Progression-free Survival Parameters Research Articles

The Predictive Role of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients With Larynx Cancer Undergoing Definitive Radiotherapy.

Inflammation plays an important role in the process of cancer development. The number of studies evaluating the ability of inflammatory biomarkers to predict survival has increased in recent years. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the predictive role of inflammatory biomarkers in patients with larynx cancer undergoing definitive radiotherapy. A total of 101 patients who underwent definitive radiotherapy for larynx cancer at our center were retrospectively examined. Blood samples were taken from the patients before radiotherapy to obtain biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), pan-immune inflammatory value (PIV), hemo-eosinophil inflammation index (HEI), albumin, and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The study examined the predictive value of parameters for progression-free survival (PFS), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), and overall survival (OS) using both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. In the univariate analysis, the biomarkers that predicted PFS were SII, PIV, CRP, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS). According to the multivariate analysis, only CRP was found to be a significant predictor of PFS. In the univariate analysis, the following biomarkers were found to predict OS: NLR, PLR, MLR, SII, PIV, CRP, HEI, stage, and ECOG PS. In the multivariate analysis, NLR and ECOG PS were found to be predictors of OS. A significant difference was found in MLR, PIV, and CRP values based on the presence of lymphatic metastasis. The current study is the first to comprehensively examine the relationship between larynx cancer and several inflammatory biomarkers. Many of these biomarkers have been shown to predict both PFS and OS in patients with larynx cancer undergoing definitive radiotherapy. It has been shown that PIV and CRP may predict the presence of lymphatic metastases in addition to PFS and OS.

Clinicopathologic features of early stage HER2-low breast cancer.

e12545 Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Traditionally, BC is divided into 3 categories: hormone receptor positive (HR+) if tumors overexpress either estrogen or progesterone receptors, HER2-positive (Pos) if tumors overexpress the human epidermal growth factor receptor protein (HER2), and triple negative if tumors lack overexpression of HER2, ER, or PR. 15% of all BC are HER2-Pos, which has poorer outcomes when compared to HER2-Neg. Early HER2 targeted therapies only showed benefit for treating tumors with high enough HER2 overexpression. Thus, HER2-Pos refers to tumors which stained 3+ for HER2 on immunohistochemistry (IHC) or 2+ with a positive result on amplification of the HER2 gene by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). In the recent DESTINY-Breast04 study, the drug trastuzumab deruxtecan showed benefit in treating metastatic BC patients with low levels of HER2 overexpression. HER2-Low, now a clinically relevant group, is defined as 1+ by IHC or 2+ and FISH negative. However, early stage HER2-Low BC is treated the same as HER2-Neg by the current standard of care. Large registry trials have described the HER2-Low patient population, mostly in the metastatic setting. Our study aims to describe the prevalence, pathological and clinical aspects of HER2-Low when compared to HER2-Neg BC in early stage BC patients within a community practice setting in the United States. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 1,106 patients of which 120 were excluded due to being HER2-Pos. 986 HER2-Neg and HER2-Low patients of stages I-III were included. Patients had diagnosis dates between January 1st, 2015 and December 31st, 2022. Categorical and continuous analyses (two-proportion Z test) were performed to describe differences between HER2-Low and HER2-Neg patients at the time of diagnosis in age, tumor histology and grade, and need for chemotherapy. Results: 49% of patients (n = 1,106) were found to be HER2-Low. 91% of HER2-low patients were HR+, compared to 87% of HER2-Neg who were HR+ (p = 0.04). HER2-Low patients were more likely than HER2-Neg to have ductal carcinoma (82% vs. 75%, p = 0.01) and to be classified as grade 2 (58% vs. 48%, p = 0.001). The median age of patients with HER2-Low was 69 compared to 70 in patients with HER2-Neg disease. 36% of HER2-Low patients needed chemotherapy (neoadjuvant or adjuvant) compared to 35% who were HER2-Neg (p = 0.74). Conclusions: Our study revealed that HER2-Low patients were more likely than HER2-Neg patients to be HR+, grade 2, and to have ductal histology. In this early stage BC population, there was no difference in need for chemotherapy between HER2-Low and HER2-Neg patients. Future studies with a more racially diverse patient population looking at parameters of progression-free survival and overall survival in HER2-Low early stage BC population should be pursued.

Predictive value of prognostic nutritional and systemic immune-inflammation indices for patients with microsatellite instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer receiving immunotherapy.

