Definition Of Parameters Research Articles

Viscoelastic Fractional Model with a Non-Uniform Time Discretization for Laminated Glass: Experimental Validation

We discuss a novel approach, based on fractional calculus with a non-uniform time discretization, to numerically simulate interlayer viscoelastic behaviour and associated time-dependent deformation of laminated glass. Reference is made to the classic example of a simply supported laminated glass beam under long-duration loads. The fractional model is compared with some results obtained using the widely used finite element software ABAQUS 2021, which for the viscoelastic properties of the polymeric interlayer, utilizes the more traditional approach based on the Wiechert model and approximation via Prony series of the relaxation function and a uniform discretization of time for the numerical solution. The model is also validated through the comparison with experimental test. The novel approach based on fractional calculus presents two main advantages: 1) the definition of the model parameters from experimental data is simplified; and 2) the numerical implementation is easier and computationally more efficient. When a long observation time is considered, the use of a non-uniform time discretization presents the great advantage of not neglecting any part of the relaxation function. Use of traditional uniform time discretization requires the use of large time steps making it impossible to describe all the changes of the relaxation curve within the large time interval. Practical examples will be presented using viscoelastic models for Trosifol® Extra Stiff (PVB) and SentryGlas® interlayers. This methodology also shows potential to advance next generation standards for the design of structural laminated glass.

Reliability-based G1 continuous arc spline approximation

This paper introduces an algorithm for approximating a set of data points with G1 continuous arcs, leveraging covariance data associated with the points. Prior approaches to arc spline approximation typically assumed equal contribution from all data points, resulting in potential algorithmic instability when outliers are present. To address this challenge, we propose a robust method for arc spline approximation, taking into account the 2D covariance of each data point. Beginning with the definition of models and parameters for single-arc approximation, we extend the framework to support multiple-arc approximation for broader applicability. Finally, we validate the proposed algorithm using both synthetic noisy data and real-world data collected through vehicle experiments conducted in Sejong City, South Korea.

Seismic design-assisted-by-testing approach for racks with dissipative baseplates in the cross-aisle direction

A design-assisted-by-testing strategy is proposed for the upright frames of adjustable pallet racks. This methodology defines a procedure that aims to locate marked post-elastic behavior at the floor-to-upright connections of lateral resisting frames in the cross-aisle direction. Such connections are intended to enhance the performance of the cross-aisle frames when subjected to dynamic forces in their plane. The chosen baseplate connection is experimentally tested using monotonic and cyclic protocols at the Steel Structures Laboratory of the National Technical University of Athens (Greece). Then, a numerical model of the baseplate is calibrated using literature parameter definitions and hence validated using physical data. Additionally, the dynamic response of two upright frames is numerically investigated: one with traditional hinge connections and another with dissipative ones. This study indicates that the proposed procedure successfully enhances ductility, resulting in a significant reduction (up to 50%) in upright axial forces compared to the conventional configuration. Finally, the open-source code for ground motion selection, together with its database, is released.

Learning Protein-Ligand Unbinding Pathways via Single-Parameter Community Detection.

Understanding the dynamics of biomolecular complexes, e.g., of protein-ligand (un)binding, requires the comprehension of paths such systems take between metastable states. In MD simulations, paths are usually not observable per se, but they need to be inferred from simulation trajectories. Here, we present a novel approach to cluster trajectories based on a community detection algorithm that necessitates only the definition of a single parameter. The unbinding of the streptavidin-biotin complex is used as a benchmark system and the A2a adenosine receptor in complex with the inhibitor ZM241385 as an elaborate application. We demonstrate how such clusters of trajectories correspond to pathways and how the approach helps in the identification of reaction coordinates for a considered (un)binding process.

3D Finite Element Modelling of FRP Confined Concrete Column

Abstract Modelling concrete columns confined with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) using finite element (FEM) analysis is a difficult task due to the need for precise definition of material and interaction parameters. The inclusion of FRP confinement in composites introduces complexities in representing the volumetric behavior of concrete under triaxle stress conditions. The behavior of confined concrete differs from that of non-confined concrete due to the passive nature of FRP confinement, requiring consideration of flow rules, damage parameters, strain hardening/softening constitutive relationships, and a pressure-dependent yield criterion. This project aims to address these challenges by proposing a modified plastic damage model, a concrete dilation model, and a new set of concrete hardening/softening rules using the advanced FE program ABAQUS CAE. The FE model’s strengths and limitations are evaluated by comparing it with experimental results from this project, as well as other findings from literature, including both experimental and analytical studies.

