Parallel Resistance Research Articles

Studi Kelayakan Sistem Pentanahan pada Gedung Teknik Elektro Universitas Andalas

The grounding system is one part of the electric power system that has an important role in flowing overcurrent from the electric power system to the ground due to electrical power system disturbances or lightning strikes that can endanger the building and its surroundings. This grounding system aims to protect humans, electrical equipment, and electrical installations from the danger of electrical short circuits. In compliance with official regulations, safety standards and according to general electrical installation regulatory standards (PUIL) to avoid the danger of lightning strikes in buildings, it is necessary to have grounding resistance value of less than five ohms and is made as small as possible. In this study, the measurement of grounding resistance seen from the depth of the grounding and the grounding resistance are arranged in parallel. The results of this study indicate that the parallel grounding resistance method produces a more significant reduction in the value of grounding resistance compared to the grounding resistance in a certain depth From the calculation results, the resistance value of the Electrical Engineering Building at Andalas University using a rod electrode with a diameter of 0.016 meters is 24.5 Ω with an electrode depth of 0.5 meters and at a depth of 1 meter a grounding value of 17.52 Ω is obtained. The deeper the depth of the electrode, the smaller the resulting resistance value, and installing a grounding system with the multirod method, namely arranging electrodes in parallel with a certain depth, obtains less resistance compared to not parallelizing the electrodes

Modeling the Transient Response of Thermal Circuits

Although stationary models for thermal circuits have been widely used, a direct analogy of transient responses of electric circuits to thermal systems is still difficult to establish. In this work, a thermal circuit model for transient responses is developed. The model states that each thermal object is a thermal resistance and a heat capacitor in parallel. The heat capacitor is the heat capacity of the overall material plus a correction term due to the thermal contacts of all thermal objects. The transient response of three basic thermal circuits is modeled, based on the proposed method, and validated, using the heatrapy Python package: single thermal resistance, two thermal resistances in series and two thermal resistances in parallel. A more complex model of a thermal circuit involving a heat source, a heat transfer medium and convection of heat to the surroundings is also developed and validated with data from literature of a thermal switch used in caloric cooling. The proposed method tackles computational issues introduced by the majority of numerical approaches.

Studying the effect of temperature and resistances of series (Rs) and parallel (Rsh) on the performance of the solar cell (FTO/Zn2SnO4/CdS:O/CdTe/Cu2Te) using the SCAPS-1D program

For the purpose of knowing the effect of temperature, series resistance and parallel resistance on the performance of the solar cell(FTO/ Zn2SnO4/ CdS:O/ CdTe/ Cu2Te)، Using the simulation program SCAPS-1D, the study was carried out in three stages.The first stage of this study is to study the effect of temperature on the parameters of the solar cell،It was found that the efficiency h decreases with increasing temperature. The second stage is to study the effect of series resistance (Rs) as an external factor and it was found that increasing the series resistance reduces the performance of the solar cell The third stage of the study is to study the effect of parallel resistance (Rsh) as an external factor as well on the performance of the solar cell. It was also found that increasing the parallelism resistance improves the performance of the solar cell and increases the output parameters. All phases of the study were installed by installing the default lighting spectrum on the global scale Am1.5, the temperature is 300K, the frequency is 1MHz, and the voltage is 0V. Also, the series resistance (Rs) and the parallel resistance (Rsh) were not activated in the first stage of the research, considering that the cell is an ideal cell.

Fracmemristor Oscillator: Fractional-Order Memristive Chaotic Circuit

In this paper, the Fractional-Order Memristive Chaotic Circuit (FMCC) is proposed to be achieved by the fracmemristor, which is a portmanteau of “fractional-order” and “memristor”. Considering the unique fingerprints and nonlinearities of fracmemristors, it is natural to ponder a challenging theoretical problem to generalize the Integer-Order Memristive Chaotic Circuit (IMCC) to the FMCC. Motivated by this inspiration, the paper proposes an FMCC by replacing the diode in Chua’s chaotic circuit with a fracmemristor and a negative resistor in parallel. To simplify analysis, a new Cubic Nonlinear Voltage-Controlled Capacitive Ladder Scaling Fracmemristor (CVCLF) is proposed to implement the FMCC. New fingerprints are found in the CVCLF. Compared with the IMCC, dynamical behaviors of the FMCC are not only related to circuit parameters and initial conditions, but also related to the circuit stage and the operational order. The FMCC provides two extra degrees of freedom. Numerical simulations and hardware experiments demonstrate that the FMCC has multistability, transient chaos, state transition phenomena, etc. A significant advantage of the FMCC is that it possesses the fractional-order-sensitivity characteristic, which represents its dynamical behaviors change with the operational order. The proposed FMCC is the first application of fracmemristors in chaos.

