Flow Parameters Research Articles

Overview of Technologies for Solar Systems and Heat Storage: The Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Performance Analysis and Optimization

This article reviews selected solar energy systems that utilize solar energy for heat generation and storage. Particular attention is given to research on individual components of these systems, aimed at improving their efficiency and performance. It focuses on an analysis of the literature concerning the design of thermal storage units, with an emphasis on the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a research tool. Conclusions from scientists’ research regarding the impact of tank shape, thermal insulation, flow parameters, and the use of stratification partitions on heat storage efficiency have been presented. The literature review indicates that thermal storage units play a key role in the efficiency of solar systems, and thermal stratification within them can significantly improve their performance. The methodology was based on an analysis of journals, primarily from after 2008, focusing on articles related to the application of CFD methodology in the study of solar systems and heat storage.

Effects of 1267 nm Illumination on Microcirculation Regulatory Mechanisms.

This study explored the effects of 1267 nm laser irradiation on changes in blood flow parameters and activation of the regulatory mechanisms of the microcirculatory bed (MCB). Using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) technique and time-frequency analysis of perfusion signals, changes in the MCB of 16 healthy volunteers, targeting the distal phalanx of the third finger with 1267 nm laser irradiation were evaluated. Results indicated no significant differences in perfusion between control and target measurements, likely due to blood flow redistribution caused by vessel dilation/constriction. However, differences in oscillation amplitudes in endothelial and myogenic ranges were observed, suggesting microcirculation self-regulation. Detailed analysis revealed characteristic peaks in the endothelial range during and after irradiation, indicating endothelial mediator release. It is assumed that the identified effects may be related to the singlet oxygen generated by 1267 nm laser irradiation, which directly affects the MCB, manifesting as endothelium-dependent vascular activity.

Flow of viscoelastic films over grooved surfaces with partial wetting

We consider the steady flow of a viscoelastic film over an inclined plane featuring periodic trenches normal to the main flow direction. The trenches have a square cross-section and side length 5–8 times the capillary length. Owing to the orientation of the substrate, the film fails to coat the topographical feature entirely, forming a second gas–liquid interface inside the trench and two three-phase contact lines at the points where the free surface meets the wall of the trench. The volume of entrapped air depends on material and flow parameters and geometric conditions. We develop a computational model and carry out detailed numerical simulations based on the finite element method to investigate this flow. We solve the two-dimensional mass and momentum conservation equations using the exponential Phan-Thien & Tanner constitutive model to account for the rheology of the viscoelastic material. Due to the strong nonlinearity, multiple steady solutions possibly connected by turning points forming hysteresis loops, transcritical bifurcations and isolated solution branches are revealed by pseudo-arc-length continuation. We perform a thorough parametric analysis to investigate the combined effects of elasticity, inertia, capillarity and viscosity on the characteristics of each steady flow configuration. The results of our simulations indicate that fluid inertia and elasticity may or may not promote wetting, while shear thinning and hydrophilicity always promote the wetting of the substrate. Interestingly, there are conditions under which the transition to the inertial regime is not smooth, but a hysteresis loop arises, signifying an abrupt change in the film hydrodynamics. Additionally, we investigate the effect of the geometrical characteristics of the substrate, and our results indicate that there is a unique combination of the geometry and viscoelastic properties that either maximizes or minimizes the wetting lengths.

Correlating concurrent-flow flame spread rates in different pressure and oxygen conditions: Ground experiments and comparisons with previous micro-, partial, and normal gravities experiments