The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) are indicators of nutritional immune status. They have been reported associated with clinical outcomes of various solid tumors. However, it is unclear whether they can serve as predictors for patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) receiving immunotherapy. Our objective was to study the prognostic value of PNI and SII in these patients. Seventy-five MSI-H mCRC patients were enrolled in our study. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify features that influenced immunotherapy response. Survival differences between groups of mCRC patients were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. The independent risk parameters for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with MSI-H mCRC were established by Cox proportional risk regression analysis. The optimal SII and PNI cutoff values were 409.6 and 51.35. Higher PNI (p = 0.012) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC, p = 0.012) were associated with a better immunotherapy response. SII (p = 0.031), cholesterol (CHO) (p = 0.007) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p = 0.031) were independent prognostic factors correlated with OS. Higher PNI (p = 0.012) and lower AST (p = 0.049) were negative predictors of PFS. In addition, patients suffered from immune-related adverse events (irAEs) had a lower SII level (p = 0.04). Higher AST and SII, and lower PNI predict worse outcomes in MSI-H mCRC patients undergoing immunotherapy. Moreover, patients with lower SII before immunotherapy suffered from irAEs more often.

The value of FDG PET/CT imaging in outcome prediction and response assessment of lymphoma patients treated with immunotherapy: a meta-analysis and systematic review

PurposeTreatment strategies of lymphoid malignancies have been revolutionized by immunotherapy. Because of the inherent property of Hodgkin lymphoma and some subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma as a highly FDG-avid tumor, functional 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging is already embedded in their routine care. Nevertheless, the question is whether it is still valuable in the context of these tumors being treated with immunotherapy. Herein, we will review the value of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging lymphoid tumors treated with immunotherapy regimens.MethodsA comprehensive literature search of the PubMed database was conducted on the value of the 18F-FDG PET/CT for immunotherapy response monitoring of patients with malignant lymphoma. The articles were considered eligible if they met all of the following inclusion criteria: (a) clinical studies on patients with different types of malignant lymphoma, (b) treatment with anti-CD20 antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors or immune cell therapies, (c) and incorporated PET/CT with 18F-FDG as the PET tracer.ResultsFrom the initial 1488 papers identified, 91 were ultimately included in our study. In anti-CD20 therapy, the highest pooled hazard ratios (HRs) of baseline, early, and late response monitoring parameters for progression-free survival (PFS) belong to metabolic tumor volume (MTV) (3.19 (95%CI: 2.36–4.30)), maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) (3.25 (95%CI: 2.08–5.08)), and Deauville score (DS) (3.73 (95%CI: 2.50–5.56)), respectively. These measurements for overall survival (OS) were MTV (4.39 (95%CI: 2.71–7.08)), DS (3.23 (95%CI: 1.87–5.58)), and DS (3.64 (95%CI: 1.40–9.43)), respectively. Early and late 18F-FDG PET/CT response assessment in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and immune cell therapy might be an effective tool for prediction of clinical outcome.ConclusionFor anti-CD20 therapy of lymphoma, the MTV as a baseline 18F-FDG PET/CT-derived parameter has the highest HRs for PFS and OS. The DS as visual criteria in early and late response assessment has higher HRs for PFS and OS compared to the international harmonization project (IHP) visual criteria in anti-CD20 therapy. Early changes in 18F-FDG PET parameters may be predictive of response to ICIs and cell therapy in lymphoma patients.

Prognostic Value of Heterogeneity Index Derived from Baseline 18F-FDG PET/CT in Mantle Cell Lymphoma.

ObjectivesMantle cell lymphoma (MCL) represents a group of highly heterogeneous tumors, leading to a poor prognosis. Early prognosis prediction may guide the choice of therapeutic regimen. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the potential application value of heterogeneity index (HI) in predicting the prognosis of MCL.MethodsA total of 83 patients with histologically proven MCL who underwent baseline fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) were retrospectively enrolled. The clinicopathologic index and PET/CT metabolic parameters containing maximum and mean standard uptake value (SUVmax and SUVmean), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and HI were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed to determine the optimal cutoff values of the parameters for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression were used to assess relationships between risk factors and recurrence. Kaplan–Meier plots were applied for survival analyses.ResultsIn univariate analyses, age [HR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.20–5.24, p = 0.041 for body weight (BW)] and HI-BW (HR = 4.17, 95% CI = 1.00–17.38, p = 0.050) were significantly correlated with PFS. In multivariate analyses, age (HR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.25–5.47, p = 0.011 for BW) and HI-BW (HR = 4.41, 95% CI = 1.06–18.41, p = 0.042) were independent predictors for PFS, but not for OS. B symptoms (HR = 5.00, 95% CI = 1.16–21.65, p = 0.031 for BW) were an independent prognostic factor for OS, but not for PFS. The other clinicopathologic index and PET/CT metabolic parameters were not related to outcome survival in MCL.ConclusionThe age and HI derived from baseline PET/CT parameters were significantly correlated with PFS in MCL patients.