Switchable Polarization Insensitivity Radar Absorber/Reflector Based on Active Frequency Selective Surface

In this article, a switchable polarization-insensitive lower thickness active frequency selective surfaces (AFSSs) absorber/reflector is proposed. The proposed structure consists of the top AFSS layer, which contains four patches and four pairs of PIN diodes in parallel with resistors, the upper substrate I, a metal ground, the bottom substrate II, and a simple bias network behind the bottom substrates that effectively reduce unnecessary disturb. The PIN diodes are controlled by the bias networks through the metalized via holes to obtain the switchable properties. The polarization-insensitive performance is realized by symmetrical structure. The resistors in parallel with PIN diodes load between every two patches to enlarge the resonant bandwidth. One remarkable feature of the structure exists in it can be switched in a variety of operating states to control the visibility of the target in radar systems. When it operates as an absorber, it has a stable absorptivity, which is more than 85% in the frequency range of 12.6–25 GHz with a small radar cross section. The equivalent circuit model, surface loss density, and surface circuit distribution are provided to assist in understanding the physical property of the entire design. A configuration of the structure is fabricated and the measurement results demonstrate a reasonable agreement with the simulate ones, thus confirming the proposed concept.

Growth and physical investigations on NiWO4 thin films as a potential for NO2 sensing

In this work, nickel tungstate oxide (NiWO4) based thin films of 200 nm as thickness have been successfully deposited onto conductive Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates using a simple and low cost sol gel method via spin coating with interests in gas sensor applications. The elaborated NiWO4 thin films have been investigated in terms of its structural, morphological and optical properties by using X-ray diffractometer, Raman scattering spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV–VIS spectrophotometer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows a polycrystalline nature of these films with a crystallite size close to 80 nm. The polycrystalline nature of these films was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy measurement, which depicts the presence of wolframite NiWO4. In addition, the surfaces topographies displayed uniform surfaces in shape and randomly disturbed by particles with sizes of the order of 50 nm. The optical properties of the NiWO4 depicting the presence of a direct band gap of 2.77 eV. Meantime, Charge transfer kinetic processes at the NiWO4/electrolyte interface were identified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at different bias values. This interface adopt an equivalent circuit consisting of a parallel charge transfer resistance RCt and a constant phase element (CPE) in series with an electrolyte resistance RS at an applied bias of 1.2 V. The electron lifetime(τe) was calculated to be 2.4 ms. Finally, Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensing performance of the films has been carried out and discussed at low operating temperatures varying from 170 °C to 260 °C.

Abstract B011: Network propagation of the kinase activity signatures of therapy-resistant tumors reveals novel druggable targets in BRAF(V600E)-mutated colorectal cancer

Abstract Despite combination therapies targeting BRAF and EGFR, metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with a BRAF(V600E) mutation confers poor prognosis with early development of drug resistance in a majority of patients. Treatment with a current standard of care (encorafenib plus panitumumab) temporarily suppresses tumor growth, but fails to promote regression and leads to eventual disease progression. Consequently, there is a need to better characterize the compensatory resistance pathways that are activated in response to treatment. To identify these parallel resistance mechanisms and novel druggable targets, we analyzed the effects of combination treatment with encorafenib (a BRAF-inhibitor) and panitumumab (an anti-EGFR antibody) in BRAF(V600E) mCRC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor samples via a high throughput kinase activity mapping (HT-KAM) platform and advanced computational tools. HT-KAM uses libraries of peptides as combinatorial sensors that identify and measure the activity of >160 kinases involved in oncogenic pathways (Coppé et al 2019). As these key kinases provide an informative yet filtered view of proteome-wide signaling effects, we developed a network-based workflow to further analyze our HT-KAM results. Network propagation methods were applied to integrate this data into ReactomeFI, a well-validated gene/protein interaction network. Significant genes from the network propagation results were clustered and enriched for pathway analysis using additional scripts, and results were visualized using Cytoscape. Based on HT-KAM results comparing the kinase signatures of PDX tumors treated with encorafenib + panitumumab versus vehicle, EGFR was confirmed to be downregulated. Moreover, several kinases previously identified as (re-)activated upon treatment and progression were significantly upregulated, including kinases in the RAF–MEK–ERK cascade as well as AKTs and downstream effectors. In addition, STK11, a tumor suppressor also known as LKB1, was significantly downregulated, while the activity of several kinases involved in cell surface signaling were upregulated, including PKA and PKCs. Network propagation of this data and enrichment of network subclusters resulted in a broad range of pathways implicated in persistent cell survival. Among top hits, signaling networks orchestrated by GPCRs, MTOR, WNT and beta-catenin were significantly enriched, suggesting that multiple interacting pathways coordinate the response and resistance to BRAF/EGFR joint inhibition. Our workflow implementing network propagation and enrichment analysis of HT-KAM data pinpoints essential pathways that contain druggable targets. We are in the process of validating these dependencies in PDX models and translating these mechanisms into novel combinatorial targeted therapy interventions designed to overcome drug resistance in BRAF(V600E) mCRC. Citation Format: Yeonjoo Hwang, Mehdi Bouhaddou, Christina Moelders, Denise P. Muñoz, Chloe E. Atreya, Jean-Philippe Coppé. Network propagation of the kinase activity signatures of therapy-resistant tumors reveals novel druggable targets in BRAF(V600E)-mutated colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Colorectal Cancer; 2022 Oct 1-4; Portland, OR. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(23 Suppl_1):Abstract nr B011.

