Parameter Resetting Research Articles

Internal Modal Resonance Analysis for Full Converter-Based Wind Generation Using Analytical Inertia Model

Full converter-based wind generation (FCWG) has become a prevailing choice in new wind farms. It is usually regarded that low short circuit ratio (SCR) or weak grid is a key condition to induce oscillations associated with wind farms. However, we have recently discovered a rare phenomenon that even in a strong grid with a large SCR, the internal modal resonance of FCWG can still lead to oscillations and threaten the converter-driven stability. To determine the internal modal resonance in FCWG, a novel analytical inertia model (AIM) is derived to elaborate all oscillation modes of FCWG (FOMs) for the first time. The derived model reviews the complex relations of all FOMs in a formulaic manner, which not only provides guidance on parameter resetting, but also illuminates how FOMs interact with each other. On this basis, an equivalent transfer function is integrated into the state space equation to characterize the interaction effect, and a universal torque model is proposed to yield insights into the mechanism of internal modal resonance owing to the variation of operating conditions. Furthermore, the effectiveness of AIM is substantiated as well as the analysis method, and the unusual event of internal modal resonance is also demonstrated.

Iterative learning–based model-free adaptive precise heading following of an autonomous underwater vehicle with unknown disturbances

Due to the nonlinearity, strong coupling, and uncertain parameters of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), it is difficult to build an accurate dynamic model, which makes precise control of AUV extremely challenging. To handle the precise heading-following problem of AUV, this paper proposes an iterative learning-based redefine model-free adaptive heading control (IL-RMFAC) method for the underactuated AUV with unknown disturbances based on data driven. The control scheme consists of a learning control algorithm, a parameter iterative update algorithm, and a parameter reset algorithm. It is designed using only the input and output (I/O) data of the controlled system and is a data-driven control method. The pseudo partial derivative (PPD) can be iteratively calculated through the parameter iterative update algorithm and reset algorithm to adjust the learning gain, solving the problem of strictly limited initial position of the traditional fixed learning gain iterative learning control (ILC). A linear combination of angle and angular velocity is introduced in the kinematic layer to avoid overshooting of the expected following target, and an iterative learning method is introduced in the dynamics to improve the accuracy. As the number of iterations increases, the steady-state error is gradually decreased. Finally, by comparing traditional proportional–integral–derivative (PID) simulations, the proposed algorithm’s effectiveness and outstanding performance for the AUV heading tracking are confirmed.

Grammaticality Judgments as Evidence for Null-subject Parameter Resetting by Young and Adult Libyan EFL Learners

This study investigates a number of issues related to the differences between young and adult second language learners concerning the process of parameter resetting in cases when the first and the second language have two different values of the same parameter. The case which is examined in this study is the fact that Arabic which is the first language of the target groups of participants in this study is a pro-drop (null-subject) language, while English which they are studying as a foreign language is a non-pro- drop (non-null subject) language. The study uses Grammaticality Judgment tasks to which group of the Libyan EFL learners, the young or the adult learners’ group have reset this parameter from its value in Arabic to its different value in English. These Grammaticality Judgment tasks were applied to 91 university students who are studying in the Department of English, Faculty of Arts at Misurata University. The young learners’ group included 45 pupils in the first grades at the International Knowledge School in Misurata. The academic performance level of the participants in the two groups was considered as a factor which may affect the grammaticality judgments of the participants. The results showed that younger learners performed better in the grammaticality judgment tasks and that their judgments were not affected by the fact that their first language had a different value of the pro-drop parameter. It was also noticed that the intensive academic study at a university level did not help the older participants to be better than younger participants in this task. Moreover, the level of academic achievement was not a factor in this study that participants with lower academic levels performed better than those with higher academic levels

Brain Extraction in Multiple T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging slices using Digital Image Processing techniques