An In-depth Review of the Critical Water Analysis Parameter and Water Quality Management Technology in Cage Aquaculture within Malaysian Coastal Regions

Cage fish farming in Malaysia's coastal areas is a significant industry that provides food and income for local communities. Since the country's catch-fishing resources have been fully exploited, there is a huge market for developing the aquaculture industry to increase fish output and supply. However, disease outbreaks, pollution, and environmental degradation must be addressed to ensure sustainable and environmentally responsible practices. This can result in increased stress levels and susceptibility to diseases, ultimately impacting the overall well-being of fish populations within the aquatic ecosystem. Water quality plays a crucial role in fish farming as it significantly impacts the health and productivity of fish. However, the specific critical water analysis parameters that are most relevant to cage aquaculture in Malaysian coastal regions have not been comprehensively identified and defined, leading to uncertainties in monitoring and managing water quality. In the past, water quality detection needed manual sampling and laboratory analysis, which were time-consuming and resource intensive. This traditional approach cannot deliver real-time data. This literature examines the important water analysis parameters and contemporary technology that has the potential to be adopted by fish farmers in Malaysia and addresses the financial implications of such an adoption. The review protocol started by selecting the relevant literature and several important things were considered during the selection process. The identification and definition of critical water analysis parameters emerge as fundamental to effective water quality monitoring and management in cage aquaculture. By delineating these parameters, we can tailor monitoring strategies using recent technologies to the unique environmental conditions of Malaysian coastal regions, thus enabling more precise interventions when deviations occur.

Biomechanical changes in the proximal femur before and after removal of femoral neck system

BackgroundAs an innovative internal fixation system, FNS (femoral neck system) is increasingly being utilized by surgeons for the treatment of femoral neck fractures. At present, there have been numerous finite element analysis experiments studying the immediate stability of FNS and CSS in treating femoral neck fractures. However, there is scarce mechanical analysis available regarding the effects post internal fixation removal. This study aimed to investigate the alterations in mechanical parameters of the proximal femur before and after the removal of FNS (femoral neck system), and to assess potential distinctions in indicators following the extraction of CSS (Cannulated Screws).MethodsA proximal femur model was reconstructed using finite element numerical techniques. The models for CSS and FNS were formulated utilizing characteristics and parametric definitions. The internal fixation was combined with a normal proximal femur model to simulate the healing state after fracture surgery. Within the framework of static analysis, consistent stress burdens were applied across the entirety of the models. The total deformation and equivalent stress of the proximal femur were recorded before and after the removal of internal fixation.ResultsUnder the standing condition, the total deformation of the model before and after removing CSS was 0.99 mm and 1.10 mm, respectively, indicating an increase of 12%. The total deformation of the model before and after removing FNS was 0.65 mm and 0.76 mm, respectively, indicating an increase of 17%. The equivalent stress for CSS and FNS were 55.21 MPa and 250.67 MPa, respectively. The average equivalent stress on the cross-section of the femoral neck before and after removal of CSS was 7.76 MPa and 6.11 MPa, respectively. The average equivalent stress on the cross-section of the femoral neck before and after removal of FNS was 9.89 MPa and 8.79 MPa, respectively.ConclusionsThe retention of internal fixation may contribute to improved stability of the proximal femur. However, there still existed risks of stress concentration in internal fixation and stress shielding in the proximal femur. Compared to CSS, the removal of FNS results in larger bone tunnels and insufficient model stability. Further clinical interventions are recommended to address this issue.

