Adiposity Parameters Research Articles

Biochemical profile, eating habits, and telomere length among Brazilian children and adolescents.

Lifestyle, obesity, and eating habits are emerging as determinants for the instability of telomeres. The increase in childhood and adolescent obesity and the association of biochemical profiles and dietary components with telomere length (TL) makes it an important issue in nutritional research. The aim of the present study was to investigate TL and its association with ethnic background, adiposity, clinical and biochemical parameters, and dietary patterns among Brazilian children and adolescents. A cross-sectional study encompassing 981 children and adolescents between 7 and 17 y of age was performed. Dietary intake habits, anthropometry, and clinical data were collected. TL analysis was performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Children presented significantly longer TL than adolescents (P=0.046). Participants who self-declared as black, mulatto, or brown (P < 0.001) also showed longer TL than those who were white. Regarding biochemical parameters, individuals with altered glucose levels had shorter TL than normoglycemic participants in the total sample (P=0.014). Such difference remained statistically significant in adolescents (P=0.019). Participants who reported eating fruits and vegetables regularly had longer TL than those who did not (P < 0.001). The results suggested that both biochemical parameters and the intake of antioxidant-rich food, such as fruits and vegetables, are associated with the stability of telomere biology among young Brazilians.

Is visceral obesity associated with colorectal cancer? The first volumetric study using all CT slices.

We aimed to examine the possible relationship between abdominal adiposity parameters and the presence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and between these adiposity parameters and various histopathologic findings of the tumor. A total of 60 control subjects and 111 CRC patients, 63 with early-stage and 48 with advanced-stage disease, were enrolled. Medical data and abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) examinations of each study group were retrospectively reviewed. Abdominal adiposity parameters, including visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) volume, and total adipose tissue (TAT) volume, were calculated on all slices of the CT examinations with specialized software, and results for each study group were compared. Adiposity parameters were also compared with tumor histopathologic findings. We found lower VAT and higher SAT volumes in advanced-stage CRC patients, compared with the early-stage group. However, this relationship was not statistically significant (P = 0.721 for VAT and P = 0.432 for SAT volumes). We detected significantly lower VAT and SAT volumes in the early-stage CRC group compared with the control group (P = 0.014 for both). There was no significant relationship between TAT volumes and the study groups (P = 0.06). No statistically significant relationship was detected between adipose tissue parameters and histopathologic features of the CRC group (P > 0.05). We found statistically significant lower VAT and SAT volumes in patients with early-stage CRC compared with the control group. Volumetric adipose tissue measurements may be more accurate than area measurements and can easily be performed on abdominopelvic CT examination, which is the routine imaging modality for CRC patients.

P2595The role of epicardial fat thickness and other parameters of visceral adiposity in right ventricular diastolic function in patients with metabolic syndrome