Brain Imaging has been source of several studies in the literature, mostly due to its importanceboth to predict and to analyze certain diseases or conditions. Extracting the brain from patient images for medical analysis can provide useful diagnostic and prognostic information.To this end, digital image processing algorithms have been applied to medical tasks with a focus on the identification of the brain. This work proposes a brain extraction framework based on three major steps: 1) Dataset and Image Selection; 2) Preprocessing; and 3) Largest Connected Component extraction. Our data are obtained from the OASIS dataset.The preprocessing step is applied in order to enhance contrast and eliminate possible noise from the T1-weighted MRI. Largest Connected Component extraction is performed by initially detecting the largest element in the image (i.e. the brain gray matter) and then by extracting it through mathematical morphology operators. The unsupervised framework extracts the brain in different axial slices without adjustments. The main contribution of this work is a method using only digital image processing for automatically identifying the brain from several different slices, which differs from the literature since is performed without parameter resetting. Five metrics were applied to evaluate our results: Specificity, Recall, Accuracy, F-Measure, and Precision. In our first experiment, two metrics resulted in more than 90% in efficiency (Specificity and Precision), two of them surpassed 80% (F-Measure and Accuracy), and Sensitivity exceeded 70%. Our second experiment compares our results with those produced by related works, having been ranked in the top positions of Sensitivity and Specificity.

Frequency Regulation of Interconnected Power System Using Black Widow Optimization

A frequency regulation of interconnected power system comprising thermal reheat system and photovoltaic panel systems is disclosed in this research article with Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller optimized using Black Widow Optimization Algorithm (BWOA) based on distinct feature of cannibalism of black widow spiders. With rising demand for perfectly optimized power systems, a best optimal solution for controller gains besides merit of faster convergence and avoidance of trapping in local minimal are becoming key requirements for system engineers. In tune with these requirements, we have developed an optimized solution based on BWOA in the power system realm to minimize the fitness function which is Integral Time Absolute Error composing of frequency and tie-line power variations. Superiority of BWOA optimized controller in power system realm is established by comparing and analyzing its simulation results with some other known tuned controllers which uses different optimization algorithms namely firefly algorithm, genetic algorithm, whale optimization algorithm and modified whale optimization algorithm. Results in this paper lays out that BWOA optimized PID controller outperforms other reported controllers in terms of fitness function value, settling time, undershoot/overshoot of the incremental variations in frequency and tie-line power of the interconnected power system. Further, the potency and robustness of the proposed tuned controller are also proven by considering large variation in load demand, real-time constraints namely generation rate constraint and governor dead band in the system. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis of the optimized controlled system is performed to conclude that the proposed BWOA optimized PID controller optimized controller is insensitive to changes in system parameters and eliminates the necessity of resetting of controller parameters. The performance of the proposed control technique is also tested on two-area non-reheat thermal power system with non-linear constraints namely time delay, generation rate constraint and governor deadband.

Positive Evidence and Parameter Resetting in the Teaching of English Grammar to Libyan University Students

This study builds on Chomsky’s principles and parameters framework (Chomsky, 1986) by applying it to the study of second language (L2) acquisition. In other words, it makes use of a parameter resetting model to explain aspects of the second language learning process. It aims to investigate whether classroom instruction which presents only positive evidence, that is to say grammatically correct samples of the L2, is sufficient to enable adult second language learners to acquire certain properties of L2 parameters which differ from their mother tongue (L1). The participants in the study have Arabic as their L1, and are learning English as an L2. The study hypothesizes that the participants, who are all adult students studying English language at an advanced level in Misurata University, Libya, will not be able to reset the pro-drop parameter and the verb raising parameter from their properties in Arabic to their different properties in English. The hypothesized reason is that they are taught using only positive evidence-based samples of English, and that is not sufficient to lead to parameter resetting. The results show that the students had great difficulty in resetting the pro-drop parameter and the verb raising parameter from Arabic to English.

Subject ellipsis in early child English

English-speaking children are known to omit subjects. Parametric analyses of the phenomenon have the advantage to give a simple answer to why children omit subjects and how they reach an adult grammar: the problem is reduced to a matter of parameter misseting and resetting. However, early parametric analyses of missing subjects were challenged by empirical findings. In this paper, I present a parametric analysis of null subjects in finite clauses. In this analysis, three parameters interact to explain the pattern of subject omission in adult and child language.