Ambient pressure and gravity are important parameters in buoyant flow that governs upward flame spread process. Based on the concept of pressure modelling, this experimental study investigates extinction and upward flame spread process of a thermally-thin solid fuel in different pressure and oxygen conditions. Experiments are performed in a combustion chamber in air at different pressures (ranging from 10 kPa to 100 kPa) and different oxygen molar fraction environment (9–21 %). As pressure increases, different burning behaviors are observed: no ignition, partial flame spread, steady flame spread, and accelerating flame spread. Similar trend is observed as the ambient oxygen molar fraction increases. In partial pressure conditions (e.g., 25–50 kPa), flames exhibit characteristics that are typically observed in micro- and partial gravity environments: blue and dim. Flame spread rate and sample burnt length are deduced and compared between different pressure and oxygen levels. Overall, the burning intensity and the flame spread rate decrease with the decrease in ambient pressure and oxygen. The decrease in flame spread rate at reduced pressure is attributed to increase in flame standoff distance and decrease in convective heat transfer to the solid, whereas the decrease in flame spread rate in reduced oxygen molar fraction environment is attributed to decrease in flame temperature. Lastly, current and previous studies performed at different ambient environments are correlated using the concept of flame standoff distance (δf), which is estimated using the theoretical viscous boundary layer thickness (δv). It was found that approximating δf∼δvfor forced flow and δf∼1/3δv for natural flow can predict the flame spread rate reasonably well for data obtained in micro-, partial, and normal gravities, for a wide range of environmental conditions away from extinction limits.

Broadband Spectral Modeling of the M87 Nucleus

We study spectra produced by weakly accreting black hole (BH) systems using the semianalytic advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) model and the general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulation. We find significant differences between these two approaches related to a wider spread of the flow parameters as well as a much steeper radial distribution of the magnetic field in the latter. We apply these spectral models to the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of the nucleus of the M87 galaxy. The standard (in particular, 1D) formulation of the ADAF model does not allow us to explain it; previous claims that this model reproduces the observed SED suffer from an inaccurate treatment of the Compton process. The spectra based on GRMHD simulation are in a much better agreement with the observed data. In our GRMHD model, in which we assumed the BH spin a = 0.9, the bulk of radiation observed between the millimeter and the X-ray range is produced in the disk area within 4 gravitational radii from the BH. In this solution, the synchrotron component easily reproduces the spectral data between the millimeter and the UV range, and the Compton component does not violate the X-rays constraints, for Ṁ≲0.01M⊙ yr−1 and a relatively strong magnetic field, with the plasma β ∼ 1 in the region where radiation is produced. However, the Compton component cannot explain the observed X-ray spectrum. Instead, the X-ray spectrum can be reproduced by a high-energy tail of the synchrotron spectrum if electrons have a hybrid energy distribution with a ∼5% nonthermal component.

Investigation of burnout effect in turbine blade tip leakage at transonic conditions: a numerical study

Abstract In the aviation industry, turbine blade tip leakage significantly impacts the economy due to aerodynamic losses in the turbine. The tip leakage flow increases when the tip surface is exposed to high heat loads from the burnout effect, contributing to nearly 30% of the total loss in the turbine stage. This study numerically investigates two-dimensional flat tip and burnt-out tip models under different flow accelerations at transonic conditions. Variations in the discharge coefficient are examined for different pressure ratios across the tip gap. Flow and shockwave patterns for various blade tip geometries are obtained and analyzed. The burnt-out tip notably increases tip leakage, and a significant decrease in turbine efficiency is observed beyond a critical burnout limit. The quantified losses at different stages of blade tip burnout are used to predict the effective operational life of the blade. A correlation is developed to relate the non-dimensional tip-leakage flow parameters to the normalized blade-tip geometry.

Comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging (CEUS) and super-resolution ultrasound (SRU) for the quantification of ischaemia flow redistribution: a theoretical study

The study of microcirculation can reveal important information related to pathology. Focusing on alterations that are represented by an obstruction of blood flow in microcirculatory regions may provide an insight into vascular biomarkers. The current in silico study assesses the capability of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and super-resolution ultrasound imaging (SRU) flow-quantification to study occlusive actions in a microvascular bed, particularly the ability to characterise known and model induced flow behaviours. The aim is to investigate theoretical limits with the use of CEUS and SRU in order to propose realistic biomarker targets relevant for clinical diagnosis. Results from CEUS flow parameters display limitations congruent with prior investigations. Conventional resolution limits lead to signals dominated by large vessels, making discrimination of microvasculature specific signals difficult. Additionally, some occlusions lead to weakened parametric correlation against flow rate in the remainder of the network. Loss of correlation is dependent on the degree to which flow is redistributed, with comparatively minor redistribution correlating in accordance with ground truth measurements for change in mean transit time,dMTT(CEUS,R = 0.85; GT,R = 0.82) and change in peak intensity,dIp(CEUS,R = 0.87; GT,R = 0.96). Major redistributions, however, result in a loss of correlation, demonstrating that the effectiveness of time-intensity curve parameters is influenced by the site of occlusion. Conversely, results from SRU processing provides accurate depiction of the anatomy and dynamics present in the vascular bed, that extends to individual microvessels. Correspondence between model vessel structure displayed in SRU maps with the ground truth was>91%for cases of minor and major flow redistributions. In conclusion, SRU appears to be a highly promising technology in the quantification of subtle flow phenomena due ischaemia induced vascular flow redistribution.