Kinetics Parameters Estimation for the Coupled Neutron-Photon Point Kinetics Model in Monte Carlo Eigenvalue Calculations

The delayed photoneutron effect should be considered in the point kinetics equation (PKE) applied to D2O and beryllium-moderated or -reflected systems because of its importance on reactor kinetics. This paper proposes neutron-photon-coupled PKE with a clear definition of adjoint-weighted kinetics parameters after providing the mathematical derivation from the neutron and photon transport and precursor equations. The Monte Carlo algorithms to estimate the kinetics parameters are induced from their definition and implemented in the eigenvalue calculation module of McCARD. They are verified through homogeneous infinite-medium problems with few-group neutron and photon cross sections by comparing with analytic solutions. The proposed PKE and kinetics parameters estimation methods are applied for the kinetics analyses of the artificial control rod drop transient problem in the RB reactor. Photonuclear physics is also implemented in a time-dependent Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the reference data of neutron amplitude in the core to be compared with the PKE results. As good agreement is shown in the neutron amplitude, it is validated that the developed PKE is capable of predicting the reactor kinetics considering photoneutrons.

The Blasingame method considering the effect of inter-well interference in a circular homogeneous closed reservoir

The Blasingame method is a valuable tool for analysing the diminishing production challenge in the presence of variable bottomhole pressure and diverse production conditions. It is essential to highlight that the Blasingame method views the closed reservoir as the outer boundary condition for its model. This paper introduces the concept of the equivalent well control radius and formulates the Blasingame method based on the fluid flow characteristics inherent in twin-well production, taking into account the influence of inter-well interference. This study provides an in-depth analysis of production variations in reservoirs with inter-well interference by examining Blasingame type-curve definitions of the dimensionless parameters. Additionally, it investigates key factors impacting production, including neighbouring wells’ production, distance, and opening time: variations in all three parameters lead to different levels of interference between wells, which manifests itself in the regularised production integral derivative curve with different lengths and heights of convexity. Numerical simulations employing orthogonality are conducted to validate the reliability of this method. The results of these simulations offer theoretical support for the precise evaluation of reservoirs facing similar challenges.

Calculation of technological parameters during constrained extrusion of unequal channels. Definition of extrusion steps and general parameters

The calculation of technological parameters of constrained extrusion of channels from non-hardening and hardening materials under plane strain with a non-coaxial arrangement of the punch and matrix is considered. The resulting analytical expressions make it possible to determine the total and specific deforming forces and the heights of the resulting walls. Keywords:die forging, extrusion, misaligned arrangement, punch, matrix, plane strain, hardening mt13@bmstu.ru

Coxiella burnetii and Reproductive Disorders in Cattle: A Systematic Review.

Coxiellosis or Q fever is an infectious zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. A systematic review using bibliographic research was carried out, and the focus was the relationship between C. burnetii infection and reproductive disorders in cattle [abortion/stillbirth/perinatal morality/weak calves (ASPW complex); retained foetal membranes (RFMs); metritis/endometritis; and infertility/sub-fertility]. The bibliographical search yielded 443 results from databases, but only 61 were deemed eligible. For each disorder, summary tables were prepared, and a scientific evidence score was calculated for each study based on four criteria to help assess the level of evidence for the impact of C. burnetii on the reproductive disorders assessed: type of publication (peer-reviewed or other); type of study (case-control/cohort or other); type of C. burnetii test (direct or indirect); and comparative statistical analysis (yes or no). In addition, summary tables also included information on the study population, country, authors and year of publication, key findings and an assessment of the evidence for an association. For the ASPW complex, RFMs, metritis/endometritis and infertility/sub-fertility, 43, 9, 8 and 19 studies provided data, respectively. On a scale of four, nearly 50% of all study citations had evidence scores of three or four. For ASPW, RFMs and infertility/sub-fertility, there is a significant body of evidence to support a deleterious role for Q fever. In contrast, for metritis/endometritis, the evidence is unclear. It is concluded that there is a substantial need for further research, particularly involving larger animal populations in more controlled settings. To provide more consistency, it is recommended that authors follow more precise definitions of reproductive parameters and more robust diagnostic methodologies.