Abstract Background Abdominal obesity is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality especially in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Despite the undeniable importance of right ventricle (RV) function, little is known about RV diastolic function implication in obesity and MetS. Purpose The objective of our study was to evaluate the role of epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and other parameters of visceral obesity in diastolic function of RV in patients with MetS. Methods The study included 70 subjects with MetS (mean age 52.6±9.4 years) and 70 controls without MetS (mean age 53.8±7.5 years). MetS was defined by ≥3 criteria of International Diabetes Federation and American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. We assessed RV diastolic function by pulsed wave and tissue Doppler echocardiography and determined the ratio of early (TV E) and late (TV A) trans-tricuspid valve inflow velocities (TV E/A), early tricuspid valve (TV) annular tissue Doppler velocity (TV e'), the TV E/e' ratio and TV deceleration time (DT). Anthropometric and sonographic parameters of visceral adiposity included: waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), visceral adiposity index (VAI), intraabdominal fat thickness (IFT), abdominal wall fat index (AWFI) and epicardial fat thickness (EFT). Results Mean values of WC (p=0.030), WHR (p=0.008), VAI (p=0.001), IFT (p=0.035), AWFI (p=0.013) and EFT (p=0.012) were significantly higher in the group with MetS vs. controls. RV diastolic function parameters were also significantly changed in the group with MetS vs controls (tab.1). TV E/e' was positively correlated with WC (r=0.297, p&lt;0.01), WHR (r=0.238, p&lt;0.05), VAI (r=0.271, p&lt;0.05), IFT (r=0.556, p&lt;0.01), AWFI (r=0.604, p&lt;0.01) and EFT (r=0.795, p&lt;0.01). Using multivariate regression analysis EFT, WC and plasma glucose level were the most important predictors for RV diastolic dysfunction in subjects with MetS (p&lt;0.05 for all parameters). Table 1. RV diastolic function Variables MetS (n=70) Controls (n=70) p TV E, cm/s 48±11.1 52.1±14 0.025 TV A, cm/s 56.54±11 52.3±11.7 0.034 TV E/A 0.92±0.4 1.07±0.44 0.029 TV e', cm/s 10.6±2.7 10.7±3.5 0.001 TV E/e' 5.84±1.04 4.59±0.82 0.001 DT, ms 227.9±12.4 217±17.8 0.009 Conclusion Our findings support that EFT and WC play an important role in RV diastolic dysfunction in patients with MetS.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Cut-Points are Related to Body Adiposity Parameters in Latin American Adolescents.

Background and Objectives: A deficiency exists in the criterion-referenced cut-points for field-based cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in Latin American youths. The aims of the present study were two-fold: (1) To identify the ability of CRF estimated by the 20-m shuttle-run test (20mSRT) to differentiate between “healthy” and “unhealthy” phenotypes (by adiposity) in adolescents; (2) to assess the association between obesity and relative peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in a large and diverse sample of Latin American youths. In total, 72,505 adolescents aged between 13 and 15 years were recruited from Chile and Colombia (47.5% girls). Materials and Methods: The waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were used to identify body adiposity markers. CRF was measured using the 20mSRT (VO2peak). Receiver operating characteristic curves and logistic regression were used to determine the discriminatory ability of CRF to predict body adiposity parameters. Results: For boys and girls, VO2peak showed a significant predictive capacity to detect body fat (area under the curve [AUC] > 0.62). The sensitivity of VO2peak was medium (>63%) for all age- and sex-specific cut-points, with optimal cut-points in 13- to 15-year olds for obesity identified as 43.77 mL·kg−1·min−1 and 38.53 mL·kg−1·min−1 in boys and girls, respectively. Conclusions: According to these cut-points, adolescents with low CRF were more likely to be obese either by WC or WHtR. The CRF cut-points can be used as quantitative markers for a healthier body in Latin American adolescents.

Strain and sex-based glucocentric & behavioral differences between KK/HlJ and C57BL/6J mice

IntroductionSmall-animal models are the most widely used preclinical model for studying the etiology, pathology and treatment of diabetes, prediabetes and diabetic comorbidities. Diabetic patients are burdened with higher rates of depression, anxiety and cognitive decline due to inadequate control of blood glucose levels, vascular damage and aberrant CNS insulin signaling. The C57BL/6J model is amongst the most widely used mouse model due to its susceptibility to diet-induced obesity (DIO). This strain has also been well-characterized in behavioral research studies. However the C57BL/6J model has a number of limitations: [1] overt fasting hyperglycemia can only be induced by dietary manipulation and/or chemical ablation of the pancreatic beta cells. [2] There is heterogeneity in the obesogenic response to hypercaloric feeding as well as sex-dependent differences, with males being more responsive. The KK inbred strain has been used to study aspects of the metabolic syndrome and prediabetes due to inherent glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. However KK/HlJ mice are less well-characterized and there have been fewer behavioral studies reported. The aim of this study was to examine differences in male and female glucocentric parameters between KK/HlJ and C57BL/6J mice, and to compare their performance in a variety of standard behavioral tests relating to general, anxiogenic and cognitive paradigms. MethodsStrain differences in male and female KK/HlJ and C57BL/6J mouse adiposity, glucose and insulin parameters were studied together with group differences in standard Open Field, Object Recognition, Elevated Plus Maze, Light-Dark Transition, Porsolt test, Marble Burying, Social Recognition and Morris Water Maze tests. Correlations between behavioral variables were analyzed. Results and conclusionIn addition to being uniformly larger, hyperinsulinemic and more insulin intolerant than C57BL/6J mice, we observed marked strain and sex-differences in KK/HlJ behavior. KK/HlJ mice exhibited less locomotor and vertical exploratory behavior in comparison to C57BL/6J, whereas object exploration and novel object discrimination were superior in KK/HlJ mice. Female KK/HlJ mice were faster swimmers, whereas the males exhibited greater spatial cognition and place-learning during the MWM test.