Chemical reaction and radiation analysis for the MHD Casson nanofluid fluid flow using artificial intelligence

This study examines the boundary layer flow of a Casson nanofluid over an inclined extending surface, addressing the critical issue of heat and mass transmission in nanofluid applications. The research is motivated by the need to understand the thermal efficiencies of fluid fluxes influenced by Brownian motion and thermophoresis, particularly in the presence of Soret and Dufour effects. To tackle this complex problem, we employ the Buongiorno model to analyze the nonlinear dynamics of Casson nanofluid flow within an inclined channel, focusing on the intensified boundary layer's critical flow parameters. An innovative approach utilizing Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) is introduced to solve the intricate nonlinear differential equations governing the heat transfer and flow characteristics of Casson nanofluids. The bvp4c built-in MATLAB function is utilized to assess the performance of the acquired current physical model across various scenarios, and a correlation of the results with a reference data set is conducted to verify the validity and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. This method demonstrates a high level of efficiency and accuracy, achieving a mean squared error in the range of 10−9 to 10−10. The results of this research not only enhance computational efficiency but also improve solution accuracy, making significant contributions to the understanding of coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena. The findings have broad applications across various industries, including biomedical devices, lubrication, energy systems, food processing, and cooling for electronics, where nanofluid flows are prevalent. The inclusion of Soret and Dufour effects further enriches the applicability of this analysis, providing valuable insights into the complex interactions within nanofluid systems. The effect of specific physical parameters is stated in terms of energy, velocity, and mass configuration; the velocity outline decreases with an increase in magnetic parameter. The concentration profile is lowered by an increase in the chemical reaction parameter and thermophoresis factor. As the Brownian motion factor rises, mass diffusion shows increases.

Effects of radiation and activation energy on magnetized ternary nanofluid flow produced by a slippery elastic sheet with entropy analysis

This study looks into two-dimensional, incompressible magnetohydrodynamic flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid passing a stretched surface through a porous material taking into consideration activation energy, heat sink, chemical reaction parameter, and viscous dissipation. This study’s aim is to analyse the flow behaviour for temperature, concentration and velocity with entropy in the presence of titanium dioxide, aluminium oxide, and copper oxide nanoparticles. An effective similarity conversion procedure is used to transform partial differential equations to a nonlinear ordinary differential equations system. Employing proper boundary restrictions, the nonlinear equations are solved using the MATLAB bvp4c technique. A number of physical flow parameters including velocity, thermal and concentration profiles are investigated through tables and graphs in order to assess the flow behaviour. The main outcomes indicate that the velocity profile was decreased by the magnetic parameter and porosity parameter. Also, the Brinkmann number rises the entropy generation rate, while radiation and Brinkmann number decrease the Bejan number. The Sherwood number falls with larger activation energy and magnetic parameter, while it improves with increased Schmidt number, radiation parameter and chemical reaction parameter.

Numerical solutions for unsteady laminar boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a horizontal sheet with radiation and nonuniform heat Source/Sink

This paper investigates the unsteady laminar boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a horizontal sheet subjected to radiation and a nonuniform heat source/sink. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and solved via the bvp4c numerical method. The key findings indicate that increasing the unsteadiness parameter leads to a reduction in both velocity profiles and heat flux, while higher values of the Prandtl number reduce thermal boundary layer thickness. In contrast, the radiation and magnetic parameters enhance the temperature profile within the boundary layer. The study offers new insights into the effects of flow parameters on boundary layer behaviour, validated through table and graphical comparisons with existing literature. These findings provide practical approaches for optimizing heat transfer systems in engineering applications.