Synthesis and cross-section design of a new family of single-loop 7R deployable polygon mechanisms

In this paper, two design methods for different stages in the development of a single-degree-of-freedom (DOF) single-loop 7R deployable polygon mechanism (DGM) without overconstraints are presented, encompassing schematic synthesis and cross-section design methods for 7R DGMs. Firstly, two classes of revolute pair axes in DGMs are reviewed, detailing their value ranges and parameter definitions. A schematic synthesis method for single-DOF single-loop 7R DGMs is then proposed, followed by the development of a cross-section design method to enable desired cross-sections in these mechanisms. By applying these methods, three types of 7R DGMs were created and prototyped, with their folding sequences demonstrated and input singularity analysis conducted. Through the utilization of the presented design method, all single-DOF single-loop 7R DGMs can be designed. This work introduces a new family of DGMs and addresses the gap in the domain of general spatial single-DOF single-loop DGMs that are not overconstrained. It demonstrates the feasibility of designs whose expanded shapes form general planar polygons. This effort expands the variety and quantity of DGMs, paving the way for more innovative deployable network mechanisms.

Aeronautical Infrastructure Optimization to Enhance the Strategic and Operational Business Performance of Small Airports

Airport business management literature commonly evaluates the performance of these organizations based on the number of passengers and cargo processed, aircraft movements, number of runways, number of employees, and passengers’ terminal dimension, among other factors concerning commercial aviation, commonly applied to large structures, with gaps being identified in the literature of small airports. The identification and analysis of the main factors that interfere with the performance of airport business, and the strategic and operational management of small public airports have been analyzed from 24 small Brazilian airports. The study employed the Data Envelopment Analysis method based on the Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes model, as well as the Banker, Charnes, and Cooper model, adapted for Visual Basic Analysis. The main results demonstrate that infrastructural characteristics, such as runway width, pavement classification number, runway length, buldings' age, maximum take-off weight of the critical aircraft, passenger terminal size, and air cargo and passengers processed, show significant relevance to the operational performance of small airports. The main theoretical implications of the study are the definition of strategic and operational parameters that impact the performance of small airports, which can be used as a reference by air transport decision-makers.

Entanglement of edge modes in (very) strongly correlated topological insulators

Identifying topological phases for a strongly correlated theory remains a non-trivial task, as defining order parameters, such as Berry phases, is not straightforward. Quantum information theory is capable of identifying topological phases for a theory that exhibits quantum phase transition with a suitable definition of order parameters that are related to different entanglement measures for the system. In this work, we study entanglement entropy for a coupled SSH model, both in the presence and absence of Hubbard interaction and at varying interaction strengths. For the free theory, edge entanglement acts as an order parameter, which is supported by analytic calculations and numerical (DMRG) studies. We calculate the symmetry-resolved entanglement and demonstrate the equipartition of entanglement for this model which itself acts as an order parameter when calculated for the edge modes. As the DMRG calculation allows one to go beyond the free theory, we study the entanglement structure of the edge modes in the presence of on-site Hubbard interaction for the same model. A sudden reduction of edge entanglement is obtained as interaction is switched on. The explanation for this lies in the change in the size of the degenerate subspaces in the presence and absence of interaction. We also study the signature of entanglement when the interaction strength becomes extremely strong and demonstrate that the edge entanglement remains protected. In this limit, the energy eigenstates essentially become a tensor product state, implying zero entanglement. However, a remnant entropy survives in the non-trivial topological phase, which is exactly due to the entanglement of the edge modes.

Optimizing Hydrogen-Rich Biofuel Production: Syngas Generation from Wood Chips and Corn Cobs

This study investigates gasification using wood chips (WC) and corn cobs (CC) for hydrogen-rich syngas production. A simulation model developed in Aspen Plus was used to evaluate the performance of biomass gasification. The model incorporates a system of Fortran subroutines that automate the definition of input parameters based on the analysis of biomass composition. Furthermore, the model’s equilibrium constants were adjusted based on experimentally measured gas concentrations, increasing the precision of the variations. The numerical results predicted hydrogen yields of 65–120 g/kg biomass, with 60–70% energy efficiency for steam gasification (versus 40–50% for air gasification). The hydrogen concentration ranged from 34% to 40%, with CO (27–11%), CO2 (9–20%), and CH4 (<4%). The gasification temperature increased hydrogen production by up to 40% but also increased CO2 emissions by up to 20%. Higher biomass moisture content promoted hydrogen production by up to 15% but reduced energy efficiency by up to 10% if excessive. Steam gasification with wood chips and corn cobs shows promising potential for hydrogen-rich syngas production, offering benefits such as reduced emissions (up to 30% less CO) and sustainability by utilizing agricultural residues.