Lactate Dehydrogenase Is a Serum Prognostic Factor in Clinically Regional Lymph Node-positive Prostate Cancer.

Currently, there is no established prognostic serum parameter except PSA in clinically regional lymph node-positive prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to identify serum prognostic factors in clinically regional lymph node-positive prostate cancer. Patients diagnosed with regional lymph node-positive prostate cancer between 2008 and 2017 were included. The prognostic value of serum parameters for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was investigated. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed a statistically significant increased hazard risk for PFS and OS for men with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ≥230 IU/l at diagnosis. PFS at 5 years for patients with high and low LDH levels were 69.9% (95% CI=56.8-79.8%) and 18.9% (95% CI=1.23-53.2%), respectively (p=0.003). OS at 5 years for low and high LDH levels were 89.2% (95% CI=78.6-94.7%) and 46.3 (95% CI=11.2-76.2%), respectively (p=0.006). This study shows that LDH is an independent predictor of PFS and OS in patients with regional lymph node metastatic prostate cancer.

Prognostic Impact of Immunohistochemistry and MRD Results in Bone Marrow after Frontline Chemoimmunotherapy of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Results of Central Laboratory Analyses of the CLL10 Trial of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG)

Prognostic Impact of Immunohistochemistry and MRD Results in Bone Marrow after Frontline Chemoimmunotherapy of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Results of Central Laboratory Analyses of the CLL10 Trial of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG)

Differential prognostic factors in low- and high-burden denovo metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer patients.

Metastatic burden is a critical factor for therapy decision‐making in metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer. The present study aimed to identify prognostic factors in men with high‐ or low‐metastatic burden treated with primary androgen‐deprivation therapy. The study included 2450 men with de novo metastatic prostate cancer who were treated with primary androgen‐deprivation therapy at 30 institutions across Japan between 2008 and 2017. We investigated the prognostic value of various clinicopathological parameters for progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients stratified by low‐ or high‐metastatic burden. Among the 2450 men, 841 (34.3%) and 1609 (65.7%) were classified as having low‐ and high‐metastatic burden, respectively. Median PFS of the low‐ and high‐burden groups were 44.5 and 16.1 months, respectively, and the median OS was 103.2 and 62.7 months, respectively. Percentage of biopsy‐positive core, biopsy Gleason grade group, T‐stage, and N‐stage were identified to be differentially prognostic. M1a was associated with worse PFS than was M1b in the low‐burden group, whereas lung metastasis was associated with better PFS and OS than was M1b in the high‐burden group. Differential prognostic factors were identified for patients with low‐ and high‐burden metastatic prostate cancer. These results may assist in decision‐making to select the optimal therapeutic strategies for patients with different metastatic burdens.

Prognostic and predictive value of combined HE-4 and CA-125 biomarkers during chemotherapy in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.

At present there is no predictive value univocally associated with the success of chemotherapy. Biomarkers produced by ovarian cancer (HE4 and Ca125) could have a good prognostic significance. The aim of this study is to prove the ability of biomarkers to identify patients with the highest risk of non-optimal response during the chemotherapy, and to predict which patients will most likely develop recurrence of disease. We analyzed 78 patients with epithelial ovarian cancers who underwent surgery in the biennium 2016-2017. All the patients underwent chemotherapy after surgery or interval debulking surgery following neoadjuvant therapy. Serum levels of HE4 and Ca125 were measured at diagnosis and at each cycle of chemotherapy. We established the degree of response to the treatment by computed tomography scan, and the patients were followed up (median: 10 months). The parameters of progression-free survival and disease-free survival were related to serum levels of biomarkers. Both CA125 and HE4 values became negative at the fourth cycle in the patients with good response to chemotherapy. HE4 increased earlier than Ca125. The parameters that best correlated with a long progression-free survival were: negativization of the marker after the third cycle of chemotherapy (HE4: odds ratio (OR) 5.5; Ca125: OR 9.1) and biomarker serum levels lower than the mean value in the affected population at the time of diagnosis (HE4: OR 3.4; Ca125: OR 3.7). We can conclude that the monitoring of HE4 and Ca125 during chemotherapy, especially at the third cycle, is recommended, because their variation is a good prognostic factor.

