Parallel Texts Research Articles

De principis salute consulere: Zur Praxis der hochverräterischen Erforschung der Lebenserwartung des Kaisers oder des Namens seines Nachfolgers

Abstract De principis salute consulere: The practice of highly treasonable exploration of the emperor’s life expectance or of his successor’s name. The article introduces two procedures of the fortune-telling exploration mentioned in Coll. 15,2,3, until now not described in detail in legal historical papers. The first procedure was an algorithm for determining the reigning emperor’s life expectance described in a 4th century magical papyrus, having a Chinese parallel text of the 3th or 4th century; though the Chinese algorithm was made for another use, there was a remarkably structural similarity to the papyrus algorithm. The second procedure was performed in 371 A. D. for determining the name of the still reigning emperor’s successor, imitating the Delphic oracle ritual; it was sometimes mentioned by Byzantine historians.

TEACHING ENGLISH TO POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS IN A TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT

One of the main tasks of training postgraduate students in graduate school is to develop competences necessary to present and discuss the results of their research work in a foreign language in oral and written forms, as well as to fully understand foreign language scientific texts in their specialty.In the last decades international scientific communication has shifted from a plural use of several languages to a clear dominance of English. The shift implies that an ever-increasing number of scientists whose mother tongue is not English have moved to English for publication and conference participation.A literature analysis and own experience revealed such problems of postgraduate students’ training in foreign languages as heterogeneity of the contingent with an unequal and often low initial level of language proficiency, a limited number of hours allocated for practical classes in English; a low level of self-directedness in language learning, a lack of elementary knowledge of the scientific discourse.In an attempt to solve these problems, the Department of Foreign Languages staff at Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University have developed and implemented a training course for postgraduate students in two, traditional paper and online, versions, the latter designed with the use of such a modern approach in language didactics as audiovisual translation appropriate for self-learning and flipped classroom activities. The course comprised three modules: scientific reading, academic speaking and academic writing. Besides, postgraduates with the elementary level of English were offered a grammar course covering all the basic grammatical topics necessary to formulate correct written and oral utterances. The effects of teaching English with the use of videos with recorded parallel bilingual vocabulary and texts placed on an online platform were compared to the results of the traditional teaching with the use of the paper copy. The research was carried out in the 2021-2022 academic year and aimed, firstly, to compare language skills of two groups of learners: those who studied the course with the use of audiovisual technology (the experimental group) with those who studied in the traditional mode (the control group); and, secondly, to reveal how the level of self-directedness changed in the process of the course study in both groups. The study involved a mixed approach of quantitative and qualitative methods to diagnose the level of learners' language competence and self-directedness. Our results indicate that the use of audiovisual translation in teaching foreign languages improves students’ language skills and increases autonomy in studies. It can be concluded that utilizing audiovisual translation due to auditory and visual support and opportunity for learners to study at their own pace has a significant impact on postgraduate students’ language proficiency though this approach requires further research and wider implementation.

Lexical diversity as a lens into the classification of Slavic languages: A quantitative typology perspective

Abstract This study proposes a linguistic classification method based on quantitative typology, which leverages a large-scale multilingual parallel corpus to obtain valid language classification result by excluding the influence of covariates such as text genre and semantic content in cross-language comparison. To achieve this, we model the type–token relationships of each Slavic parallel text and calculate the lexical diversity to approximate the morphological complexity of the language. We perform automatic clustering of languages based on these lexical diversity metrics. Our findings show that (1) the lexical diversity metrics can well reflect that the language is located somewhere on the continuum of ‘analytism-synthetism’; (2) the automatic clustering based on these metrics effectively reflects the genealogical classification of Slavic languages; and (3) the geographical distribution of lexical diversity in the region where Slavic languages are spoken shows a monotonic increasing trend from southwest to northeast, which is consistent with the pattern found by previous authors on a global scale. The methodological approach taken in this study is data-driven, with the benefit of being independent of theoretical assumptions and easy for computer processing. This approach can offer a better insight into corpus-based typology and may shed light on the understanding of language as a human-driven complex adaptive system.