Analysis on Coordination of Over-Current Relay Using Voltage Component in a Power Distribution System With a SFCL

To reduce the more increased fault current due to the increase of the power generation with the power demand, the superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) has received attention as one of the effective methods to resolve the fault current problem. However, the operation of the protection device, especially dependent on the amplitude of the fault current, can be affected by the application of the SFCL. For the protection coordination between the SFCL and the over-current relay (OCR), one of the typical protection devices in the power distribution system, the resetting of operational parameters in the OCRs, which can be troublesome, is required. For these resetting's of the protection devices, the fault current calculation from the power distribution system considering the impedance of the SFCL is inevitable. In this paper, the method using the voltage component as the effective parameter of the OCR for the protection of the power distribution system with the SFCL was suggested. Through the analysis on the simulation results from the modeling of the OCR, the suggested method using the voltage component in the OCR could be confirmed to be more effective compared to the previous resetting method of the OCR.

Investigating Iraqi EFL College Students’ Ability of Parametric Resetting

This paper tries to answer whether Iraqi EFL college students are able to reset the parametric values of their native Arabic into those which suit English. It aims at enhancing Iraqi students' knowledge of some of the parametric values of English via tackling three parameters: Null-subject parameter, Head-parameter, and Serial parameter. To achieve the aim of this study, Grammaticality Judgment Tasks are administered to sixty students of the fourth year at the Department of English- College of Languages/ University of Baghdad for the academic year 2016-2017. The students' responses have been corrected and statically analysed. The study concludes that Iraqi EFL students' ability to reset parameters varies as to the parameter in question since they have succeeded to reset the Head parameter, but failed to reset the Serial parameter; this is accompanied by a partial ability to rest the Null-subject parameter. As well, it has further been revealed that Iraqi EFL students' inability to reset a parameter is due to negative transfer from Arabic to English, hence EFL learners need be exposed to extensive input data to encourage the resetting of parameters.

The Prosodic Acquisition Path Hypothesis: Towards explaining variability in L2 acquisition of phonology

Assuming that word-prosodic parameters are organized into a hierarchical tree where certain parameters are embedded under others, this paper proposes the Prosodic Acquisition Path Hypothesis (PAPH). The PAPH predicts different levels of difficulty and paths to be followed by L2 (and L1) learners based on the typological properties of their L1 and the L2 they are learning. On the PAPH, L2 acquisition is assumed to be brought along via a process of parameter resetting. During this process, certain parameters are expected to be easier to reset than others, based on such factors as economy, markedness, and robustness of the input, which is reflected in part by their location on the tree of parameters proposed in this paper. Evidence for the proposal comes from previous formal phonological and L1 acquisition literature. The predictions as concerns the learning path are tested through an experiment which examines productions of English-speaking learners of Turkish, thereby involving two languages that are maximally different from each other regarding the location of word-level prominence, as well as how it is assigned. The PAPH is a restrictive (and falsifiable) approach, where the predictions regarding the stages learners go through are constrained both by certain learning principles and by the options made available by UG.

APTITUDE AS GRAMMATICAL SENSITIVITY AND THE INITIAL STAGES OF LEARNING JAPANESE AS A L2: PARAMETRIC VARIATION AND CASE MARKING—CORRIGENDUM

In this article, we challenge the notion that aptitude—operationalized as grammatical sensitivity as measured by the Words in Sentences section of the Modern Language Aptitude Test—is central to adult second language (L2) acquisition. We present the findings of a study on the acquisition of two properties of Japanese, head-final word order and case marking, by naive learners of Japanese as a L2 who had no prior knowledge of this language or any other head-final, case-marking language. Participants underwent an input treatment in which they heard and saw basic subject-object-verb sentences in Japanese and were subsequently tested on these basic sentences and also on sentences to which they were not exposed during the treatment (i.e., polar questions and embedded clauses). Reading times on grammatical and ungrammatical sentences served as measures of underlying sensitivity to violations of grammatical word order for both the basic sentences and the novel sentences. Our results yielded three groups of learners: those who showed sensitivity to violations of basic word order, polar questions, and embedded clauses (parameter reset); those who showed sensitivity to violations of basic word order and polar questions only (partial parameter reset); and those who showed sensitivity to violations of basic word order only (no parameter reset). Because our measure of aptitude as grammatical sensitivity did not emerge as a factor distinguishing the three groups from one another, we argue that this component of aptitude is not a factor in whether learners are able to reset parameters. We also found that all participants, regardless of group, demonstrated sensitivity to case-marking violations, suggesting that aptitude as grammatical sensitivity plays no role in the acquisition of underlying features related to case or to the surface-level markings of case in Japanese.