Ethnic differences in body composition, sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus living in Italy.

This study aimed to compare immigrants and Italian natives with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) in terms of anthropometric parameters and lifestyle-related characteristics and to investigate the relationship between ethnicity and glycemic control in men and women with DM2 living in Italy. The sample included 100 immigrants (55 Albanians and 45 Africans) and 100 Italians, followed by the Public Health Clinics of Rimini. The association of ethnicity with sex, socioeconomic status, anthropometric and hematological characteristics, and lifestyle were examined. In addition, differences among groups in glycemic control were evaluated. Among males, African participants presented significantly lower values than other groups in adiposity parameters and triglycerides. The highest percentage of obesity and of normal weight was found in Italians and in Africans, respectively. Among females, there were scanty differences, but Italians presented higher WHR values than the other groups. No statistical differences appeared in hematological parameters among groups. There were no significant differences in glycemic control among groups and sexes. Also considering the differences between subjects with optimal (L) or nonoptimal (H) glycemic control, the differences in lifestyle, anthropometric, and hematological variables remained scarce. Among all groups, significantly higher values of glucose were detected in H than in L. A similar condition appeared for triglycerides in males. Immigrant and native Italian diabetics did not present any difference in their clinical characteristics, but Italians generally presented worst lifestyle habits. The percentage of subjects with poor metabolic control of diabetes was not low, but similar in immigrants and natives.

Brown Adipose Tissue Remodeling Precedes Cardiometabolic Abnormalities Independent of Overweight in Fructose-Fed Mice

Background: Body fat distribution is a risk factor for several health conditions, although the literature shows that excess body fat is not always associated with cardiometabolic abnormalities in all subjects.Objectives: To investigate glucose, lipid, and hepatic metabolism, along with white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) remodeling in a mice model of short-term fructose feeding.Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice (n = 10-11/group) were fed for four weeks with control diet (AIN93-M) or experimental diets rich in glucose or fructose. We investigated body weight, body adiposity, blood glucose, lipid and hepatic parameters, and WAT and BAT histopathology.Results: Fructose feeding did not promote either weight gain or adipocyte hypertrophy of visceral and subcutaneous WAT depots, but the fat was redistributed toward visceral depots. Fructose-fed mice did not show glucose, lipid, and hepatic metabolic dysfunction, except for an elevation in total cholesterol and hepatic weight. BAT mass did not increase, and it was proportionally reduced compared with visceral WAT in fructose feed mice. BAT suffered early adverse morphological remodeling, characterized by increased lipid deposition and enlargement of intracellular lipid droplets.Conclusion: Short-term fructose feeding redistributes fat among WAT depots, alters the ratio between BAT andvisceral WAT, and promotes BAT adverse remodeling, characterized by enlarged intracellular lipid droplets.