Effects of ITO Contact Sizes on Performance of Blue Light MicroLEDs

In this study, the effect of ITO contact ratio for blue light micro-light-emitting diode (µLED) with dimensions 40 μm × 40 μm was assessed. The contact ratio from 0.2 to 0.8 was designed for the ratio of electrode area to light-emitting area. As the contact ratio increased from 0.2 to 0.8, the turn-on voltage of µLED decreased. It could be due to the short lateral diffusion length in multiple quantum wells (MQW) and lower parallel resistance for the µLED with a large contact ratio. The leakage currents of single µLED were below 5.1 × 10–9 A, no matter the contact ratio. It means that the contact ratio does not affect the leakage current as measured on single chip. Moreover, µLED array with a 0.8 contact ratio presented the highest output power than other samples (5.25 mW as the current density of 1875 A/cm2). It could attribute to the MQWs usage, the metal contact reflective behavior and less current crowding, which generated more carriers and extracted more lighting from the µLED. The simulation data using SpeCLED software agreed well with these experiments, and µLED with a 0.8 contact ratio showed the best optoelectronic properties.

Non-destructive quality assessment method for Korla fragrant pears based on electrical properties and adaptive neural-fuzzy inference system

This study aimed to achieve the rapid and non-destructive quality assessment of Korla fragrant pears, thereby maximising the value of damaged pears and improving the market supply–demand balance. The electrical characteristics of damaged Korla fragrant pears were measured using a fruit electrical property detector and the trends in the quality of the fragrant pears within their shelf life were analysed. The quality of damaged Korla fragrant pears was predicted by using an adaptive neural-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Electrical properties were used as inputs to the system and quality was the output of the system. A total of eight functional models with different degrees of membership were constructed and the optimal one was selected. The results demonstrated that the equivalent parallel capacitance (Cp) of the damaged Korla fragrant pears increased gradually throughout their shelf life, while equivalent parallel resistance (Rp) and complex impedance (Z) decreased. Additionally, the green–red difference (a*) increased gradually, while hardness and soluble solid content (SSC) decreased continuously. Based on the combination of electrical properties and the ANFIS, gbellmf was the optimal model to determine the SSC of the damaged Korla fragrant pears (R2 = 0.9123) and gaussmf was the optimal model to determine the hardness and a* of the damaged Korla fragrant pears (R2 = 0.9112 and 0.8853, respectively). It was concluded that the combined use of electrical properties and the ANFIS method enabled the successful quality assessment of fragrant pears. This approach was conducive to facilitating the optimisation and updating of non-destructive quality assessment technologies for fragrant pears, promoting quality and efficiency improvement in the fragrant pear industry.

The Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Monolayer and Multilayer Nanofibre Membranes from Different Fillers: Calculated Based on Parallel Circuit.

Advanced research on improving the performance of conductive polymer composites is essential to exploring their potential in various applications. Thus, in this study, the electrical conductivity of multilayer nanofibre membranes composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with different electroconductive fillers content including zinc oxide (ZnO), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and Ferro ferric oxide (Fe3O4), were produced via electrospinning. The tensile property and electrical conductivity of monolayer membranes were explored. The results showed that PVA with 2 wt.% MWNTs nanofibre membrane has the best conductivity (1.0 × 10-5 S/cm) and tensile strength (29.36 MPa) compared with other fillers. Meanwhile, the combination of multilayer membrane ZnO/Fe3O4/Fe3O4/MWNTs/ZnO showed the highest conductivity (1.39 × 10-5 S/cm). The parallel circuit and calculation of parallel resistance were attempted to demonstrate the conductive mechanism of multilayer membranes, which can predict the conductivity of other multilayer films. The production of multilayer composites that enhance electrical conductivity and improve conductive predictions was successfully explored.