The state of the article

English articles represent one of the most challenging areas of second language acquisition for learners whose L1 lacks articles. The two studies presented here examine the developmental sequence of acquisition, the first through a cross-sectional analysis of Thai learners at different levels of overall English proficiency, the second through a longitudinal experiment in which learners were exposed to semantically-tailored tokens of article use, but without any explicit or meta-linguistic instruction. It is argued that the data do not show evidence of abrupt parameter resetting. Instead, the developmental patterns fit well with Yang’s variational model of acquisition. Keywords: L2 acquisition; article systems; determiners; definiteness; specificity

APTITUDE AS GRAMMATICAL SENSITIVITY AND THE INITIAL STAGES OF LEARNING JAPANESE AS A L2

In this article, we challenge the notion that aptitude—operationalized as grammatical sensitivity as measured by the Words in Sentences section of the Modern Language Aptitude Test—is central to adult second language (L2) acquisition. We present the findings of a study on the acquisition of two properties of Japanese, head-final word order and case marking, by naïve learners of Japanese as a L2 who had no prior knowledge of this language or any other head-final, case-marking language. Participants underwent an input treatment in which they heard and saw basic subject-object-verb sentences in Japanese and were subsequently tested on these basic sentences and also on sentences to which they were not exposed during the treatment (i.e., polar questions and embedded clauses). Reading times on grammatical and ungrammatical sentences served as measures of underlying sensitivity to violations of grammatical word order for both the basic sentences and the novel sentences. Our results yielded three groups of learners: those who showed sensitivity to violations of basic word order, polar questions, and embedded clauses (parameter reset); those who showed sensitivity to violations of basic word order and polar questions only (partial parameter reset); and those who showed sensitivity to violations of basic word order only (no parameter reset). Because our measure of aptitude as grammatical sensitivity did not emerge as a factor distinguishing the three groups from one another, we argue that this component of aptitude is not a factor in whether learners are able to reset parameters. We also found that all participants, regardless of group, demonstrated sensitivity to case-marking violations, suggesting that aptitude as grammatical sensitivity plays no role in the acquisition of underlying features related to case or to the surface-level markings of case in Japanese.

Air Conditioning — Optimizing Performance by Reducing Energy Consumption

In response to the needs of energy policy in Taiwan, it is important and urgent to promote energy efficiency in energy-intensive systems and equipment, especially air conditioning. Conventional refrigeration systems rely on experienced human beings to operate the load of components. This method is inefficient and non-reliable and causes excessive energy consumption. The present study applies the equal marginal utility theory (EMUT) from economics to a typical refrigeration system for energy saving analysis. The result of the analysis suggests that energy consumption in part-load conditions of the system was reduced by 4.74% by optimising the load on online components without significantly modifying the configuration (replacement of equipment or resetting of parameters) of the equipment. Therefore, optimising the energy use on the basis of the EMUT is highly recommended for decreasing energy consumption in air-conditioning systems.

Investigating 'Full Transfer': Preliminary Data From The Adult L2 Acquisition Of Afrikaans*

In generative linguistics, many researchers agree that (something like) Universal Grammar (UG) must play some role in second language (L2) acquisition, since the logical problem of first language (L1) acquisition1 seems to hold for L2 acquisition, as well: in L2 acquisition, as in L1 acquisition, the complex, abstract system of knowledge that the learner ends up acquiring exceeds to a great extent the primary linguistic data that the learner receives as input (see White 1989 for more detailed arguments). However, these researchers are still debating the following two questions as to the exact role of UG in L2 acquisition: (i) what constitutes the initial state of L2 acquisition? and (ii) is parameter resetting possible in situations in which the value of a certain parameter differs for the learner's L1 and the target L2? A number of hypotheses have been proposed in response to either one or both of these questions (see, for example, Clahsen and Muysken 1986, 1989; Epstein, Flynn and Martohardjono 1996; Eubank 1993/1994, 1994, 1996; Hawkins and Chan 1997; Vainikka and Young-Scholten 1994, 1996; also White 2003 for an overview). One such hypothesis is the Full Transfer Full Access hypothesis (FTFA) (e.g. Schwartz and Sprouse 1994, 1996; White 1989, 2003) which proposes the following answers to the above questions: (i) the learner's L1 grammar (including L1 parameter settings) constitutes the initial state of L2 acquisition (= full transfer), and (ii) the L2 learner has access to UG in its entirety and, hence, parameter resetting is possible in L2 acquisition (= full access).