Bio convection heat transfer in Sisko nanofluid past a stretching cylinder with Soret and Dufour effects

The present flow model provides useful information for the production of nano-biomaterials, medical treatment, materials science current research model has been utilized. The unique thermal mechanisms of nanoparticles have garnered significant attention from researchers in recent years. These versatile materials have numerous applications in various fields, including cooling and heating control processes, solar systems, energy production, nanoelectronics, hybrid-powered motors, cancer treatments, and renewable energy systems. Furthermore, the bioconvection of nanofluids has exciting implications for bioengineering and biotechnology, with potential uses in biofuels, biosensors, and enzymes. The aim of this study is to investigate the flow behaviour of bioconvection Sisko nanofluid flow through a stretching cylindrical surface. Further, the analysis has been modified by including the effects of Soret and Dufour. The highly nonlinear and coupled differential equations were numerically solved using a BVP4c solver to simulate the problem. The effects of different flow parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions are examined and illustrated through graphical results. It is clearly observed from the results that Soret impacts increases the concentration distribution. Moreover, Dufour impacts increment increases the temperature of the flow.

Coordinated Ramp Metering Considering the Dynamics of Mixed-Autonomy Traffic

The introduction of connected autonomous vehicles may bring opportunities and challenges to traditional traffic control instruments, like ramp metering. This paper starts by constructing the fundamental diagram for mixed-autonomy traffic based on the car-following behaviors of both connected autonomous vehicles and human-driven vehicles. Then, analyses are performed on the main factors that influence the critical velocity, critical density, and road capacity under mixed-autonomy traffic. Two methods named COE-HERO and TRLCRM are developed to support the implementations of coordinated ramp metering for freeways with mixed-autonomy traffic. The COE-HERO method enhances the HERO method by incorporating a critical occupancy estimation module. Both COE-HERO and TRLCRM consider dynamic traffic flow parameters of mixed-autonomy traffic. The TRLCRM method is a reinforcement learning-based approach with a two-stage training framework, enabling it to adapt to varying mixed-autonomy demand scenarios. Extensive microscopic simulations show that the learning-based TRLCRM method can effectively alleviate bottleneck congestion and is robust to deal with various traffic scenarios. The COE-HERO method performs better than the HERO method, indicating the necessity of critical occupancy estimation in the implementations of coordinated ramp metering.

Prediction of mechanical properties of basalt fiber concrete using hybrid recurrent neural networks based on freeze-thaw damage quantification

In the domain of contemporary building materials, the freeze durability of concrete is paramount for ensuring structural safety and longevity. However, traditional assessment methods have hindered research advancement due to their time-intensive and intricate nature. This study presents a novel model that integrates physical damage mechanisms with machine learning to analyze freeze-thaw damage in basalt fiber concrete (BFC). Experimental data on the performance of BFC with various admixtures subjected to freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) were collected. Due to the limited data availability, a hybrid recurrent neural network (HRNN) model was developed by combining recurrent neural network (RNN) and long-short-term memory network (LSTM) techniques to address the challenge of training an effective neural network. Furthermore, irreversible thermodynamics and continuous damage mechanics were incorporated into the loss function of the original model, resulting in a novel hybrid damage function that served to train and constrain the model. The data flow and structural parameters were meticulously adjusted to enhance prediction accuracy and model stability. The results indicate that basalt fibers significantly enhance the frost resistance of concrete, particularly at a dosage of 0.1 %, where the model achieves its lowest prediction error of less than 10 %. Stability and robustness were evidenced under the influence of data with identical parameters. Sensitivity analysis underscored the model's precision in capturing the effects of various parameters. By synergizing thermodynamic principles with data-driven methodologies, the model exhibited remarkable adaptability across FTC damage scenarios. This study offers a novel solution for enhancing the durability of concrete in cold regions and opens up new avenues for the engineering applications of multi-material systems.

