Reference Parameters Research Articles

Retrospective MRI analysis of 418 adult shoulder joints to assess the physiological morphology of the glenoid in a low-grade osteoarthritic population

BackgroundDue to the difference in size between the humeral head and the glenoid, the shoulder joint is prone to instability. Therefore, the reconstruction of the physiological joint morphology is of great importance in shoulder joint preservation and replacement surgery. The aim of this study was to describe physiological reference parameters for the morphology of the glenoid for the first time.Material and methodsMRI images of the shoulder joints of 418 patients (mean age: 50.6 years [± 16.3]) were retrospectively analysed in a low-grade osteoarthritic population. The glenoid distance in coronal (GDc) and axial view (GDa), glenoid inclination (GI) and version (GV) as well as scapula neck length (SNL) were measured. Parameters were studied in association for age, gender, side and degeneration grade.ResultsMean GDc was 33.4 mm (± 3.6), mean GDa 26.8 mm (± 3.2), mean GI 10.5° (± 6.4), mean GV -0.4 mm (± 5.4) and mean SNL was 33.4 mm (± 4.7). GDa was significant higher in right shoulders (p < 0.001). GDc and GDa showed significant higher mean values in older patients (p < 0.001) and in shoulders with more severe degenerative changes (p < 0.05). While GDc, GDa and SNL were significant larger in male patients (p < 0.001), GI had a higher mean value in female shoulders (p = 0.021).ConclusionAge, gender and shoulder joint degeneration influence changes in the morphological parameters of the glenoid. These findings have to be considered in shoulder diagnostics and surgery.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

The role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the morpho-functional study of the right ventricle and the correct diagnosis of a case of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: a case study

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is an inherited disease characterized by fibro-adipose replacement of cardiac tissue, which can lead to severe arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, especially in young athletes. This experimental study analyzes the efficacy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the early diagnosis and monitoring of ARVD, highlighting how this diagnostic technique represents the gold standard for the morpho-functional evaluation of the right ventricle. 43 patients were examined, one of whom tested positive for ARVD, thanks to the diagnostic parameters obtained (RVEDVi, RVESVi and FE) and Delayed enhancement sequences by MRI. It was found that the reference parameters of the TASK FORCE 2010 were exceeded with values of RVEDVi equal to 110 ml/m² and FE equal to 36% and in the DE sequences we had an accumulation of contrast medium in the free wall of the right ventricle.

Surface Morphology and Remaining Geometric Parameters of Corroded Members on Bailey Truss

Abstract Bailey truss has been widely used in temporary constructional structures of bridges, and is reusable. In the service duration, Bailey truss is commonly exposed to corrosion threats due to the failure of anti-corrosion coatings, resulting in corrosion damage on members which induces degradation of its structural behavior. This paper presents an investigation on the corrosion damage of a Bailey truss which had been in service for eight years in the Northeast China. A total of 18 member segments were obtained from the chords, diagonals, and verticals of the Bailey truss, and were scanned by a 3D laser scanner after clearing the paint and rust. Then reverse modeling was performed based on the 3D coordinates of the specimen surfaces. The surface topography was discussed for different members on the basis of the separated roughness component, the residual thickness was analyzed for plates, and the residual cross-sectional area and moment of inertia about axes of the members were calculated and discussed. Coupon tests were carried out on corroded specimens from chords, diagonals, and verticals to quantitatively analyze the degradation of corroded Bailey truss. It was found that the corrosion damage on flanges was more severe than that on webs, in terms of the surface roughness and thickness loss. The corrosion status can be influenced by the microstructures and serving location. Upon the true values of the remaining cross-sections, it was concluded that the chords, diagonals, and verticals of the Bailey truss all exhibited the largest loss ratio in moment of inertia about y axis and the smallest loss ratio in cross-sectional area. The vertical member had the largest dispersion of average nominal loss rates, especially for moment of inertia about y axis, whose maximum and minimum values differed by 157.1%. A practical method for estimating the residual cross-sectional area and moment of inertia was validated. In addition, the engineering mechanical parameters (the elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and the elongation after fracture) of each member basically show linear degradation. The mechanical parameters of diagonal web are most affected by corrosion. There is 10% thickness loss in chord web with up to 27% loss bearing capability in 8 years, and the factor of safety with respect to a reference parameter is lowered.

