Extraction Process Parameters Research Articles

Chemometric tools to comprehend a recovery process for the bioactive ingredients from purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.): Box-Behnken design-based optimization and principal component analysis.

Medicinal and aromatic plants are alternative products to synthetics because of their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects. The objective of this study is to investigate the automated solvent extraction (ASE) process parameters for the extraction of bioactive-rich substances from purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Process optimization in relation to total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC) was performed through a chemometric approach. The ASE system was designed, modelled and optimized by 3-factor and 3-level Box-Behnken design of Response Surface method (RSM). Antioxidant activity of the samples were measured by 2 different free radical scavenging activity assays (ABTS and DPPH). By using principal component analysis (PCA) to the dataset, the impact of interactions between the parameters was also evaluated according to their antioxidant activity, TPC, TFC and TAC levels. The optimal ASE conditions (0.3 g of purple basil, 19 min of immersion time and 66 % ethanol solution) provided the highest yields of TPC (98.888 mg-GAE/g-DM), TFC (27.033 mg-CE/g-DM) and TAC (11.556 mg-C3G/g-DM), which were verified by satisfactory validation findings (the error<2 %).

EXTRACTION OF THE HUMIC-LIKE SUBSTANCES FROM COFFEE HUSK-DERIVED BIOCHAR: DETERMINE PARAMETERS OF EXTRACT PROCESS

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) with a humic acid-like composition is a very important component of biochar in agricultural production applications. DOC extraction from biochar derived from coffee husks at different pyrolysis temperatures using a KOH solution was performed. The investigated parameters of the DOC extraction process included biochar pyrolysis temperature (300, 450, and 600℃), KOH content (0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 M), homogenization speed (4000, 6000, and 8000 rpm), extraction time (1, 2 and 3h) and biochar dosage used (50, 100 and 150 g/L). The optimal extraction process parameters were determined based on the DOC extraction efficiency and the contribution of humic acid-like substances. The results showed that the optimal extraction parameters selected were biochar pyrolyzed at 300℃, 2M KOH; homogenization speed of 6000 rpm, extraction time of 2 h, and biochar dosage of 100 g/L. The DOC extraction efficiency reached 33.7% and the main components of DOC were the humic-like substance with high molecular weight. The findings in this study not only determine the optimal parameters for the extraction of organic matter from biochar but also provide a theoretical basis for the use of biochar-based extracts as liquid organic fertilizers or soil conditioners.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Betalains from the Amaranthus Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Due to increasing consumer awareness, there is a growing demand for healthy foods by replacing synthetic colorants with natural alternatives. Amaranthus is a sustainable rich source of one such natural colorant, namely, betalains. Conventional extraction methods have various challenges, such as high solvent requirements and low extraction yield. To overcome these problems, the present study aims at developing a green extraction method for betalains from Amaranth by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) employing natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Of the three Amaranth species screened, the leafy Amaranth is found to have the highest betalains content (24.79 ± 2.88mg/100g FW). Among the five NADES screened, lactic acid: fructose was identified as the most efficient solvent with a betalains yield of 79.68 ± 4.81mg/100g FW. The Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to identify the best combinations of extraction process parameters. This approach enabled optimization through a reduced number of experiments. Subsequently, a machine learning model was employed to predict yield for all possible process parameter combinations. On identifying the most effective combination process parameters that resulted in the highest possible yield (306.72mg/100g FW), the same is experimentally validated (297.28 ± 10.76mg/100g FW). UAE employing NADES has resulted in a 3.7-fold increase in the yield of betalains over extraction with NADES alone and a 12-fold increase over conventional extraction. HPLC analysis confirmed that the structure remained intact even after processing. Based on the results, UAE employing NADES was demonstrated to be an attractive extraction methodology for downstream processing of betalains in particular and biomolecules, in general.

Optimization and Standardization of the Extraction Method of Balanites aegyptiaca Del. Seeds (Zygophyllaceae) Used in the Formulation of an Antiparasitic Phytomedicine.