SPEEDSER: A Possibilistic System for Query Disambiguation, Expansion and Translation

We design, implement and assess in this paper a new architecture of a possibilistic mono- and cross-language information retrieval (IR/CLIR) system. The latter is useful to experiment query disambiguation, expansion and translation processes in both IR and CLIR frameworks. We take advantage of possibility theory to overcome the problems of query disambiguation and expansion in an uncertain and imprecise IR/CLIR context. We investigate the impact of combining possibilistic query disambiguation with expansion on IR/CLIR efficiency. A co-occurrence graph representation is exploited to quantify the similarity between query terms and their semantically close words (expansion task) or between query terms and their possible meanings (disambiguation task). We extend the possibilistic mono-language query disambiguation approach to a cross-language framework. We conduct a set of experiments using ROMANSEVAL data collection, the French–English parallel text corpus Europarl and the CLEF-2003 French–English IR/CLIR test collection. Results highlight some statistically significant improvements of our possibilistic approaches when compared to some state-of-the-art IR/CLIR works.

European Parallel Traditions on Textual Studies apropos Translation Act in Indian Contexts: Charles Bally and Successors of Saussure

Comparative language studies have yielded various interesting results towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. European thinkers have worked a lot on areas which have provided the basis for later frameworks for textual analysis and critical study. This kind of textual study has impacted the frameworks of Translation Studies for comparative analysis of parallel texts between a pair of languages. The translation processes and training have been designed on the basis of the categories drawn from the comparative stylistic studies between the language pairs. By ‘translation act’, we understand here the fundamental stylistic categories which help us refine the translation skills while translating a text. This paper aims at understanding such impact on the textual analysis frameworks as used in the Translation Studies. The paper focuses especially on the writings of Charles Bally in the context of text analysis of the source and target language texts. The writings of Charles Bally and some related writings of Saussure are not readily available in English.1 Considering these writings the parallel 1 The book titled Course in General Linguistics is a book posthumously edited by eminent linguists Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye. The books originally written by Saussure like Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues Indo-Europèennes or related writings like Godel Robert, Notes inédites de Saussure are not available in English. Most of the writings of Saussure remain untranslated into English. These writings are important as they inform us about the methodology that Saussure employed in developing the understanding that is often presented to us. Course in General linguistics remains very sketchy in several aspects of Saussure’s theories. For information, the following sites may be consulted for further reading: 1. Godel Robert, Notes inédites de Saussure, this text is not available on internet archives. However, its reference can be found in several publications like European Parallel Traditions… 89 traditions of Europe, we explore the possibility of implementing the ideas of these traditions on the study of language pairs (English and Hindi) in the context of translation act. This implementation of these ideas for studying the language pairs for getting the principles regarding the translation act requires a comparative stylistic study between the pair of languages on which a translator is working. In this paper, the examples for illustrating the theoretical aspects of comparative stylistics discussed have been given from the language pair Hindi and English.

Context-aware Transliteration of Romanized South Asian Languages

Abstract While most transliteration research is focused on single tokens such as named entities—for example, transliteration of from the Gujarati script to the Latin script “Ahmedabad” footnoteThe most populous city in the Indian state of Gujarat. the informal romanization prevalent in South Asia and elsewhere often requires transliteration of full sentences. The lack of large parallel text collections of full sentence (as opposed to single word) transliterations necessitates incorporation of contextual information into transliteration via non-parallel resources, such as via mono-script text collections. In this article, we present a number of methods for improving transliteration in context for such a use scenario. Some of these methods in fact improve performance without making use of sentential context, allowing for better quantification of the degree to which contextual information in particular is responsible for system improvements. Our final systems, which ultimately rely upon ensembles including large pretrained language models fine-tuned on simulated parallel data, yield substantial improvements over the best previously reported results for full sentence transliteration from Latin to native script on all 12 languages in the Dakshina dataset (Roark et al. 2020), with an overall 3.3% absolute (18.6% relative) mean word-error rate reduction.

THE TERM COMBINATION AND THE METAPHOR IN THE OFFICIAL BUSINESS DOCUMENT: COGNITIVE ASPECT

THE TERM COMBINATION AND THE METAPHOR IN THE OFFICIAL BUSINESS DOCUMENT: COGNITIVE ASPECT

Morphology & word sense disambiguation embedded multimodal neural machine translation system between Sanskrit and Malayalam