The prognosis and the impact of radiotherapy in clinically regional lymph node-positive prostate cancer: Which patients are candidates for local therapy with radiation?

BackgroundThis study aimed to identify the prognostic and predictive factors of local radiotherapy in clinically regional lymph node-positive prostate cancer. Patients and MethodsThis study includes patients who were newly diagnosed with regional lymph node-positive prostate cancer between 2008 and 2017. We investigated the prognostic value of clinicopathological parameters for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) as well as the differential prognostic impact of radiotherapy by subgroup analysis. ResultsAmong the 93 men enrolled as patients, 48 (51.6 %) were treated with radiotherapy. The biopsy positive core rate and biopsy Gleason score were associated with PFS, and the number of lymph node metastases was associated with both PFS and OS. Patients who underwent radiotherapy showed better PFS and OS. High-risk features (at least 2 criteria among ≥75% biopsy positive core rate, Gleason score ≥9, and ≥2 positive lymph nodes) were especially associated with improved outcomes after undergoing radiotherapy. ConclusionWe identified prognostic factors for clinically regional lymph node-positive prostate cancer and showed the benefits of local radiation therapy. Patients with high-risk features may be especially suitable candidates for radiotherapy.

Prognostic parameter for high risk prostate cancer patients at initial presentation.

High-risk prostate cancer can be defined by a patient's Gleason score (GS), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, and clinical T (cT) stage, but a novel marker is needed due to heterogeneity of the disease. In this study, we evaluated whether intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) confirmed by needle biopsy is an adverse prognostic parameter for progression-free survival (PFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with high-risk prostate cancer. We retrospectively evaluated 204 patients with high-risk prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy from 1991 to 2005 at Nagoya University and its affiliated hospitals. Data on each patient's PSA level, biopsy GS, cT stage, presence of Gleason pattern 5, presence of IDC-P, percentage of the core involved with cancer, and maximum percentage of the core involved with cancer were analyzed. The median follow-up period was 108 months (range, 11-257 months). Forty-eight patients (24%) showed disease progression. Thirty-four patients (17%) died of the disease during follow-up. The IDC-P component was detected in 74 (36%) needle biopsy samples. The 5-, 10-, and 15-year CSS rates of the IDC-P-negative cases were 3.2%, 9.0%, and 23.7%; the corresponding rates of the IDC-P-positive cases were 23.9%, 33.7%, and 52.7%, respectively (P = 0.0001). In the Fine and Gray's model for PFS, IDC-P, maximum percentage of the core involved with cancer, and cT stage were significantly associated (P = 0.013, P = 0.003, P = 0.007). In the Fine and Gray's model for CSS, only IDC-P was significant (P = 0.027). In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, IDC-P (P = 0.04; hazard ratio [HR], 1.95) and maximum percentage of the core involved with cancer (P = 0.021; HR, 0.43) were significant factors in predicting overall survival (OS). The presence of IDC-P in a needle biopsy was a prognostic factor for PFS, CSS, and OS in patients with high-risk prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy. Multimodal pre-and/or post- surgical therapy may be needed when IDC-P is found in a needle biopsy specimen.

Predictive value of F-18 FDG PET/CT quantization parameters for progression-free survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Objectives: To evaluate the predictive significance of F-18 FDG PET/CT quantization parameters for progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) before chemotherapy.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study involving 60 patients with DLBCL between January 2010 and August 2014 who had undergone F-18 FDG PET/CT scan prior to treatment. Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and number of enlarged lymph nodes (>2 cm) were measured. The primary outcome measure was PFS. Spearman rank correlation analysis, univariate and multivariate Cox regression models, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and Kaplan–Meir survival curves were used.Results: Spearman analysis determined that the MTV and TLG values were positively related to Ann Arbor stage, National Comprehensive Cancer Network International Prognostic Index (NCCN-IPI) score, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level. The number of enlarged lymph nodes was positively related only to LDH level. The SUVmax value and clinical characteristics were not related. Univariate Cox regression determined that the MTV and TLG values, number of enlarged lymph nodes, and NCCN-IPI score were predictive factors. Multivariate Cox regression determined that the MTV and TLG values and number of enlarged lymph nodes predicted PFS independently of the NCCN-IPI score. The SUVmax value was not predictive of PFS. According to the cut-off determined from ROC analysis, lower MTV and TLG values were highly predictive of favorable PFS.Conclusions: In contrast to SUVmax, the MTV and TLG may be significant prognostic markers for PFS in DLBCL.