Background/Objectives:Balanites aegyptiaca Del. (Zygophyllaceae) is widely used in traditional medicine, both human and veterinary, throughout Africa for its many properties, including antiparasitic properties. This experimental study aims to optimize the extraction conditions of the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca Del. Methods: Aqueous maceration was carried out with mass-to-volume ratios of 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% and 5% and extraction times of 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. Extraction yields, phytochemical screening, saponins assay, antioxidant activities ABTS+ free radical scavenging activities, Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and antiparasitic tests on Heligmosomoides bakeri were used to compare the different extracts. Results: The pharmaco-chemical study generally showed that aqueous maceration gave the best results, with a mass/volume ratio of 10% after 12 h of maceration. The yield obtained was 28.03% with a saponins content of 13.81 mg/g. The antioxidant activities were 4.25 ± 0.17 µg/mL by the ABTS method and 0.739 µg/mL by the FRAP method. The larvicidal activity also showed that the 10% 12 h extract produced 100% larval mortality from 25 µg/mL. Conclusions: These data provide a basis for guiding the extraction process parameters in producing this antiparasitic phytomedicine.

Extraction optimization, identification using UPLC-tandem mass spectrometry, and antioxidant properties of polyphenols from the fruit body of Morchella sextelata.

Polyphenols, as important active ingredients in edible fungi, have many beneficial functions. As rare edible fungi, Morchella spp., are highly popular due to their nutritional value and unique flavor. However, most Morchella have not yet been artificially cultivated due to their special biological characteristics, resulting in limited research on polyphenols in artificially cultivated Morchella. In this study, the extraction parameters of polyphenols from artificially cultivated Morchella sextelata were optimized using response surface methodology, the polyphenol components were analyzed via UPLC‒tandem mass spectrometry, and their antioxidant properties were determined in vitro. The optimal extraction process parameters were as follows: ethanol concentration, 43%; solid‒liquid ratio, 1:41gmL-1; extraction temperature, 52°C; extraction time, 2h; rotation speed, 180rmin-1; and extraction frequency, twice. The optimized extraction parameters resulted in a polyphenol yield of 4.82mgg-1, a 69.97% increase. Fourteen phenolic compounds were identified: gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, dl-4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, methyl 2,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate, salicylic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxyacetophenone, eucommiol, luteolin, ethylparaben, hinokiflavone, amentoflavone, propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol. The EC50 values of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)· scavenging ability, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating ability of polyphenols were 2.70, 30.98, and 72.06µgmL-1, respectively. These findings indicated that polyphenols had a significantly stronger ability to scavenge DPPH· compared with their reducing power and ability to chelate ferrous ions. The results of this study provide a solid foundation for the subsequent study of function of M. sextelata polyphenols as well as a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of M. sextelata, which will help promote healthy development of Morchella industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The extraction, composition, and antioxidant properties of polyphenols from Morchella sextelata were identified, which provides a theoretical basis for better utilization of Morchella resources.

Closed-Loop Process of Extracting and Separating Zinc Impurities from Industrial Cobalt Products—Pilot Test Study

The cobalt-containing products of an enterprise were selected as the object of this study. The separation effect of Cyanex 272 on Zn and Co was studied through a pilot test. The results showed that Cyanex 272 had a high extraction rate for Zn at pH 3–3.4, up to 99.8%. The extracted Zn2+ was enriched in the organic phase, and the Zn2+ in the organic phase was extracted back into the aqueous phase in the stripping stage by adding strong acid. Addition amounts of strong acid of 50 g·L−1, 80 g·L−1, and 100 g·L−1 were set. The results showed that the addition amounts of 80 g·L−1 and 100 g·L−1 could significantly reduce the pH of the back-extraction solution and effectively enrich Zn2+ in the solution. There was a large amount of Zn2+ in the back-extraction solution, which could be used twice to prepare zinc carbonate products through neutralization and precipitation. By comparing the extraction effect, economic cost, and resource loss under different strong acid addition amounts, it was found that the 80 g·L−1 strong acid addition amount was more suitable for the actual production process. This study provides data support and practical evidence for the selection of industrial extraction process parameters for Zn2+ separation in actual cobalt products.