Hydroxytyrosol prevents PM2.5-induced adiposity and insulin resistance by restraining oxidative stress related NF-κB pathway and modulation of gut microbiota in a murine model

Exposure to fine particular matter (≤2.5 μM, PM2.5) contributes to increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a simple polyphenol found in virgin olive oil, is considered to be beneficial for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. The current study determined whether HT could improve PM2.5-induced adiposity and insulin resistance (IR), and explored the underlying mechanisms. Fifteen adult female C57BL/6j mice on a chow diet were randomly divided into three groups receiving (1) sterile PBS, (2) PM2.5 suspended in sterile PBS (1 mg/mL) and (3) PM2.5+HT (50 mg/kg/day). PM2.5/PBS exposure was administered by oropharynx instillation every other day and HT supplementation was achieved by gavage every day. Four-week PM2.5 exposure did not affect body weight, but significantly increased visceral fat mass. The abdominal adiposity coincided with adipocyte hypertrophy and proliferation in visceral white adipose tissue (WAT), as well as decreased metabolic activity in brown adipose tissue and subcutaneous WAT. PM2.5 enhanced the oxidative stress by diminishing antioxidant enzyme activities in liver and serum, whereas contents of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver and serum were elevated. These changes were accompanied by macrophage infiltration and activation of NF-κB pathway in the liver. Moreover, PM2.5 exposure led to glucose intolerance and insulin insensitivity, impaired hepatic glycogenesis, and decreased insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in peripheral tissues. Importantly, HT treatment prevented PM2.5-induced visceral adipogenesis, oxidative stress, hepatic inflammation and NF-κB activation, systemic and peripheral IR. In vitro, after HepG2 cells were incubated with PM2.5 (0, 5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL), reduced glutathione depletion and 4-HNE, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, MDA increment in a dose-dependent manner were observed; likewise, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Further, with antioxidant NAC and NF-κB inhibitor PDTC, we confirmed that HT attenuated PM2.5-induced IR through restraining NF-κB activation evoked by oxidative stress. In addition, HT could expand gut microbiota richness, reduce pathogenic bacteria and accommodate the microbial architecture in PM2.5-exposed mice, which were correlated with parameters of adiposity, oxidative stress and glycometabolism. HT could effectively correct imbalanced oxidative stress triggered by PM2.5, in turn ameliorated NF-κB pathway and insulin signaling. Gut microbiota may mediate the actions of HT.

Abstract 617: Aggressive phenotypes of luminal breast cancer demonstrate associations with body mass index analogous to triple-negative breast cancer

Abstract Background Results from epidemiological studies are in support of heterogeneous relationships between body mass index (BMI) and breast cancer (BC) subtypes. Compared with luminal BC (LBC), pre-menopausal obesity is more frequently associated with triple-negative (TN) BC, while the converse has been reported for post-menopausal obesity. Given the dynamic range of hormone receptor expression in LBC, categorical combinations of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers for subtype definition may mask etiological heterogeneity within this subtype. Herein, we leveraged quantitative measures of tumor clinicopathological and IHC characteristics to define phenotypes of luminal BC and to assess relationships with BMI. Methods Participants were 6,412 women with invasive breast cancer who were diagnosed and treated in a tertiary hospital in Beijing, China between 2008-2016. We computed the Nottingham prognostic index (NPI)-score (based on tumor size, grade and lymph nodes) and IHC4-score (based on ER, PR, HER2 and KI67) and stratified LBC patients into four subgroups using quartiles of these scores: Lum-Q1 (least aggressive), Lum-Q2, Lum-Q3, and Lum-Q4 (most aggressive). Multinomial logistic regression models, adjusted for age, parity, menarcheal age, and family history, were used to test the associations between BMI [Kg/m2: underweight (&amp;lt;18.5); normal (18.5-25); overweight (25-30); obesity (&amp;gt;30)] and luminal subgroups, overall and by age categories (as proxy for menopausal status). We also included TNBC as a comparison group. Results The most aggressive LBC patients (Lum-Q4), defined by the NPI-score, were significantly more likely to be overweight [OR (95% CI) vs normal = 1.44 (1.12-1.86)] and obese [OR (95% CI) vs normal = 1.55 (0.98-2.46)] than the least aggressive LBC (Lum-Q1) patients, regardless of menopausal status. On the other hand, Lum-Q4 patients, defined by the IHC4-score, were significantly more likely to be underweight [OR (95% CI) vs normal = 2.21 (1.07-4.56)] in all women but less likely to be overweight [OR (95% CI) vs normal = 0.65 (0.50-0.85)] and obese [OR (95% CI) vs normal = 0.53 (0.35-0.82)] among post-menopausal women compared to Lum-Q1 patients (P-interaction (BMI &amp; age) = 0.004). These associations were very similar to those when comparing TNBC to Lum-Q1 patients (defined by either NPI or IHC4 scores). Conclusion Aggressive phenotypes of LBC demonstrate associations with BMI that are analogous to TNBC. Discordant BMI associations with NPI and IHC4, and by menopausal status for the IHC4-score only, may be indicative of a positive association between excess adiposity and tumor clinicopathological parameters in the NPI-score, regardless of menopausal status. Conversely, its association with the IHC4-score may be driven by complex hormonal mechanisms that vary by menopausal status. Future analysis will focus on disentangling these relationships. Citation Format: Mustapha Abubakar, Changyuan Guo, Hela Koka, Bin Zhou, Eric Tang, Joseph Deng, Nan Hu, Ning Lu, Xiaohong R. Yang. Aggressive phenotypes of luminal breast cancer demonstrate associations with body mass index analogous to triple-negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 617.