Ascitic fluid amylase-to-serum amylase ratio to predict pancreatic duct leaks causing ascites

Objectives: Pancreatic duct leaks can cause ascites, and fluid amylase can be used as a marker to suggest pancreatic duct leak; however, there is no reference parameter or cutoff value for diagnosis. We assessed whether a novel ratio of ascitic fluid to serum amylase can reliably predict pancreatic leaks and need for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Materials and methods: Patients who had fluid amylase from ascitic fluid and serum amylase within one week of confirmed pancreatic leaks via ERCP were included along with appropriate medical and surgical controls. Results: A total of sixteen patients were included in the study group. The mean ascitic fluid amylase to serum amylase ratio in the study group was 243, and 0.3511, and 0.9406 for medical and surgical controls respectively. The cutoff ratio to predict pancreatic leaks was 6.89 with 100% sensitivity and specificity (p-value 0.0000000000001347). Conclusions: Patients with a fluid to serum amylase ratio of at least 6.89 should be considered high risk for pancreatic leak with consideration to proceed directly to ERCP.

Comparison of the effects of hypotensive anesthesia techniques based on systolic and mean arterial pressure on cerebral perfusion, blood oxidant-antioxidant levels and HIF-1a levels

Purpose: This study aims to compare and evaluate changes in tissue and cerebral perfusion when systolic blood pressure (SBP) or mean arterial pressure (MAP) is used as the reference parameter to achieve controlled hypotension. Materials and Methods: Patients scheduled for planned rhinoplasty or jaw surgery requiring controlled hypotension were included in the study. The patients were categorized into two groups: Group 1 (systolic blood pressure group) and Group 2 (mean arterial pressure group). Before anesthesia induction and emergence, levels of total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) in the blood were measured. Perioperative cerebral perfusion monitoring was performed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in preoperative and postoperative levels of TAS, TOS, OSI, and HIF-1α, which are used as indicators of oxidative stress. Similarly, there was no significant difference in RsO2 values between the groups. Surgical satisfaction scores were significantly higher in Group 2, while bleeding scores were significantly lower. Conclusion: MAP-targeted controlled hypotension provides higher surgical satisfaction and lower bleeding scores without causing disadvantages in terms of cerebral oxygenation or oxidative stress.

Diagnosis to determine the degree of indebtedness of households in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora

This research addresses a diagnosis of the degree of indebtedness of families settled in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, in order to compare the level obtained regarding the management of their economic resources and visualize the effect caused according to the degree in which they are. This study was developed under the quantitative approach, with a descriptive scope. The design is field, non-experimental, cross-sectional. With the data obtained from the applied instrument, the debt-to-income ratio (DTI) of the households was calculated, resulting in a ratio of 0.15, which, according to the reference parameter, indicates that households in Cd. Obregón have a healthy DTI. Therefore, it can be concluded that families efficiently manage their resources and do not take the financial risk that a debt incurs, but neither do they take the benefit of assuming a debt responsibly.

Online Auditory Abilities Screening in Elderly: Initial Considerations

Objective. To analyze the results of AudBility's online screening in the elderly to assess its viability. Methodology. The study included 40 elderly participants (mean age 67.4 years). They underwent online AudBility screening and completed a self-assessment questionnaire along with tests assessing seven auditory skills: sound localization (SL), dichotic digits task, speech perception in noise, auditory closure, staggered dichotic words test (SDW), temporal resolution, and temporal ordering. Descriptive data analysis considered AudBility's reference parameters: &lt;50% = abnormal, 51-79% caution, &gt;80% = normal. Results. The tests with the highest frequency of abnormalities were SL and temporal ordering frequency (TOF), both with 22.5%. On average, these tests were considered as "caution" (SL = 72.75%; TOF = 67.5%). The self-assessment questionnaire had the highest frequency of "caution" results (52.5%), followed by SDW (35%) and TOF (32.5%). On average, the self-assessment questionnaire and TOF showed caution values (74.41% and 67.5%, respectively). SDW had normal average values (81.5%). No test showed abnormal average values. Conclusion. Auditory screening using AudBility can serve as an entry point for assessing auditory and cognitive health in the elderly population, guiding referrals and therapies before in-person interventions.