Optimization of Extraction Process, Structure Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Black Garlic

AbstractUltrasound assisted extraction (UAE) was used to extract polysaccharides from black garlic, and the extraction process for UAE of black garlic polysaccharides (BGPs) was optimized via RSM coupled with genetic algorithm. The optimal extraction process parameters were obtained as follows: extraction time of 30 min, liquid‐to‐solid ratio of 29 mL/g, extraction temperature of 51 ℃, and ultrasound power of 418 W, and the yield of BGPs was 10.17% ± 0.14%. Subsequently, the crude BGPs were further purified by DEAE‐52 cellulose and Sephadex G‐100 to obtain a homogeneous fraction (BGPs‐1‐SG with the molecular weight of 1.37 × 106 Da) that was comprised of mannose (Man), glucuronic acid (GlcA), rhamnose (Rha), glucose (Glc), and fucose (Fuc) with a molar ratio of 40.23:71.06:2.96:85.38:7.32. Congo red and circular dichroism spectroscopy indicate that BGPs‐1‐SG has a triple helix structure. Scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope demonstrate that BGPs‐1‐SG showed irregular structures including sheet‐like, rod‐shaped, irregular spherical structures, and aggregated in aqueous solutions. Moreover, BGPs‐1‐SG could increase viability, phagocytic rate, and NO content of RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, BGPs‐1‐SG could promote the secretion and mRNA expression levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α. The findings can provide an important reference for the development of functional foods.

Green Technology for Baru Oil Extraction Using Solar Energy: Assessing Extraction Efficiency and Process Parameters.

This study explores the application of solar concentrator technology for Baru oil extraction, a crucial resource in various industries. Through systematic experimental investigations, the effects of particle size and solvent flow rate on extraction efficiency were evaluated. Results demonstrate that smaller particle sizes (1.01 mm) significantly enhance extraction efficiency, achieving yields up to 89.25%, compared to larger particles (2.18 mm) with yields averaging 54.32% (±3.2%). Additionally, the solvent flow rate of 25 mL/min maximized extraction efficiency. These findings highlight the critical influence of particle size and solvent flow rate on extraction performance and underline the potential of solar-assisted leaching as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional extraction methods. The research provides a novel contribution to the field by advancing sustainable oil extraction practices and offering a viable solution for small-scale producers to increase the value of their agricultural products.

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds Rich Extract from Immature Dropped Kinnow Fruit

Ultrasound-assisted extraction process parameters of bioactive compounds extraction from immature dropped kinnow fruit were optimized using response surface methodology. Box–Behnken design of the experiments was used to optimize the independent extraction variables: amplitude (30% to 70%), extraction time (3 to 9 min), and pulse cycle (2 to 6 s) for maximizing extraction of bioactive (total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity such as 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition and ferric reduction activity potential (FRAP) activity) compounds from immature dropped kinnow fruits. Optimized conditions for ultrasonication bioactive extraction using 45.80% amplitude, 6.63 min extraction time and 4.24 s pulse cycle yielded 5.02 g GAE 100g-1 total phenolics, 9.41 g QE 100g-1 flavonoid content, 302.88 mg AAE 100g-1 DPPH, 6.95 g TE 100g-1 FRAP activity, 0.76 g DE 100g-1 saponins and 6.29 mg AE 100g-1 alkaloids. These optimized conditions could be used for pilot scale extraction of bioactive compounds from immature dropped kinnow fruits.

Effect of green extraction techniques on the quality and functional attributes of protein isolates from cereals and pseudo cereals: a review

SummaryCereals and pseudo cereals (CPC) constitute the main staple diet of the global population. These are great source of carbohydrate, however, ignored as a potential source of protein. Cereals and Pseudo cereals can provide adequate amount of protein if taken in right quantity. Concerns over foods security, nutritional deficiencies, chronic hunger, and sustainability have brought attention to sustainable and alternative sources of protein derived from food and its byproducts. This review explains the extraction of protein from different cereals and pseudo cereals sources, novel extraction techniques, e.g., microwave assisted, ultrasound, pulsed electric field or high‐pressure processing etc., as well as pre‐treatment efficiencies of the recovery of protein, effects of process parameters on the amount of protein extractions, its isolations and possible utilisation in diversified fields. Commercial attempts have been made to extract and use the protein from CPC, but they remain largely underutilised and generally applicable to a small‐scale level. According to the current investigation, protein extraction from CPC is not only an extensive integration of extraction perspectives, process parameters, yield potential and quality, but also should focus on the nutritional aspects, functionality and bioavailability of the separated protein as a desirable dietary component is in the near future.

Microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Commiphora gileadensis leaf and their characterization

Commiphora gileadensis (C. gileadensis) is a plant traditionally used in many parts of the world for medicinal purposes. However, the benefits of this plant are yet to be uncovered due to the use of conventional extraction methods during its extraction. Hence, there is a need for more efficient and environment-friendly extraction methods for optimum recovery of the bioactive components of C. gileadensis. This study aims to evaluate the impact of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process parameters (individually and in combination) on the recovery of phenolic compounds from C. gileadensis leaf. One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) optimization method was used in this work to study the impact of varying the MAE process parameters (sample: solvent ratio, microwave power, ethanol concentration, and extraction temperature) on the optimum yield of phenolic compounds. The obtained phenolic compounds were characterized using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for tentative identification of the component phytochemicals of the extract. The results showed that the optimal process condition of microwave power at 300 W, solvent/sample ratio of 1:10 g/mL, solvent concentration of 40 % v/v, and extraction temperature of 40 °C gave the maximum extraction yield of 33.20 ± 0.42 % w/w, total phenolic content (TPC) of 114.65 ± 3.14 mg GAE/g d.w., and total flavonoids content (TFC) of 37.56 mg QE/g d.w.). Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis identified 25 phenolic compounds with good antioxidant activities from the extracts. Therefore, MAE is considered a non-conventional green method for improved extraction of phenolic compounds from C. gileadensis leaf compared to the existing conventional extraction methods.

Advances in extraction, utilization, and development of chitin/chitosan and its derivatives from shrimp shell waste.

Shrimp consumption is in great demand among the seafood used globally. However, this expansion has resulted in the substantial generation and disposal of shrimp shell waste. Through literature search, it has been observed that since 2020, global scholars have shown unprecedented interest in shrimp shell waste and its chitin/chitosan. However, these new insights lack corresponding and comprehensive summarization and analysis. Therefore, this article provides a detailed review of the extraction methods, applications, and the latest research developments on chitin/chitosan from shrimp shells, including micro-nano derivatives, from 2020 to the present. The results indicate that chemical extraction remains the primary technique for the extraction and preparation of chitin/chitosan from shrimp shells. With further refinement and development, adjusting parameters in the chemical extraction process or employing auxiliary techniques such as microwave and radiation enable the customization of target products with different characteristics (e.g., deacetylation degree, molecular weight, and degree of acetylation) according to specific needs. Additionally, in pursuit of environmentally friendly, efficient, and gentle extraction processes, recent research has shifted toward microbial fermentation and green solvent methods for chitin/chitosan extraction. Beyond the traditional antibacterial, film-forming, and encapsulation functionalities, research into the applications of chitosan in biomedical, food processing, new materials, water treatment, and adsorption fields is gradually deepening. Chitin/chitosan derivatives and their modified products have also been a focal point of research in recent years. However, with the rapid expansion, the future development of chitin/chitosan and its derivatives still faces challenges related to the unclear mechanism of action and the complexities associated with industrial scale-up.

Application of Different Aqueous Ultrasound-assisted Extraction Process Parameters on the Quality of Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb) Leaves Extract

Pandan of Pandanaceae family, known for its aromatic foliage, vibrant green color, and rich in bioactive compounds, requires green extraction technology to stabilise compounds. Hence, this study aims to optimise process parameters of aqueous ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) on the color, yield, and antioxidant content of pandan extract using the Response Surface Method (RSM), and compare the volatile compounds present in optimised ultrasonicated pandan extract with macerated extract (control). The analysis includes DPPH and FRAP assays, total phenolic content (TPC), color, and yield. Optimally validated parameters (R2 ≥ 0.90, p-value lack-of-fit ≥ 0.05) were: 80°C extraction temperature, 90 min ultrasonic time, 2.60 % of solid in 20 mL distilled water yielded promising antioxidant activities: 277.64 mg/g AAE, 19.90 mg/g GAE, and 1.48 g/g AAE for DPPH, TPC, and FRAP assays, respectively). UAE technique has significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher yield of extract (86.24%) and DPPH scavenging activity (277.64 mg/g AAE) compared with control. The 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone is the most abundant volatile compound found in both extracts. The cavitation in ultrasonication generates currents, increasing pandan's mass transfer rate into the solvent medium. The optimised ultrasonication condition contributes to the increased quality of the pandan extract.