ParaStell: parametric modeling and neutronics support for stellarator fusion power plants

The three-dimensional variation inherent to stellarator geometries and fusion sources motivates three-dimensional modeling to obtain accurate results from computational modeling in support of design and analysis of first wall, blanket, and shield (FWBS) systems. Manually constructing stellarator fusion power plant geometries in computer-aided design (CAD) and defining the corresponding fusion source can be cumbersome and challenging. The open-source parametric modeling toolset ParaStell has been developed to automate construction of such geometries in low-fidelity. Low-fidelity modeling is useful during the conceptual phase of engineering design as a means of rapidly exploring the design space of a given device. The modeling capability of ParaStell includes in-vessel components and magnets, for any given stellarator configuration, using a parametric definition and plasma equilibrium data. Furthermore, the toolset automates the generation of detailed, tetrahedral neutron source definitions and DAGMC geometries for use in neutronics modeling. ParaStell assists rapid design iteration, parametric study, and design optimization of stellarator fusion cores. As a demonstration of the design iteration capability, the effect of the three-dimensional parameter space on tritium breeding and magnet shielding is investigated, using the WISTELL-D configuration as a design basis. Blanket and shield thicknesses are varied in three dimensions, using the space available between the plasma edge and magnet coils as a constraint. The corresponding effects on tritium breeding ratio and magnet heating are tallied using the open-source Monte Carlo particle transport code OpenMC. The inclusion of additional and higher-fidelity modeling capabilities is planned for ParaStell’s future, as well as its implementation in machine-driven optimization.

311 Rupture-Risk Stratifying Patients With Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations Using Quantitative Hemodynamic Flow Measurements

INTRODUCTION: Up to 60% of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) present with an intracranial hemorrhage, however, noninvasive neuroimaging has increasingly diagnosed incidental AVMs. AVM management depends on weighing the lifetime rupture risk against the risks of intervention. Although AVM rupture risk relies primarily on angioarchitectural features, measuring hemodynamic flow is gaining traction. An accurate understanding of AVM hemodynamic flow parameters will help stratify patients by rupture risk and select treatment plans. METHODS: The literature was reviewed for articles that quantified AVM flow. RESULTS: Quantitative digital subtraction angiography (QDSA), 4D spin-labeled magnetic resonance angiography (4D-SL-MRA), and 4D-Flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D-Flow-MRI) studies measure relative flow; 3D phase-contrast MRI (PC-MRI) studies measure relative and true flow; and quantitative MRA (QMRA) studies measure true flow. QDSA studies have correlated increased rupture risk with prolonged venous outflow, however there are mixed findings with respect to arterial inflow. Similarly, a higher AVM inflow-to-outflow ratio has been associated with greater rupture risk in studies using PC-MRI. 4D-SL-MRA studies, on the other hand, have demonstrated a lower time-to-peak draining-vein-to-feeder-artery ratio in patients with AVM rupture. Finally, 4D-Flow-MRI studies have shown inconsistent findings whereas QMRA studies have found no significant associations between AVM hemodynamic flow parameters and rupture risk. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative hemodynamic studies on the relationship between AVM flow and rupture risk have not reached a clear consensus; however, the preponderance of data suggests that higher arterial inflow and lower venous outflow in the AVM nidus contribute to increased hemorrhagic risk. Future studies should consider using larger sample sizes and standardized definitions of hemodynamic parameters to reach a consensus. In the meantime, classic angioarchitectural features may be more strongly correlated with AVM rupture than the amount of blood flow.