Machine translation is the process of conversion from one language to another using computers. In spite of the existence of several traditional machine translation systems like rule-based, statistical etc., the development of neural machine translation has significantly improved translation quality. However, the morphological richness and agglutinative nature of Indian languages hampers the usage of neural machine translation for translation among Indian languages despite its potential to overcome the difficulties posed by conventional translation systems. Hence the combination of neural machine translation with morphology, part of speech tagger and word sense disambiguation is proposed to address these challenges and adapt it for bidirectional translation between Sanskrit and Malayalam. Conventional neural machine translations are unimodal systems that utilize textual data for translation. Translation quality of conventional neural machine translation is enhanced with a novel multimodal bidirectional neural machine translation system with text & speech as the two modalities based on parallel text corpus and speech database. The best performance score is obtained for two level fusion, the feature vectors extracted from speech signals using different transforms (Wavelet transform, 1-D sequency mapped real transform & 1-D GCD based mapped real transform) are fused and which is further fused with a context vector from the text modality. Automatic and manual review methods are employed to assess quality of translation. Findings from the experiments reveal that addition of speech modality improved the overall quality of translation. BLEU scores of 43.89 and 42.72 are obtained for Sanskrit to Malayalam and Malayalam to Sanskrit multimodal translation respectively.

The Middle English ‘Mirror’: Sermons from Quinquagesima to Pentecost. Ed. from Glasgow, University Library, Hunter 250, by Margaret Connolly and Thomas G. Duncan with a Parallel Text of The Anglo-Norman Miroir, ed. from Nottingham, University Library, WLC/LM/4 (Middle English Texts, 62). Heidelberg: Winter, 2021.

The Middle English ‘Mirror’: Sermons from Quinquagesima to Pentecost. Ed. from Glasgow, University Library, Hunter 250, by Margaret Connolly and Thomas G. Duncan with a Parallel Text of The Anglo-Norman Miroir, ed. from Nottingham, University Library, WLC/LM/4 (Middle English Texts, 62). Heidelberg: Winter, 2021.

A Study on Implementing Sydney School Genre Pedagogy in Teaching Translation of Instructional Texts

Translation, a key vehicle in spreading a country’s traditional culture, is an important skill for foreign language majors. For Chinese English majors, this means they should have the competence to translate traditional Chinese culture well in English. At present, there has been limited research on teaching translation of typical traditional Chinese culture, especially translating its food culture to the world. And recipe, a typical instructional text epitomizing features of its representative cuisine, plays an important role in this field. Given the situation, it is imperative to explore pedagogical possibilities in teaching translation of Chinese recipes to English. This paper details the implementation of Sydney School Genre Pedagogy (SSGP) in tandem with parallel texts. One translation lecturer implemented the pedagogy with one class consisting of 37 third-year English majors for 3 weeks. Translation pre-test and post-test were administered to the students before and after the intervention. Paired samples t-tests were applied to analyze the data generated from both tests. Comparison of students’ English translations of Chinese recipes before and after the intervention shows that students significantly improved their genre competence and produced better translations in terms of macro-structural and micro-lexical adjustments. These findings indicate the potential scaffolding effects of SSGP integrated with parallel texts in teaching translation, especially texts with distinctive generic conventions. The pedagogical efficacy observed may prove conducive to international communication of Chinese cuisine, and Chinese traditional culture at large.

NATURE MAKES AN ASCENT FROM THE LOWER TO THE HIGHER: GREGORY OF NYSSA ON HUMAN DISTINCTIVENESS

AbstractThis essay explores the way in which early Christian writers held an eschatological understanding of what it is to be human, something that is to be attained, through the transformation of death and resurrection, and something that requires our assent. In this context, the article offers a new reading of the late fourth‐century work entitled On the Human Image of God (otherwise known in English as On the Making of Man) by Gregory of Nyssa. It argues that Gregory structured his text in parallel to the three parts of Timaeus’ speech in Plato's dialogue. The resulting picture sees creation as a dynamic ascent from the lower forms of life to the higher, a growth which is recapitulated in the life‐span of each human being, and also the growth of the human race into the totality of human beings that together constitute the human being in the image of God, the body of Christ.

Ordering Gospel Textuality in the Second Century

Abstract This article interrogates how several second-century figures ordered a pluriform Gospel corpus. Focusing on approaches to Gospel plurality visible in the Epistula apostolorum, Tatian the Syrian, Irenaeus of Lyons, and Ammonius of Alexandria, we argue that a number of Christian readers—across the Roman Mediterranean, from Alexandria to Gaul and from Syria to Rome—employed similar approaches. Drawing on evidence for second-century reading practices, we demonstrate continuities in both textual practices and conceptual frameworks that illuminate Gospel reading and writing. These figures engaged Gospels in multiple dimensions—horizontal juxtaposition of parallel material and vertical coordination of narrative sequence—in order to map relationships between imperfectly parallel texts. These spatial textual practices enabled synthetic reading of an emergent pluriform Gospel corpus.