A high-permeability method for extracting purple yam saponins based on ultrasonic-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent

The extraction of active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine has received considerable attentions. In this study, 16 kinds of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) with ultrasonic were selected to extract saponins from purple yam root and the extraction mechanism was investigated. The results showed that chloride/acrylic acid (1:2; n/n) had the highest extraction yield for saponins. The optimal extraction process parameters were 24% water content, 20 mL/g liquid-solid ratio, and ultrasonic extraction for 85 min (81 °C, 600 W). The extraction rate (ER) of purple yam saponins was 0.935%, close to the fitted result of 96.5 mg/g. Molecular dynamics simulations and FT-IR results showed that the NADES may extract the saponin constituents from purple yam through hydrogen bonding. Compared with traditional extraction methods and molecularly imprinted polymer methods, NADES has a higher ER and lower cost (1.53 $/g), which provides a reference for subsequent industrial quantitative production.

Optimization of Antifungal Properties of Hop Cone Carbon Dioxide Extracts Based on Response Surface Methodology.

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the process parameters of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of hop cones in terms of their antifungal properties against Fusarium culmorum and Aspergillus niger. The effects of temperature (40-50 °C), pressure (200-300 bar), and CO2 consumption (25-75 kgCO2/kg) on the extraction yield, content of α- and β-acids, as well as pathogens' growth inhibition were investigated. Both pressure and CO2 consumption had a significant effect on antifungal properties. It was observed that the best results for antifungal properties were obtained when hop cones were extracted with pure carbon dioxide at the temperature of 50 °C, under the pressure of 300 bar with CO2 consumption at the level of 75 kgCO2/kg of feed for extraction. The highest antifungal properties of hop cone supercritical carbon dioxide extracts were analyzed as 100% for Fusarium culmorum and 68% for Aspergillus niger, calculated as the growth inhibition of tested pathogens. The aim of the study was to determine the optimum values of extraction parameters to achieve the maximum response and enable us to investigate the interaction of these parameters on the antifungal properties of hop cone extracts.

Processing parameters, techno-functional properties and potential food application of lentil protein concentrate as an ingredient for the plant-based market

Lentil (Lens culinaris) is a protein-rich legume consumed worldwide and it also has the potential to become an alternative source of protein ingredient for human nutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the best processing parameters for the whole grain protein wet extraction, as well as to analyze the techno-functional properties, and physical characteristics of the protein concentrate and its flour. It was also evaluated the application of the concentrate into a fish-like croquette. The processing route was carried out by alkaline extraction and acid precipitation of the proteins where the pH, stirring time and solute:solvent ratio were evaluated. The final dried protein concentrate presented 85% protein on dry basis and a mass yield of 14%. The results were reproducible when tested on a first scaling up test. For the techno-functional properties, solubility, water and oil retention capacities, emulsification and foaming capacities and stability, and gelling capacity were tested. As for the food application into fish-like croquettes, the lentil protein showed similar scores for sensory acceptance, flavor and texture when compared to a commercial clean-taste concentrate. The results observed in this study were compatible to other alternative pulse-protein ingredients on the market, positioning lentil protein as a promising alternative protein source to produce ingredients for the plant-based market.

Safflower protein as a potential plant protein powder: optimization of extraction and spray-drying process parameters and determination of physicochemical and functional properties.

The research about sustainable and alternative plant protein sources has accelerated with the increasing need for protein. Safflower meal has a potential to be used in protein production due to its high protein content. This research aimed to produce an alternative plant-based protein powder using safflower meal. Both extraction and spray-drying parameters of safflower protein powder production were optimized using response surface methodology to achieve maximum yield. Moreover, the physicochemical and functional properties of safflower protein were determined and compared with those of commercial protein powders (soy, sunflower, pea, fava bean, and rice). The optimum extraction conditions were found to be 33.06:1 mL-1 g solvent-to-meal ratio, pH 11.00, 23.34 °C extraction temperature, and 30.86 min extraction time, which were achieved with a protein yield response of 75.21%. The highest powder yield (51.28%) was recorded for drying conditions of inlet air temperature of 160.11 °C, aspiration rate of 54.17 m3 h-1, and feed flow rate of 16.01 mL min-1. According to the amino acid profile of safflower protein, the glutamic acid content (14 475 mg (100 g)-1) was highest, while the methionine content (96 mg (100 g)-1) was lowest. Moreover, safflower protein can be regarded as a high-quality protein due to its high essential amino acid ratio (41.55%). The experiments showed that safflower protein had high solubility and good foam and emulsifying properties. Safflower protein could be a nutritional and functional protein source for the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Study on the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Morus nigra Linn. from different origins in Xinjiang