Swirling flow axial injection control in a Francis turbine: An LES study

This study investigates an active control strategy to suppress the precessing vortex core (PVC) and aims to extend the stable operation range of Francis turbine air model. Large-eddy simulation (LES) is used to analyze swirling flow under partial load conditions with axial jet injection within a narrow range of injection flow rates (1 to 5% of the main flow rate). The geometry, flow parameters and control technique are adopted from the experimental work of Litvinovet al. (2023). The effectiveness of the injection is assessed by analyzing the time-averaged velocity and fluctuations, wall pressure pulsations signal and its azimuthal decomposition. Additionally, the influence of axial injection on pressure fluctuations induced by the PVC and instantaneous pressure isosurfaces are examined. The results show that 3% injection flow rate most effectively mitigates the PVC dynamics while not causing other instabilities to occur. On the contrary, jets of 4% and 5% flow rate induce additional perturbations. Proper orthogonal decomposition of the pressure field is applied in this manuscript to reveal coherent structures of the swirling flow in cases without injection and with 3 and 5% jet flow rates.

Numerical Investigation of Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics in MHD Boundary Layer Flow of a Nanofluid over a Stretching Sheet

Nanofluids, which are simply suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid, have greater mass and heat transfer capabilities compared to regular fluids. Nanofluids are distinguished by their ability to transmit heat and mass. The potential applications of nanofluids in the scientific community have seen a spike in attention as a result of this. Simulations of the mass and heat transport parameters in magneto hydrodynamic boundary layer flow of a nanofluid across a stretched sheet are presented in this paper. These simulations were carried out using numerical methods. This investigation is going to look at a lot of important aspects, such as thermophoresis, Brownian motion, and the presence of a magnetic field that is applied. Continuity, momentum, energy, and concentration are the equations that are responsible for controlling the problem. The momentum equation takes into account the opposing magnetic field by means of the Lorentz force component. On the other hand, the energy and concentration equations take into account the mobility of the nanoparticles in the nanofluid as a result of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Because of similarity transformations, the controlling partial differential equations are reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations. This action is taken in order to make the numerical application of the solution more straightforward. Calculating numerical solutions to these modified equations using any common technique, such as the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg algorithm, is the next step that has to be taken. Utilizing this method, which is not only accurate but also time-saving, it is possible to solve issues that are associated with nonlinear boundary layers.

Enhancement of Heat Transfer rate using Axially Interrupted Rectangular Fins in Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

The current investigates the thermo-fluid behavior of a double pipe heat exchanger (DPHE) featuring axially interrupted rectangular fins (AIRF) on the annulus part. The inner tube under this study with AIRF represents an interruption of straight longitudinal fins. This modification introduces periodic breaks along the tube's surface, effectively disrupting the boundary layer of the fluid flow. Consequently, it enables a non-continuous fluid passage along the length of the tube, potentially enhancing heat transfer. The experimentation employs standard liquid water, for investigations conducted under varying cold water mass flow rate 0.136 Kg/s to with 0.374 Kg/s keeping hot water at constant flow rate of 0.34 Kg/s with a fin split interval of four different lengths 7mm,27mm,55mm,100mm. A comprehensive investigation of the AIRF arrangements is carried out in contrast to the plain pipe arrangement, concentrating on fluid flow parameters such as Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor, heat transfer rate, and overall performance factor. The findings reveal that heat transfer rates in an annulus equipped with 7mm AIRF exceed those of a plain pipe by 59.31% under similar fluid flow conditions. The Nusselt number shows 1.5 times increase in the 0.007 m AIRF arrangement compared to the plain pipe. Thermal performance factor for 7mm interrupted length of AIRF outperforms other models.

Similarity transform-based numerical analysis of natural convection over an inclined flat plate using nanofluid*

ABSTRACT Nanofluids serve as a working medium in many state-of-the-art heating and cooling systems, where natural convection is a primary medium of thermal energy transfer. Based on the review of recently published literature, the present study is devoted to heat transfer analysis, based on similarity transformations and numerical solutions. The study aims to provide reliable, predictive analytical expressions for heat transfer coefficients and heat transfer rates in a schematic of the natural convection phenomenon. The objective is to analyse laminar free convection across a stagnant Al2O3-water nanofluid layer, spread over an inclined plane surface and exposed to the ambient. A novel similarity transformation method is applied to laminar boundary layer flow, capable of handling coupled influences of flow parameters, thermal boundary conditions and temperature-dependent thermophysical properties. This analysis also considers the effects of concentration and shape factor of nanoparticles on heat transfer. The physical properties are transformed into equivalent (temperature-dependent) physical property factors, along with similarity transformations of velocity and temperature fields. The fifth-order Runge-Kutta method is used to solve the coupled governing equations. The solutions are compared with predictive formulae for wall temperature gradients, heat transfer rates, and the convection heat transfer coefficient. Calculations based on predictive formulae agree well with published data.