Domingo Báñez (1528-1604) and the novus philosophus: Cajetan, Franciscus Toletus, and the (In)equality of Human Rational Souls

This article takes its point of departure in a puzzle in the little studied De generatione et corruptione commentary by Spanish Dominican Domingo Báñez, first published in 1585. Specifically, five times in the work, Báñez takes as his opponent an otherwise unidentified novus philosophus or novus author. Using parallel texts, I show Báñez’s novus philosophus was none other than the Jesuit Franciscus Toletus. I then trace some of the background to one of the issues on which Báñez criticizes Franciscus: the issue of whether or not human rational souls are equal to one another in terms of substantial perfection. The central place of Thomas de Vio Cajetan in the dispute between the Dominican and the Jesuit quickly becomes clear. In an appendix, I offer complete question lists of the relevant natural philosophical works by Franciscus from which Báñez quotes or paraphrases, i.e. Franciscus’s Physics, De generatione, and De anima commentaries.

C-E Translation of Scientific Paper Abstracts’ Academic Vocabulary Based on a Contrastive Analysis of Parallel Texts —Take Journals in Aviation Area as Example

Abstract is an important part of the academic paper, which can attract readers and provide information. However, there are many problems in the abstract writing of scientific papers. This study will analyze 32 abstracts, to study the characteristic of English abstracts written by Chinese researchers, and compare it with those written by native speakers through establishing parallel text corpus. Then, the study provided effective translation strategies and writing reference for researchers.

Altun Yaruq Sudur’un Berlin Versiyonundaki Neşredilmemiş Yeni Parçaları Üzerine (Süü Kısmı ve IV., VI., X. Kitaplar)

Altun Yaruq Sudur, known in Old Uyghur as altun öŋlüg yaruq yaltrıqlıġ qopda kötrülmiş nom éligi, is a teaching book translated from Chinese to Old Uyghur by Şiŋko Şeli Tutuŋ. Altun Yaruq Sudur, which contains both linguistic and religious concepts of Mahāyāna teaching, is one of the most important works of Buddhist Uyghur Literature. Altun Yaruq Sudur studies, on which various studies have been made by many researchers, are progressing at the level of text studies, which mainly focus on newly unpublished fragments. In this respect, the present study consists of examinations of new unpublished fragments of Altun Yaruq Sudur, which have been transferred to electronic media within the scope of the KOHD project. In this study, which consists of new unpublished fragments of Altun Yaruq Sudur’s Part Süü and IV, VI, X. Books, first of all, brief information about the fragments is given, the parallel text in the St. Petersburg or Berlin version is shown in the footnote, followed by the place of the Uyghur text in the Chinese text immediately after the passage. In addition, information about some religious terms in these unpublished fragments is also given in the study.

A Corpus-based Study of Corporate Image in the Translation of Corporate Social Responsibility Reports of Chinese Pharmaceutical Companies: A Case Study of Fosun Pharma Group

Abstract The sudden outbreak of Covid-19 turned out to be an opportunity for Chinese pharmaceutical companies to go overseas. A sound corporate image, as presented by a corporate social responsibility (CSR) report, is a must. Therefore, companies must pay attention to the quality of translations of CSR reports. This study analyses the 2017–2020 CSR reports of Fosun Pharma Group, a top Chinese pharmaceutical company, from the text perspective and that of social practice, based on a self-built corpus. The 2017–2020 CSR reports of Johnson & Johnson are used as parallel texts. The text analysis examines the high-frequency nouns and verbs, first-person pronouns and modal verbs, and finds that Fosun Pharma enjoys the image of a company that focuses on progress, is positive, pragmatic, attaches importance to corporate management, and is rigorous and objective. Viewed from the perspective of social practices, the difference in corporate image between the two companies is influenced by power distance, as they are at different stages of development, and given the limitations associated with the use of English as a second language. The research results have implications for the development of English translations of CSR reports of pharmaceutical companies in China and the dissemination of an overseas corporate image.