Optimization of the extraction process of total flavonoids from Morus nigra Linn. based on response surface design, to compare the differences in total flavonoid content of Morus nigra Linn. from different origins in Xinjiang and its relationship with antioxidant activity. A one-way test was used to investigate the effects of ethanol volume fraction, material-liquid ratio, ultrasonic power and ultrasonic time on total flavonoid content analysis of Morus nigra Linn. , Box-Behnken response surface design optimisation was used to derive the optimal extraction process parameters. Meanwhile, the in vitro antioxidant activity of Morus nigra Linn. was evaluated by antioxidant activity indexes such as hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity and ferric ion reducing capacity. The optimal extraction condition was 45% ethanol by volume, 1∶20 g/mL material-liquid ratio, 300W ultrasound power and 60 min ultrasound time. The total flavonoid content of Morus nigra Linn. s from six origins was detected and the result showed that Kuche &gt;Kashgar &gt;Kuche Wuqia Town&gt;Hetian &gt;Ying jisha &gt;Yutian, in which the total flavonoid content of mulberry in Kucha city was(27.159±0.091)mg/g. The difference in the total flavonoid content of Morus nigra Linn. s in different origicns was statistically significant(P&lt;0.05). In vitro antioxidant activity analysis showed that the antioxidant activity of mulberry from Kuche and Hetian was stronger, and the hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, ferric ion reducing capacity, and total antioxidant capacity of mulberry from various origins were statistically significant(P&lt;0.05). The correlation analysis showed that the total flavonoid content of Morus nigra Linn. was correlated with the antioxidant capacity to improve the scavenging of hydroxyl radicals. The ultrasonic-assisted method of extracting total flavonoids from Morus nigra Linn. is simple, and the model constructed has a high degree of fit, which can better compare the total flavonoids content of Morus nigra Linn. from different origins in Xinjiang.

Statistical Tools to Optimize the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Byproducts.

Techniques for extracting important bioactive molecules from seafood byproducts, viz., bones, heads, skin, frames, fins, shells, guts, and viscera, are receiving emphasis due to the need for better valorization. Employing green extraction technologies for efficient and quality production of these bioactive molecules is also strictly required. Hence, understanding the extraction process parameters to effectively design an applicable optimization strategy could enable these improvements. In this review, statistical optimization strategies applied for the extraction process parameters of obtaining bioactive molecules from seafood byproducts are focused upon. The type of experimental designs and techniques applied to criticize and validate the effects of independent variables on the extraction output are addressed. Dominant parameters studied were the enzyme/substrate ratio, pH, time, temperature, and power of extraction instruments. The yield of bioactive compounds, including long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, peptides, enzymes, gelatine, collagen, chitin, vitamins, polyphenolic constituents, carotenoids, etc., were the most studied responses. Efficiency and/or economic and quality considerations and their selected optimization strategies that favor the production of potential bioactive molecules were also reviewed.

Recovery of Omega-3-Rich Lipids: Toward the Sustainable Valorization of Sea-Bass Industry Side Streams

This study pertains to the selection of the appropriate process parameters of lipid extraction aimed at the valorization of sea-bass gutting and filleting side stream biomass. A comparative kinetic study between an environmentally friendly polar (ethanol) and a conventional non-polar solvent (hexane) was implemented to determine the effect of temperature, solvent to solid ratio and time, providing insights in terms of the yield recovery and quality of omega-3 fatty acids. Maximum recovery yield (43.8 and 34.0 g/100 g of dried gutting and filleting by-products, respectively) was achieved within 10 min. In gutting by-products, ethanol achieved full lipid recovery at 35 °C and a 50:1 ratio, while for hexane, the maximum yield was 83%. In the case of filleting side-streams, hexane achieved exhaustive recovery at a 50:1 ratio and 20 °C compared with ethanol, where a higher temperature (50 °C) was needed for exhaustive recovery to be achieved. Differences were attributed to the diverse fatty acid profiles among the two by-products, with 27.3% and 40.8% polyunsaturated fatty acids in viscera and fish frames, respectively. All extracts at 20 °C and 35 °C remained below the oxidation limit set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (peroxide value &lt; 5 meqO2/kgoil; p-anisidine value &lt; 20). Therefore, green solvents could assist conventional extraction, combining high efficiency and an improved environmental impact.