Effect of Weld-Pass Morphology and Molten-Pool Flow on Lack of Fusion Formed in the Fully Automatic Welded Joint at 6 o’Clock Direction

Compared with traditional shielded metal arc welding and semi-automatic welding, fully automatic welding has the advantages of fast welding speed, high welding quality as well as a high qualification rate on the premise of ensuring the comprehensive performance of the girth weld joint. Meanwhile, the proportion of welding defects also changed from porosity and slag inclusion to lack of fusion. Therefore, from the view of the macroscopic and dynamic evolution behavior, the paper aims to reveal the influence of the coupling of weld-pass morphology and molten-pool flow on the formation of lack of fusion using macroscopic metallographic observation and high-speed photography. The results indicate that the weld morphology is prone to convex reinforcement and larger penetration depth in the 6 o’clock direction of the pipeline girth weld under the reference parameters. The excessive reinforcement of the pass to be welded is one of the sufficient conditions for the formation of a lack of side fusion in the 6 o’clock direction. Excessive reinforcement could lead to welding arc heat mainly used to melt the raised weld metal to be welded, which results in insufficient heat flow to both sides of the molten pool metal. Furthermore, due to the larger curvature radius at the groove and the increase of the surface tension of the molten pool with lower relative temperature, the flow resistance of the molten pool increases and the fluidity decreases.

ВІРТУАЛЬНА МОДЕЛЬ БЕЗКОНТАКТНОГО ГЕНЕРАТОРА ЗМІННОГО СТРУМУ

Currently, the main sources of alternating current electrical energy on airplanes and helicopters are contactless synchronous generators of the ГТ type with an alternating current exciter and rotating rectifiers. When conducting research on power generation systems, for example, in order to implement a diagnostic method based on monitoring electrical parameters with subsequent special analysis of the received signal, it is necessary to have reference parameters (voltages, currents, transient characteristics, voltage and current spectra) of the machine. These parameters can be obtained experimentally or by modeling, because the machine parameters in the event of typical failures cannot always be obtained experimentally. This circumstance is associated with the complexity or impossibility of physically simulating failures. For this purpose, various types of application software packages are used (for example, Matlab/Simulink, LabVIEW/Control Design and Simulation), which allow modeling complex dynamic systems, including those described by nonlinear differential equations. For example, synchronous generator models from the SimPowerSystems section of the Matlab/Simulink environment allow for good results in modeling normal generator operation. At the same time, standard models have limited failure simulation capabilities, allowing only open circuits and short circuits of windings to be simulated. To simulate other electrical and mechanical faults, standard models are usually upgraded or special ones are developed to simulate typical failures, in particular: stator winding or insulation failure, rotor winding or insulation failure, bearing failure, rotor mechanical integrity failure, stator mechanical integrity failure. As a review of publications has shown, no attention is paid to failures of the electronic part of cascade generators. The proposed work presents a virtual model of a synchronous generator, built in the MatLab/Simulink simulation environment. The model is built taking into account the design features of cascade synchronous generators of the ГТ series: the presence of three generators in the machine - a magnetoelectric exciter, an electromagnetic exciter, an electromagnetic main generator; an uncontrolled three-phase rotating rectifier; a phase-pulse voltage regulator with a controlled rectifier. The proposed model allows you to study the operation of the generator in normal operation and in the event of typical generator failures, including electronic elements. This model can be useful in studying the processes occurring in AC generation systems with ГТ series generators both in normal operation and in the event of failures. Therefore, the development of this virtual model in the Matlab/Simulink environment of a contactless synchronous generator allows you to obtain both reference parameters and parameters in the event of failures

A systematic clinical healthcare model for assessing post-pandemic recovery in heart diagnosis

A systematic clinical healthcare model for assessing post-pandemic recovery in heart diagnosis

SSO optimized FOFPID regulator design for performance enhancement of doubly fed induction generator based wind turbine system.