Validation of MSKCC-criteria in metastatic renal cancer patients treated with sorafenib or sunitinib.

401 Background: To validate the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) criteria as a prognostic factor in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) sorafenib (So) or sunitinib (Su). Methods: Clinical and laboratory parameters from 83 patients with mRCC were investigated. All patients were treated at our institution between 2006 and 2009. Specifically, the MSKCC criteria (Karnofsky performance status <80%, time between diagnosis and treatment < 1 year, baseline anemia, elevated LDH > 1.5 times upper limit of normal, and elevated serum calcium) were evaluated as surrogate parameters for progression-free survival (PFS). Results: 34 (41.0%) patients were treated as first-line, and 49 (59.0%) patients were treated as second-line treatments, respectively. In univariate analyses, a poor ECOG status was associated with an unfavorable progression-free survival (p<0.0001); similarly high risk MSKCC criteria correlated with a worse PFS (p=0.003). Furthermore, response to therapy was a surrogate parameter (p<0.0001). Albeit statistically not significant, prior nephrectomy (p=0.056), histologic subtype (p=0.052) as well as baseline anemia (p=0.079) tended to be associated with PFS. In multivariate analyses, only the ECOG status (ECOG 0/1 vs. ECOG 2, p=0.001) and best treatment response (p<0.001) were independent prognostic markers, but not MSKCC criteria. Conclusions: In this patient cohort, MSKCC criteria did not show prognostic relevance in terms of PFS. The role of risk group stratification according to MSKCC in patients with mRCC and treatment with TKIs must be questioned. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Circulating tumor cells - not serum tumor markers - predict survival in metastatic breast cancer

9516 Background: The presence of ≥5 circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in 7.5mL of blood in women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is associated with poor outcome (NEJM 2004). Here we provide previously unreported data from this multi-center trial on the assessment of the serum tumor marker MUC-1 (CA27.29 and/or CA15–3). Methods: In 65 of 177 MBC patients CTCs were assessed at 1st follow-up and MUC-1 at baseline, 1st follow-up (n=65), and the first disease reassessment (V1) after initiation of therapy (n=54). Assessment of MUC-1 was not mandated by the protocol and was only available from investigators that performed the assay as part of their routine assessment. CTCs were immunomagnetically separated and fluorescently labeled using the CellSearch Kit. Only nucleated (DAPI+) cells with the phenotype EpCAM+, Cytokeratin 8, 18 and/or 19+, and CD45- were counted using the CellSpotter Analyzer. Patients were classified as positive when ≥5 CTCs/7.5mL were detected. Patients were classified as positive when MUC-1 increased by 25% over the two time points. Results: Twenty-four of 65 (37%) patients had ≥ 5CTCs, 19 of 65 (29%) and 18 of 54 (33%) had >25% increase in MUC-1 at 1st follow-up and V1 respectively. CTCs and change in MUC-1 did not significantly correlate at any time point. In a univariate Cox hazards regression analysis, significant parameters for Progression Free Survival (PFS) were type of therapy (p=0.0197), change in MUC-1 (p≤0.0008), and CTCs (p=0.0008). For Overall Survival (OS) significant parameters were ER/PR (p=0.0172), ECOG (p=0.0128), type of therapy (p=0.0314) and CTCs (p=0.0064). MUC-1 was not significant for OS at 1st follow-up or 1st disease reassessment (p≥0.2255). In multivariate analyses, CTCs remained the strongest and most significant independent predictor of poor outcome. Conclusions: A significant correlation between PFS and change in serum MUC-1 tumor marker and CTCs was found in MBC. MUC-1 however did not correlate with overall survival. The presence of CTCs after initiation of therapy strongly correlates with survival and may be a more appropriate surrogate measure of disease progression. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Immunicon Immunicon