Numerical study of an electrically conducting nanofluid flow past a vertical stretching Riga plate

The heat and mass transfer through electrically conducting and mixed convective nanofluid flow across an elongating Riga plate is studied. Riga plate is an electromagnetic sheet, in which electrodes are assembled alternatively. The arrangement of Riga plate produces electromagnetic behavior in the fluid flow. In the current analysis, the influence of Arrhenius activation energy, viscous dissipation and heat source/sink over the surface of Riga sheet is considered. The heat and mass transfer are examined by convective boundary conditions and nanoparticles (NPs) zero-mass flux. The Brownian motion and thermophoretic diffusion of fluid molecules are applied via Buongiorno's approach. Von Karman's similarity approach is implemented to reset the modeled equations into the dimensionless form of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The system of ordinary differential equations is solved numerically via PCM (parametric continuation method). The fluid velocity, temperature field, and concentration gradients are analyzed by varying various flow parameters and graphically portrayed. The numerical results are validated by comparing them with the published studies. It can be resolved form the results that the flow rate decilnes with the effect of power index m, whereas enhances with the consequence of Hartmann number. The significance of thermophoresis term augments the temperature curve of the fluid.

Spatiotemporal shifts and influence of environmental parameters on estuarine-dependent fishes in Texas bays

Spatiotemporal shifts are occurring for estuarine-dependent species in Texas bays. To better understand what factors are causing these shifts, a random forest classification analysis was applied to the presence-absence data for seven estuarine-dependent species collected over 38 years. Five of the species showed an increase in presence and expanded their distributions northward, while the remaining two species declined in numbers and retracted their distributions to northern bays. The dominant factor influencing the presence of these species was year, followed by distance to major bay inlet and distance to major river mouth. While these factors may not be directly related to climate change, environmental fluctuations can impact year class success and alter the parameters of inlets and river flow. Studies examining multiple environmental and spatial conditions are needed to better understand the complexity of the changes in species composition that are occurring.

Multiscale understanding of structural effect on explosive dispersal of granular media

Explosive dispersal of granular media widely occurs in nature across various length scales, enabling engineering applications ranging from commercial or military explosive systems to the loss prevention industry. However, the correlation between the explosive dispersal behaviour and the structure of dispersal system is far from completely understood, thereby compromising the prediction of the explosive dispersal outcome resulting from a specific dispersal system. Here, we investigate the dispersal behaviours of densely packed particle rings driven by the enclosed pressurized gases using coarse-grained computational fluid dynamics–discrete parcel method. Distinct dispersal modes emerge from the dispersal systems with vastly varying sets of the macro- and micro-scale structural parameters in terms of the dispersal completeness and the spatial uniformity of the dispersed mass. Further investigation reveals the variation in the dispersal modes arises from the collective effects of multiscale gas–particle coupling relationships. Specifically, the macroscale coupling dictates the cyclic momentum/energy transfer between gases and particle ring as an entirety. The mesoscale coupling relates to the inter-pore gas filtration through the thickness of the particle ring, leading to the mass/energy reduction of the explosive source. The microscale coupling involves the individual particle dynamics influenced by the local flow parameters. A persistent macroscale coupling results in an incomplete dispersal which takes the form of an aggregated annular band, whereas the meso- and micro-scale couplings alter the macroscale coupling to a different extent. By incorporating the effects of the variety of structural parameters on the multiscale gas–particle coupling relationships, a non-dimensional parameter referred to as the modified mass ratio is constructed, which shows an explicit correlation with the dispersal mode. We proceed to establish a dispersal ring model in the continuum frame which accounts for the macro and meso-scale coupling effects. This model proves to be capable of successfully predicting the ideal and validated failed dispersal modes.