A wind turbine system (WTS) is a highly coupled and nonlinear system where the output power depends upon highly uncertain wind speed. Therefore, the quality of produced power becomes a challenging problem for researchers. Direct Vector Control (DVC) is a powerful and widely utilized power control strategy to deal with winds that vary rapidly and randomly. As a result, this article employed the newly developed Social Spider Optimization (SSO) technique to optimize the design parameters of Fractional-Order Fuzzy Proportional-Integral with Derivative (FOFPID) regulator to maintain the output power of the studied DFIG-based WTS at the rated value under dynamic wind conditions. The suggested FOFPID controller integrates the capabilities of the Fuzzy intelligent regulator and the Fractional-Order controller, enhancing DFIG current control while allowing independent control of active and reactive power. The approach is incorporated within the DVC strategy of the DFIG's rotor-side converter (RSC), replacing the conventional Proportional-Integral (PI) regulator in the internal current loops. Extensive performance evaluations are conducted under various operating conditions, including active power reference changes, parameter uncertainties, and rapid wind speed variations. Comparative analyses with SSO-optimized PID and Fuzzy regulators show that the FOFPID regulator performs better in terms of maximum overshoot, extreme undershoot, settling time, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), and Weighted Total Harmonic Distortion (WTHD). The suggested FOFPID regulator also displays stronger robustness against parameters mismatch and weather change than other regulator architectures.

Single-Phase Multilevel Inverter Design with Low Voltage Stress and Optimized Control Model

The research explicitly examines the power control of a single-phase renewable energy sources battery energy storage system (RES-BESS)mixed-distributing network designed for domestic usage. The system utilizes a cascaded H-bridge (CHB) conversion architecture as its grid connection. The CHB uses a hierarchical power management design consisting of a single centralized regulator for the top layer and several dispersed regulators for the bottom layer. The higher stratum produces the reference signals that need to be monitored. Under optimal circumstances, the CHB should operate efficiently with all solar panels at their Maximum Power Point (MPP) and with an electrical factor of 1. However, several functional limitations prevent this from always being feasible, such as limits related to voltage and current, biased shadowing, and State of Charge (SOC) incompatibilities. Hence, a novel optimization technique is introduced to take into account these impacts directly and calculate a collection of reference parameters to be monitored. This approach aims to maximize the long-term viability of the structure while ensuring compliance with the given limitations. The optimization method in this structure incorporates many functional needs, prioritizing them based on the specific operating circumstances. The decentralized management layer utilizes traditional feedback-controlling methods to monitor the best referencing. Experimental findings are conducted to verify the best method under normal conditions for operation and evaluate the efficacy of the suggested CHB arrangement with the complete control technique.

Observer-based iterative learning control with varying iteration lengths and alignment condition

Observer-based iterative learning control with varying iteration lengths and alignment condition

Benchmarks defining high-quality sperm in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are increasingly recognized as valuable nonhuman primates (NHPs) for biomedical research due to their small size and short reproductive cycle and lifespan relative to other NHP species. Maximizing the utility of captive research marmosets, including genetically manipulated animals, will require the use of assisted reproductive techniques (ART) including manipulation, storage, and sharing of marmoset sperm. Here, we identify characteristics of high-quality semen samples and validate a simple method for selecting high-quality sperm. Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) was used to evaluate sperm quality in semen samples collected from 44 marmosets and assessed the use of the swim-up method for the selection of high-quality sperm was also tested in half the samples as a potential means to optimize in vitro fertilization or intrauterine insemination. For each reference parameter, samples at or below the 5th percentile were categorized as abnormal sperm, while those above the 5th percentile were considered to be normal. Among normal samples, those at or above the 50th percentile were categorized as high-quality. High-quality semen samples exhibited the following characteristics: semen volume ≥ 30µL; sperm count ≥ 107/ejaculate; total motility ≥ 35%; and normal morphology ≥ 5%. Sperm isolated by swim-up exhibited superior sperm progressive motility (19.7%±4.5vs. 5.6%±2.1; P=0.01) and normal morphology (13.1±1.59vs. 7.65±1.1; P<0.001) compared with unselected sperm. This study defines robust, statistically supported reference values for evaluating marmoset semen samples to assist with the identification of optimal sperm donors and the selection of high-quality sperm samples for assisted reproduction. Ultimately, these reference values combined with a validated selection method will contribute to consistent standards for the international sharing of genetically diverse and/or gene-edited marmoset sperm for research and reproduction.