Assessment of adiposity distribution and its association with diabetes and insulin resistance: a population-based study

BackgroundRational measures in estimating adiposity distribution in diabetic patients has yet to be validated. This study aims to provide insight about the possible links between routinely available body adiposity parameters and the development of both diabetes and insulin resistance.MethodsWe performed a population-based cross-sectional study in 9496 subjects aged 40 years or older. All of the body adiposity measures including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height ratio (WHtR), visceral adiposity index (VAI), body adiposity index (BAI) and lipid accumulation product index (LAP) were separately evaluated according to standard measurement methods. Diabetes was diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association 2010 criteria.ResultsAll tested body adiposity measurements were significantly associated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2 h glucose, HbA1c and fasting insulin. Compared with other adiposity phenotypes, LAP have shown the relatively strongest while BAI have shown the relatively weakest association with increased odds of both diabetes and insulin resistance across all logistic regression models. Additionally, LAP provided the best discrimination accuracy for diabetes [area under the curve (AUC): 0.658 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.645–0.671] and insulin resistance (AUC: 0.781 95% CI 0.771–0.792) when compared with other body adiposity parameters.ConclusionsThe LAP index seems to be a better indicator than other adiposity measures tested in the study to evaluate the association of visceral fat mass with diabetes and insulin resistance, which should be given more consideration in the clinical practice.

2359-PUB: Clinical Effectiveness of Canagliflozin 100mg in T2DM Patients—A Real-World Study

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of canagliflozin 100 mg (cana 100) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in an actual practice setting and to determine the effect of Canagliflozin on determinants of adiposity like body weight and body mass index (BMI). Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we used the private clinic medical records database. We included individuals with T2DM who were initiated Canagliflozin 100 mg at any time before 24 weeks (± 2 weeks). Changes in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), post-prandial glucose (PPG), body weight, BMI, occurrence of adverse effects/events at 12 and 24 weeks from baseline were evaluated. Results: We identified 50 individuals with T2DM who were initiated with Cana 100 mg 24weeks (± 2 weeks) prior to collection of data. Individuals were, on average 53.3 ± 6.23 years old and 28% were female. Mean HbA1c, FPG, PPG, SBP, DBP, weight, BMI at baseline were 8.4%, 158.7 mg/dl, 236.5 mg/dl, 124.9 mm Hg, 82.3 mm Hg, 71.1 kg and 27.2 kg/m2 respectively. At 12 weeks, mean HbA1c decreased by 0.9%, PPG reduced by 53.6 mg/dl, weight decreased by 1.4 kg, BMI reduced by 0.5 kg/m2. At 24 weeks, outcomes were improved further: 1.6% reduction in HbA1c, 30.4 mg/dl reduction in FPG, 76.1 mg/dl reduction in PPG, 2.1 kg reduction in weight, 0.8 kg/m2 reduction in BMI. 6 patients reported incidence of genital infections and was treated symptomatically. Discussion: In clinical trials, Canagliflozin 100 mg has shown efficacy in reducing HbA1c, FPG, PPG, SBP, DBP and body weight. The present study demonstrated efficacy of Cana 100 mg in T2DM patients under real world setting with similar reductions in HbA1c and body weight but slightly higher reductions in FPG and PPG than those shown in clinical trials. The study also showed reductions in determinants of adiposity like body weight and BMI. Conclusion: The real-world data suggests that Cana 100 mg improved parameters of glycemic control, adiposity and body weight in T2DM patients in line with clinical trial outcomes. Disclosure S. Chakravorty: None.