Структура субстантивно-предложных синтагм в англоязычном тексте патента

Substantive-prepositional syntagmas in the English text of the patent are chosen as the subject of research. We set the task of determine to what extent this type of syntagmatics is typical for the chosen genre and present a typological description of structures based on the N+of+N core model. The relevance of the tasks set is determined by the insufficient knowledge of the categorical, linguistic and discursive features of such structures in English speech in general and in the texts of patent documentation in particular. The basis of the empirical research, carried out on the material of two corpora of texts, is the methods of syntagmatic, constructive, comparative and statistical analysis. The frequency of substantive-prepositional syntagmas in comparison with other types of compound nominative units and individual features that distinguish prepositional combinations from lexical syntagmas have been established. Design features of syntagmas are revealed; the syntactic processes of distribution of simple structures are described, the most significant of which are development, expansion, accession; the specifics of the implementation in these processes of such methods of distribution as lexical and syntactic, allied and non-union, adjective and substantive are determined. The obtained results supplement the information about syntagmatics as a sign of the genre and style of the text. They can serve as a basis for further research in the field of syntagmatics of English speech and find application in teaching English for professional purposes, as well as in a comparative analysis of original and parallel texts in Russian.

Multilingual parallel corpus: An institutional resource for terminology development at the University of South Africa (Unisa)

The indigenous African languages of South Africa are not fully developed to provide for specialised terminology and were considered unsuitable for use as languages of tuition and research. This was used as a scapegoat for not utilising these languages in the South African education system. Since 1994, however, terminology development has been one of the key priorities of democratic South Africa. The institutions of Higher Learning have been mandated to develop and intellectualise the indigenous languages for teaching, learning and research. In line with this, this article aims to address the problem of unavailability of scientific or technical terms by illustrating how a multilingual corpus ––from which multilingual glossaries as resources for tuition and research–– can be compiled. Adopting a qualitative descriptive approach, suitable source texts in English and their translations in various African indigenous languages, namely, IsiZulu, IsiXhosa, IsiNdebele, SiSwati, Tshivenda, and Xitsonga were selected from the University study material for inclusion in the multilingual parallel corpus. ParaConc, a software that is suitable to query parallel texts, was used to align and extract terms from the corpus. The study demonstrates how parallel texts can be useful in developing scientific and technical terms. The University of South Africa can become the centre of corpus compilation for the intellectualisation of the official indigenous South African languages, since it is the only university in the country that caters for all these languages.

Испанская мистика XVI в. и «Духовный гимн» cвятого Иоанна Креста

The article analyzes the poetics of the “Spiritual Canticle” of St. John of the Cross as a single two-part work, consisting of a poetic text and its prosaic commentary. The “Spiritual Canticle” is one of the masterpieces of Spanish mystical literature of the 16th century. The author of the article describes this literary context, showing the reasons for its emergence and flourishing, the main directions and features, and then proceeds to analyze the poetics of the texts under consideration. The relationship between poetry and prose in the literary legacy of St. John of the Cross is one of the traditional themes of juanística. The article proposes to consider both the one and the other as a manifestation of both the mystical experience and the poetic genius of St. John, without placing the commentary in an auxiliar position in relation to the verses. By interpreting his own poetic text, John creates a new parallel text on the same topic, but in a different genre. Each component has its own internal plot.These two plots, called “lyrical” and “theological,” enter into complex relationships. Thus, “mountains,” “forests,” “extraordinary islands” and other images change their meaning both in verses and in commentary, revealing a general but whimsical transformation of an earthly topos into a transcendental one. Transformation takes place through various types of intersection of created and uncreated beginnings: in man, in nature and in God. Poems from lyrics become sacred text, commentary from didactic becomes exegetical.

Development and implementation of the digital steganography method based on the embedding of pseudoinformation

The article provides an overview of the main methods of steganography, on the basis of which a new method was developed, consisting in embedding additional text (pseudo-information) in parallel with the transmitted message. An algorithm of this method has been developed. In this case, the frequency of the bit sequence was obtained in accordance with the generated pseudo-random numbers. In accordance with the algorithm, an application has been developed that allows the sender to encrypt and place the message in a container that is an image, and the recipient to determine the presence of the message and, if there is one, extract it. A computational experiment was also conducted, which showed that an image with a fairly large embedded text does not visually differ from the original image.