Fourier Transform Approach to Boundary Domain Integral Equations for Elastic Composites With Domain Decomposition and Multi Reference Parameters

ABSTRACTIn this article, displacement and strain periodic boundary domain integral equations for homogenization problems of elastic composites are derived in the context of FFT homogenization methods. The resolution methods based on regular grids and discrete Green's tensors are presented. The displacement based equations can be used to solve problems in arbitrary domains under periodic and non‐periodic boundary conditions. The strain based integral equation is obtained from the combination of the displacement based equations for different domains, each one having its own reference elasticity tensor. In the latter, the strain values inside every phases are connected to material mismatch parameters on the phase boundary. It was shown that by decomposing suitably domains by stiffness and using adapted reference parameters, the iteration schemes converge faster.

An Integrated Approach: Watershed Segmentation with Local Maxima and Minima Algorithms for Tree Crown Delineation of Mango (Mangifera indica) using UAV Multispectral Imagery

Precision forestry and agriculture rely on precise tree crown delineation as a fundamental component for effective forest management activities. The selection of appropriate techniques and algorithms for tree crown delineation significantly influences the accuracy and reliability of the outcomes. This study was conducted in a mango plantation at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Arau, Perlis, employing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) multispectral imaging. The focus is to assess the accuracy of tree crown delineation using two different algorithms, namely watershed segmentation and local maxima and minima. The conventional method was used for reference parameter derivation and tree positioning, while object-based image analysis was employed for processing the multispectral images. Additionally, a manual digitization approach was utilized to conduct an accuracy assessment of the resulting tree crown delineation. The study findings indicated that the watershed algorithm exhibited superior accuracy, achieving 83.3% total 1:1 match and 73% goodness of fit, compared to the local maxima and minima algorithm, which yielded 81.7% and 71%, respectively. These results hold significant implications for forest management planning and remote sensing-based forest quantification estimation, enabling the development of efficient and effective forest management strategies for the future.

Intracoronary ECG ST-segment shift remission time during reactive myocardial hyperemia: a new method to assess hemodynamic coronary stenosis severity.

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurements are recommended for assessing hemodynamic coronary stenosis severity. Intracoronary ECG (icECG) is easily obtainable and highly sensitive in detecting myocardial ischemia due to its close vicinity to the myocardium. We hypothesized that the remission time of myocardial ischemia on icECG after a controlled coronary occlusion accurately detects hemodynamically relevant coronary stenosis. This retrospective, observational study included patients with chronic coronary syndrome undergoing hemodynamic coronary stenosis assessment immediately following a strictly 1-min proximal coronary artery balloon occlusion with simultaneous icECG recording. icECG was used for a beat-to-beat analysis of the ST-segment shift during reactive hyperemia immediately following balloon deflation. The time from coronary balloon deflation until the ST-segment shift reached 37% of its maximum level, i.e., icECG ST-segment shift remission time (τ-icECG in seconds), was obtained by an automatic algorithm. τ-icECG was tested against the simultaneously obtained reactive hyperemia FFR at a threshold of 0.80 as a reference parameter. From 120 patients, 139 icECGs (age, 68 ± 10 yr old) were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of τ-icECG for the detection of hemodynamically relevant coronary stenosis at an FFR of ≤0.80 was performed. The area under the ROC curve was equal to 0.621 (P = 0.0363) at an optimal τ-icECG threshold of 8 s (sensitivity, 61%; specificity, 67%). τ-icECG correlated inversely and linearly with FFR (P = 0.0327). This first proof-of-concept study demonstrates that τ-icECG, a measure of icECG ST segment-shift remission after a 1-min coronary artery balloon occlusion accurately detects hemodynamically relevant coronary artery stenosis according to FFR at a threshold of ≥8 s.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Invasive hemodynamic measurements are recommended by the current cardiology guidelines to guide percutaneous coronary interventions in the setting of chronic coronary syndrome. However, those pressure-derived indices demonstrate several theoretical and practical limitations. Thus, this study demonstrates the accuracy of a novel, pathophysiology-driven approach using intracoronary ECG for the identification of hemodynamically relevant coronary lesions by quantitatively assessing myocardial ischemia remission.