Activated Brown Adipose Tissue and Its Relationship to Adiposity and Metabolic Markers (P21-073-19)

ObjectivesTo explore potential relationships between PET/CT imaging characteristics of cold-activated brown adipose tissue (BAT), measures of adiposity and metabolic markers in young men. MethodsWe conducted a post-hoc analysis of a study designed to compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to the reference standard, PET/CT, in characterizing BAT. A total of 25 healthy male participants ages 18–24 and body mass index (BMI) ranging from 19.4 to 35.9 Kg/m2 were included in the study. A physical exam and fasting lab draw were performed, including measurement of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipid panel, thyroid function tests, leptin, adiponectin, FGF-21 and IL-6. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). An individualized cooling protocol was utilized to activate BAT. Subjects were wrapped in a water-infused suit (CritiCool® System, Mennen Medical, Israel) and cooled to achieve non-shivering thermogenesis prior to imaging. Measures of cold-activated BAT, including mean standardized uptake value adjusted for lean mass (SUVlean mean), maximum SUV (SUVlean max), total BAT activity, and BAT volume were determined from PET/CT images. Pearson’s and Spearman’s rank correlations were employed to relate measures of active BAT to adiposity and metabolic parameters. ResultsThere was an inverse relationship between fasting serum glucose and BAT volume (r = −0.40, P = 0.048). In addition, a positive correlation was observed for serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) and SUVlean max (r = 0.45, P = 0.04). Marginally significant inverse relationships were noted between fasting glucose and total BAT activity (r = −0.39, P = 0.05) and leptin and SUVlean mean (r = −0.42, P = 0.05). However, no significant correlations were noted for measures of BAT activity or volume and other indicators of adiposity or glucose metabolism. ConclusionsData from this exploratory study suggest that BAT volume and activity may be inversely associated with fasting glucose in healthy young men. BAT activity was also correlated with an insulin sensitizer, FGF-21, suggesting BAT may lower glucose levels via an FGF-21 dependent pathway. Further studies are needed to clarify the potential mechanisms by which active BAT may impact glucose metabolism and the relationship between BAT and adiposity. Funding SourcesNIDDK.

Physical activity, adiposity and functional vascular parameters in preschool aged children: a cross-sectional study

Physical activity, adiposity and functional vascular parameters in preschool aged children: a cross-sectional study

No Difference in Magnesium Intake between Obese Women and Healthy Controls.

Magnesium is a predominantly intracellular ion and plays an important role in energy metabolism and in the maintenance of energy homeostasis. This study aimed to estimate the dietary intake of magnesium and its association with adiposity parameters in obese women. This cross-sectional study included 125 women, aged between 20 and 50years, who were divided into two groups: obese group (n=62) and control group (n=63). The control group was age-matched. Adiposity parameters determined were weight, body mass index and waist circumference as well as the intake of calories, macronutrients, and magnesium were calculated. The cut-off for obesity was body mass index between 30.0 and 39.9kg/m2 and for control group was between 18.5 and 24.9kg/m2 Food intake was calculated using 3-day food records, and energy consumption as well as the intake of macronutrients and magnesium was calculated using the NutWin software version 1.5. The reference values used were the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for macronutrients and the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for magnesium. The average levels of magnesium found in the diet were lower than those recommended (169.1±64.5mgMg/day and 158.5±42.9mgMg/day, for obese women and control group, respectively) and the differences between the groups were not statistically different (p>0.05). The correlation analysis indicated that the association between the dietary intake of magnesium and adiposity was not significant. The results of this study indicate that dietary magnesium does not influence the adiposity parameters in obese women.