Active regeneration particulate filter operating cycle theoretical justification

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Particulate filters or traps used in diesel vehicles to catch suspended particles require continuous and/or periodic regeneration in order to maintain operability. The order of diesel particulate filter loading and its regeneration can be presented in the form of an algorithm. Specific features of particulate filter functioning both in regular conditions and during active regeneration have been studied in a number of scientific papers, and the results obtained in them can be considered when developing the algorithm.The purpose of the work is development of the algorithm of the operating cycle of the diesel vehicle particulate filter including modes of filter loading, active regeneration and troubleshooting.Methodology and methods. Information from scientific literature regarding specific features of diesel vehicle exhaust gas aftertreatment systems operation, namely regarding particulate filters, has been collected under this study. The study assumes a noncatalytic diesel particulate filter that is contained in the system together with a diesel oxidation catalyst, nitrogen oxide reduction catalyst and ammonia oxidation catalyst. Particulate matter sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, exhaust-gas flow sensors and flow sensors for fuel to burn the soot accumulated in the filter have been used as measuring instrumentation of system indicators.Results. The created algorithm of the particulate filter operating cycle included the loading mode with definition of parameters for switching to active regeneration, definition of the transition moment between the stages of deep filtration and filtration in the soot layer. Active regeneration consisted of a sequence of two controlled fuel injections for combustion of soot in the filter and occurrence of the temperature impulse between the injections with selection of the most suitable level of exhaust gas flow rate as well as the control over the filter temperature and content of oxygen. The problems of malfunctions of the treatment system were solved by controlling the fuel supply during regeneration.Scientific novelty. The peculiarities of processes in the particulate filter during active regeneration were considered in the algorithm development, including ensuring high efficiency of soot removal from the filter.Practical significance. The algorithm can be used to develop a procedure to perform bench and driving tests of diesel vehicles as well as it can be applied in a diesel engine during vehicles operation

Textbook oncological outcomes and prognosis after curative gastrectomy in advanced gastric cancer: A multicenter study

BackgroundThe impact of achieving textbook oncological outcome (TOO) as a multimodal therapy quality indicator on the prognosis of advanced gastric cancer (AGC) remains inadequately assessed. MethodsPatients with AGC who underwent curative gastrectomy between January 2010 and December 2017 at two East Asian medical centers were included. TOO was defined as achieving the textbook outcome (TO) and receiving neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy (NCT or ACT). Cox and logistic regression models were used to identify prognostic and non-TOO-associated risk factors. ResultsAmong 3626 patients, 57.6% achieved TOO (TOO group), exhibiting significantly better 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) than the non-TOO group (both p < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression identified TOO as an independent prognostic factor for 5-year OS (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.61–0.74; p < 0.001) and DFS (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.66–0.81; p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that open gastrectomy, lack of health insurance, age ≥65 years, ASA score ≥ Ⅲ, and tumor size ≥50 mm are independent risk factors for non-achievement of TOO (all p < 0.05). On a sensitivity analysis of TOO's prognostic value using varying definitions of chemotherapy parameters, a stricter definition of chemotherapy resulted in a decrease in the TOO achievement rate from 57.6 to 22.3%. However, the associated reductions in the risk of death and recurrence fluctuated within the ranges of 33–39% and 28–37%, respectively. ConclusionsTOO is a reliable and stable metric for favorable prognosis in AGC. Optimizing the surgical approach and improving health insurance status may enhance TOO achievement.

Electrochemical detection of manganese ions using aptamer-based layers

Heavy metals are one of the major pollutants found in drinking water and their abnormal level may pose a threat to human's health and life. Manganese also belongs to heavy metals group, and it is generally used in production of batteries, fertilizers, and ceramics. Even though, Mn is necessary for proper development of central nervous system, its elevated concentration might lead to certain diseases such as epilepsies, cell death in focal cerebral ischemia as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington and Alzheimer. Hence, it is crucial to elaborate novel methods for manganese ions detection that could be applied for in situ analysis of water samples.Herein, we present the studies on the electrochemical detection of manganese ions using aptamer-modified electrodes. This is the first attempt of application of aptamer strands as receptor layers for electrochemical analysis of manganese ions and for that purpose gold disk electrodes served as transducers, which were further modified with disulfide - based aptamers and 6-mercapto-1-hexanol blocking agent. The electrochemical measurements concerned the choice of the conditions for formation of aptamer receptor layer as well as the type of redox indicator that served as the source of current signal. The studies referred to the definition of aptasensor working parameters including the verification of the possibility of manganese ion detection in cell culture media. It was shown that it was possible to detect Mn2+ ions within 25 nM–1 μM concentration and the proposed aptasensor exhibited high selectivity towards target analyte for which at least 2 – times higher response was recorded than for interfering ions. Moreover, the possibility of Mn2+ detection in real samples was depicted followed by stability and regeneration studies.