MRI analysis of the physiological patellofemoral joint morphology of adult knees.

The aim of the present study was to determine physiological reference values for the morphology of the patella and to analyse these parameters according to patella position in healthy knee joints. Healthy knee joints of 409 patients (mean age, 52.3years [± 16.8]) were analysed retrospectively on MRI images for Insall-Salvati index (ISI), sagittal patella thickness (PTS) and patella length (PLS) as well as axial patella thickness (PTA) and patella width (PWA). Differences between patellar diameters were analysed depending on ISI, side, age and gender. Mean PTS was 20.1 mm (± 2.4), PLS 44.0 mm (± 4.4), PTA 21.8 mm (± 2.4) and PWA 44.5 mm (± 4.7). Depending on the vertical patellar position (ISI), all patellar parameters (p < 0.01) showed significant differences between patients with a patella alta, norma and baja. In general, a smaller ISI showed higher measured values for the patellar parameters. There were no significant differences for the laterality. Only PTS showed a significant age difference (p = 0.031). All parameters were significantly larger in male compared to female knees (p < 0.001). Reference parameters for the patella morphology are reported. Concluding from the results, a relationship between vertical patellar position and patellar morphology seems to exist. This finding should be taken into account in diagnostics and therapy of patella disorders.

Correcting the effect of temperature changes in the measurement results of dielectric response in power transformers as an arrhenius type dielectric with the help of artificial neural network

Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) and Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS) measurements are common dielectric response tests in time and frequency domain that are widely used to diagnosis insulation status in power transformer companies. Numerous factors affect the PDC and FDS test results, which the most important of them is temperature variation. To accurately interpret the results of the dielectric response, the effect of temperature on the results in time and frequency domains, must be corrected. In this paper, firstly a 200 MVA transformer is selected as a test object and FDS and PDC tests are performed on it at different temperatures. Then, based on the FDS results performed on a transformer at different temperatures, the parameters of the insulation model have been estimated by using genetic algorithm (GA). Next, with the help of artificial neural network (ANN), the parameters of the insulation model, related to the different temperatures are transferred into the reference parameters. After that, the parameters of the transferred insulation model, the FDS curves are plotted and transferred to the reference temperature curve and the effect of temperature on them is compensated. By using the correlation of the time and frequency domain results, with the help of transferred insulation model parameters, the PDC results are also plotted and transmitted on the reference PDC curve. Finally, with such a method, the effect of temperature on the PDC results is compensated.

A Bioequivalence Trial of Lenvatinib Mesylate Capsules in Healthy Subjects Under Fasting and Postprandial Conditions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety profiles of generic lenvatinib mesylate capsules and the reference product in a cohort of healthy Chinese individuals. The research design consisted of a randomized, open-label trial with a single-dose regimen, 2 crossover periods, and 2 distinct phases involving participants from the Chinese population. A total of 24 individuals were enrolled in the fasting study, with an additional 27 participants included in the postmeal study. Each participant received a single dose of either 4mg of the reference product or the study product per cycle. The washout period was 14days between each period. Bioequivalence was assessed through the analysis of geometric mean and ratio of pharmacokinetic parameters, while the safety of both drugs was evaluated by monitoring adverse events (AEs). Following a single oral administration of lenvatinib (4mg), linear pharmacokinetics were observed. The rate of absorption was found to be significantly faster under fasting conditions (median time to maximum concentration, 2.3-2.5hours), while the presence of a high-fat diet resulted in delayed absorption (median tmax, 5.3-6.1hours). Furthermore, the 90% confidence intervals for the reference and test pharmacokinetic parameters under both fasting and postprandial conditions fell within the bioequivalence standard range of 80%-125%. AEs were reported in 34.78% of cases during fasting and in 48.15% of cases after eating. There was no significant difference in AE rates between the reference and study products. The study determined that both the study product and the reference product were bioequivalent and well tolerated by healthy Chinese participants in both fasting and postprandial conditions.