High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Model Does Not Promote Endothelial Dysfunction via Increasing Leptin/Akt/eNOS Signaling.

Experimental studies show that the unsaturated high-fat diet-induced obesity promotes vascular alterations characterized by improving the endothelial L-arginine/Nitric Oxide (NO) pathway. Leptin seems to be involved in this process, promoting vasodilation via increasing NO bioavailability. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that unsaturated high-fat diet-induced obesity does not generate endothelial dysfunction via increasing the vascular leptin/Akt/eNOS signaling. Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats were randomized into two groups: control (C) and obese (Ob). Group C was fed a standard diet, while group Ob was fed an unsaturated high-fat diet for 27 weeks. Adiposity, hormonal and biochemical parameters, and systolic blood pressure were observed. Concentration response curves were performed for leptin or acetylcholine in the presence or absence of Akt and NOS inhibitor. Our results showed that an unsaturated high-fat diet promoted a greater feed efficiency (FE), elevation of body weight and body fat (BF), and an adiposity index, characterizing a model of obesity. However, comorbidities frequently associated with experimental obesity were not visualized, such as glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. The evaluation of the endothelium-dependent relaxation with acetylcholine showed no differences between the C and Ob rats. After NOS inhibition, the response was completely abolished in the Ob group, but not in the C group. Furthermore, Akt inhibition completely blunted vascular relaxation in the C group, but not in the Ob group, which was more sensitive to leptin-induced vascular relaxation. L-NAME incubation abolished the relaxation in both groups at the same level. Although Akt inhibitor pre-incubation reduced the leptin response, group C was more sensitive to its effect. In conclusion, the high-unsaturated fat diet-induced obesity improved the vascular reactivity to leptin and does not generate endothelial dysfunction, possibly by the increase in the vascular sensitivity to leptin and increasing NO bioavailability. Moreover, our results suggest that the increase in NO production occurs through the increase in NOS activation by leptin and is partially mediated by the Akt pathway.

Relationship between adiposity parameters and cognition: the "fat and jolly" hypothesis in middle-aged and elderly people in China.

AbstractThe association between adiposity parameters and cognition is complex. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between adiposity parameters and cognition in middle-aged and elderly people in China.Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study. Cognitive function was evalua

The relationship of urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid concentrations in utero and during childhood with adiposity in 4-year-old children

BackgroundPyrethroid pesticides are reported to be the most commonly used residential insecticides worldwide. We aimed to investigate the relationship between prenatal and postnatal 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) concentrations, and growth and adiposity parameters in 4-year-old children. MethodWe obtained data from 578 children who participated in the prospective Environment and Development of Children (EDC) study at around 4 years of age (45–55 months) between August 2008 and July 2011. Anthropometric measurements were obtained at age 4 years. Prenatal and postnatal urinary 3-PBA concentration was measured in maternal urine samples at around 20 weeks of gestation, and in the 4-year-old children, respectively. ResultThe detection frequency of urinary 3-PBA (geometric mean concentration) was 98–99% (0.98 μg/g Cr) in maternal urine, and almost 99–100% (1.34 μg/g Cr) in 4-year-old children. Prenatal urinary3-PBA concentration was not associated with height, weight, or body mass index (BMI) z-scores at 4 years of age, regardless of sex. Postnatal urinary3-PBA concentration was not related to height z-scores, but was positively associated with weight z-scores with marginal significance among only girls (p = 0.058). Analyzed by sex, there was a significant relationship between postnatal urinary 3-PBA concentration and BMI z-scores (p = 0.015) among girls, after adjusting for covariates. ConclusionChildhood urinary 3-PBA concentration measured at 4 years of age was positively associated with BMI z-scores in 4-year-old girls, but prenatal urinary 3-PBA concentration at midterm pregnancy exhibited no association.

