed the possibility of its operation in a wide range ofchanges in design parameters. The oretical aspects of the dependences of crusher productivity, which basically take its designparameters and modes, include: rotational speed of grinding discs, disc diameter, disc tooth length, thickness, and propertiesand parameters of grain material.As a result of the conducted researches the possibility of increase of qualitative characteristics of the processedproducts, and also productivity of the shock-centrifugal crusher is defined.To increase productivity, it is proposed to implement two options. On the one hand to make the rotational speed ofthe adjustable working body, on the other hand to increase the sizes of diameters of working disks, taking into account a designof the crusher for corn grain, having provided productivity of the crusher.The purpose of this work is to increase the efficiency of the grain crusher, which is part of the preparation of grainfor grinding, to ensure the reliability of the machine, its productivity, improve the quality of finished products by implementingautomation based on SMART-technology, defined as self-control technology and reporting. This technology provideslong-term archiving of the received data that allows the dispatcher to watch work of the corresponding equipment, reactingby means of the IT- service program.

Development of Nutri-bar Using Quinoa

The study of Nutri-bar development was carried out at the Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara. The main objective of study was to develop a Nutri-bar which will provide enough energy and protein to the body and can be consume by celiac disease patients as well. Quinoa Nutri-bars was developed using quinoa and whey protein concentrate, oats, date paste, honey, nuts, psyllium husk. Dry heat treatments were given to quinoa and oat prior to use in preparation of Nutri-bar. Significant variations were found after heat treatment of quinoa and oats among all the physico-chemical parameters of grain, but ash content showed a non-significant variation. Four different formulations were developed with different concentration of date paste (40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) and whey protein (0%, 5%, 7%, 10%). Nutri-bar with F4 formulation with 100% date paste and 10% of whey protein was found to be the best on the basis of sensory evaluation like taste, texture, color, mouth feel, and overall acceptability. Selected Nutri-bar was assessed for physico-chemical parameters, microbiological and sensory characteristic. The selected Nutri-bar had 7.525% moisture content, 2.35% ash content, 16.63% protein content, 14.63% fat content, 277.16% carbohydrate content and provided 475.35Kcal. It can be concluded from the results that Nutri-bars are good source protein and energy and can be consumed when a meal has been missed as well as it can be consumed by malnourished and school children.

Оценка физико-химических и технологических показателей зерна различных сортов яровой и озимой пшеницы и пригодность муки для хлебопечения

The article presents the results of many years of field experience in the Smolensk Agricultural Academy with spring and winter wheat varieties in order to assess the physicochemical and technological parameters of grain and flour and to select the most suitable varieties for baking purposes, zoned in the soil and climatic conditions of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. The study involved eight varieties of spring and winter wheat of Russian, Russian-Belarusian and German breeding. It is established that in production conditions, to increase the mass of 1000 grains, it is necessary to use biointensive and digital technologies for growing grain, which contributes to an increase in weight by more than 3–4 g. Winter wheat proved to be the most productive and valuable in terms of baking and technological qualities, surpassing spring wheat in gluten content, which makes it possible to use flour from its grain for the production of cereals, confectionery and pasta. Laboratory studies have shown that the level of vitreousness depends on the weight of the grain. Thus, in the smaller grain varieties of spring wheat Trizo and Agate, the vitreousness was 65–67%. In addition, the vitreousness is influenced by the humidity level: in wet years, the vitreousness of grains of all varieties of spring and winter wheat decreased by 8–12% relative to the hydrothermal coefficient of growing conditions. All varieties of winter and spring wheat in the conditions of field experience showed plasticity in various climatic conditions and the ability to form a full-scale weight from 736 to 809 g/l corresponding to the genotype of the studied variety. There were no fundamental differences in nature between the varieties. The least variability of nature depending on the soil and climatic conditions of the growing years was observed in intensive varieties of spring wheat, Madam, Agate, Zlata and Radmir, and in winter wheat varieties Volzhskaya 22, Lgovskaya 8, Nemchinovskaya 85. According to the results of the study, the varieties of spring wheat Radmir and Madam, winter wheat – Volzhskaya 22, Measure, Nemchinovskaya 85 have the highest baking properties.