Second Language Acquisition of Complex Structures: The Case of English Restrictive Relative Clauses

This paper examines the formation of Restrictive Relative Clauses (RRC) in Greek and English and investigates the acquisition of English RRCs by advanced Greek learners. On the assumption that L1 Greek and L2 English exhibit parametrically different choices as regards RRC formation which are associated with abstract syntactic features, the current experiment addresses the question of whether parameter resetting is possible in adult L2 acquisition. The results have shown that non-native speakers (NNSs) fared significantly less successfully than native speakers (NSs) in the relevant grammaticality judgement task. The conclusion is that advanced Greek learners fail to acquire the feature specification of the English relative C. The obtained data lends additional support to recent L2 theories which maintain that syntactic divergence between L1 and L2 is associated with prolonged acquisitional problems.

Language acquisition as computational resetting: verb movement in L3 initial state

This study considers the acquisition of the verb movement parameter in L3 English by adult Arabic–French bilinguals. The focus is on the nature of the L3 initial state and the contribution of the syntactic (CHL) and post-syntactic (phonetic form) modules to the process of parameter resetting. The results of acceptability judgement tests and preference tests show that the initial state of L3 English is influenced exclusively by the final state of L1 Arabic. It also reveals that the universal mechanisms of the computational modules operate according to the L1 specifications, resulting in the misrepresentation of L3 target structures. The concept of parameter resetting is consequently redefined as a computational readjustment at the (post-) syntactic levels.

Functional Categories and Parameter Resetting in Second Language Acquisition: A Cross-Sectional Study on CP Development and Expletive Suppliance

Functional Categories and Parameter Resetting in Second Language Acquisition: A Cross-Sectional Study on CP Development and Expletive Suppliance

Informing the age-of-acquisition debate: L3 as a litmus test

Following Cabrelli et al. (What the start of L3 tells us about the end of L2: N-drop in L2 and L3 Portuguese, BUCLD, 2008), Iverson (Competing SLA hypotheses assessed: Comparing heritage and successive Spanish bilinguals of L3 Brazilian Portuguese, Mouton de Gruyter, 2009) and others, I argue that the L3 initial state is an important tool in testing claims made with respect to ultimate attainment in adult language acquisition. Given the appropriate language combinations, testing knowledge of an L3 at the initial state hints at the possibility (or not) of acquisition of new features and parameter resetting in adulthood. Herein I re-examine two studies, Guijarro-Fuentes et al. (Non-convergence at advanced levels, learnability and the preemption problem in L2 semantics: DP and Bare nominal interpretations in L2 Portuguese, University of Southampton, 2008) and Iverson (Competing SLA hypotheses assessed: Comparing heritage and successive Spanish bilinguals of L3 Brazilian Portuguese, Mouton de Gruyter, 2009) which look at the acquisition of L3 Brazilian Portuguese (BP) by learners with L1 English/adult L2 Spanish. Spanish and BP share many phenomena that English lacks; therefore, any L3 initial-state knowledge of these shared phenomena must come via L2 Spanish. Although not the original goal of these works, they implicitly indicate new feature acquisition in adulthood and highlight how L3 studies in general contribute to the age of acquisition debate.

Tense and verb raising in advanced L2 French

ABSTRACTTwo UG approaches to L2A propose different views of parameter resetting, depending on the capacity of interlanguage grammars to gain new values for uninterpretable functional features. Representational Deficit/Interpretability (e.g. Hawkins, 2003) maintains that parameter settings are limited to L1 values, whereas Full Access (e.g. Prévost & White, 2000) claims L2 parameter values may be gained; both assume initial transfer of L1 morphosyntactic settings. We examine verb morphosyntax of three advanced anglophone learners of L2 French, beginning with a description of the theoretical issues. We next report the study: the subjects, data collection and results. The final section discusses the data in terms of the two approaches, concluding that the results generally support FA over RD/I.