Caesarean birth and adiposity parameters in 6- to 8-year-old urban Maya children from two cities of Yucatan, Mexico.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between birth mode and fat mass index (FMI = fat mass [kg]/height [m]2 ), and z-score values of waist circumference (WCZ) and sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds (SumSkfZ) in a sample of 256 6- to 8-year-old urban Maya children from the cities of Merida and Motul in Yucatan, Mexico. From September 2011 to January 2014, we measured height, weight, waist circumference and skinfolds in children, and height and weight in their mothers. Body composition was estimated in both generations through bioelectrical impedance analysis. Data on children's birth mode and birth weight were obtained from birth certificates. A pre-validated questionnaire for mothers was used regarding household living conditions. Multiple regression models were used to analyze the association between birth mode and adiposity parameters, adjusting for the effect of place of residence, household crowding index, children's birth weight, and maternal fat mass. Separate regression models were run for boys and girls. Caesarean-born children comprised 43% of the entire sample. Caesarean section (CS) was found to be associated with higher values of body adiposity in girls, but not in boys. Specifically, our models predicted that girls born by CS had an increased value of 0.817 kg/m2 in FMI and showed higher SDs values for WCZ and SumskfZ (0.29 and 0.32 SD, respectively) than girls who were delivered vaginally. Our results support the hypothesis that CS is associated with increased levels of adiposity in childhood, but only in girls.

The role of the genetic variants IRX3 rs3751723 and FTO rs9939609 in the obesity phenotypes of children and adolescents

ObjectiveWe investigated the association of IRX3 SNP rs3751723 with anthropometric characteristics related to adiposity and potential relationships with FTO SNP rs9939609 in a population of Brazilian children and adolescents. MethodsA total of 871 children and adolescents between 7 and 17 years of age were recruited. Adiposity measurements and biochemical parameters were assessed. The variants were genotyped by real-time PCR. Analysis of multiple linear regression, multiple logistic regression, and generalised multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) adjusted for sex, age and ethnicity were applied to test the polymorphisms association with obesity-related phenotypes and the interaction between them. ResultsThe analyses showed that IRX3 was associated with obesity and fat percentage (BF%). An association of FTO rs9939609 with body mass index (BMI) Z-Score and with waist circumference (WC) was detected. The odds ratios (OR) showed that IRX3 rs3751723 was associated with risk of obesity in additive model (p=0.017), recessive model (p=0.016) and with high BF% in all models. FTO rs9939609 was associated with risk of obesity in additive model (p=0.031), recessive (p=0.033) and with altered WC in all models. GMDR-based predictive models for the risk of obesity, altered WC and high BF% adjusted by age, ethnicity and sex suggested no interaction of the two loci. ConclusionsThe genetic variants rs3751723 and rs9939609 have an influence on the characteristics of adiposity; however, the effects of IRX3 and FTO investigated polymorphisms are independent in relation to adiposity parameters.

Non-Invasive Assessment Method Using Thoracic-Abdominal Profile Image Acquisition and Mathematical Modeling with Bezier Curves.

The study was performed at Brasov County Hospital, in the Internal Medicine, Diabetes, Gastroenterology and Cardiology Wards with the collaboration of Transylvania University of Brasov, as a study approved by the Ethical Board of the university. The study aimed at assessing the connection between the anthropometric parameters of abdominal adiposity (measured by means of an original experiment designed to determine the curvature of the thoracic-abdominal adiposity for the patients and processed by help of a mathematical model based upon Bezier curves geometry) and the fat load of the liver (assessed by ultrasound by measuring the diameters of both hepatic lobes) for the patients diagnosed with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). The existence of ten types of thoracic-abdominal curves profiles were statistically analyzed in order to evaluate in a simple manner the liver size in NAFLD. The method of diagnosis is based on an easily reproduced experiment, it is original, innovative, non-invasive, and cost-effective. Can be implemented anywhere in the world, there is no need for investment, only for determining the profile of the belly.