A 177 ppm RMS Error-Integrated Interface for Time-Based Impedance Spectroscopy of Sensors

This paper presents an integrated circuit for time-based electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of sensors. The circuit exploits maximum-length sequences (MLS) in order to perform a broadband excitation of the sensors under test. Therefore, the measured time-domain EIS is obtained by cross-correlating the input with the output of the analog front end (AFE). Unlike the conventional digital approach, the cross-correlation operation is performed in the analog domain. This leads to a lower RMS error in the measured time-domain EIS since the signal processing is not affected by the quantization noise of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). It also relaxes the sampling frequency of the ADC leading, along with the lack of random access memory (RAM) usage, to a reduced circuit complexity. Theoretical concepts about the circuit’s design and operation are presented, with an emphasis on the thermal noise phenomenon. The simulated performances are shown by testing a sensor’s equivalent model composed of a 50 kΩ resistor in parallel with a 100 pF capacitor. A time-based EIS output of 255 points was obtained with a maximum tested frequency of 500 kHz and a simulated RMS error of 0.0177% (or 177 ppm).

Photoelctrochemically Manufactured HgO/Cu2O Monolayer with Ameliorate Photovoltaic Features

This writing report acquaint the chances for promoting efficiency betterment of p-Cu2O electrode for PECs likewise in production of hydrogen gas, using HgO/Cu2O hetero-structure. The arrangement was accomplished by both bracing the surface of p-Cu2O plate embattled through thermal oxidization of copper sheet and also acquiring low cost, effortless and low impairment engineering deposition for utilizing HgO as absorber layer. The altitudinous efficiency of 4.80% and open circuit voltage of 185MV were incurred in an HgO/Cu2O hetero-structure PEC solar cell commence with copper foil thickness (0.1mm) substrate for preparing the Cu2O thin film under oxygen gas pressure at 950℃ by thermal oxidizing techniques. It is requisite to augmented the interface at the hetero-structure junction to accomplished a soaring efficiency in HgO/Cu2O/HgO semiconductor beside multiplicative the parallel resistance and remittent the series resistance.Keywords: thermal oxidation, cuprous oxide, hetero-structure, J-V characteristic, photoelectrochemical, annealing, etching.

Development software program for extraction of photovoltaic cell equivalent circuit model parameters based on the Newton–Raphson method

Finding the equivalent circuit parameters for photovoltaic (PV) cells is crucial as they are used in the modeling and analysis of PV arrays. PV cells are made of silicon. These materials have a nonlinear characteristic. This distorts the sinusoidal waveform of the current and voltage. As a result, harmonic components are formed in the system. The PV cell is the smallest building block of the PV system and produces voltages between 0.5 V and 0.7 V. It serves as a source of current. The amount of radiation hitting the cell determines how much current it produces. In an ideal case, a diode and a parallel current source make up the equivalent circuit of the PV cell. In practice, the addition of a series and parallel resistor is made to the ideal equivalent circuit. There are many equivalent circuits in the literature on modeling the equivalent circuit of a PV cell. The PV cell single–diode model is the most used model due to its ease of analysis. In this study, the iterative method by Newton–Raphson was used to find the equivalent circuit parameters of a PV cell. This method is one of the most widely used methods for determining the roots of nonlinear equations in numerical analysis. In this study, five unknown parameters (Iph, Io, Rs, Rsh and m) of the PV cell equivalent circuit were quickly discovered with the software program prepared based on the Newton–Raphson method in MATLAB.

The theory of transport in helical spin-structure crystals

We study helical structures in spin-spiral single crystals. In the continuum approach for the helicity potential energy the simple electronic band splits into two non-parabolic bands. For low exchange integrals, the lower band is described by a surface with a saddle shape in the direction of the helicity axis. Using the Boltzmann equation with the relaxation due to acoustic phonons, we discover the dependence of the current on the angle between the electric field and helicity axis leading to the both parallel and perpendicular to the electric field components in the electroconductivity. The latter can be interpreted as a planar Hall effect. In addition, we find that the transition rates depend on an electron spin allowing the transition between the bands. The electric conductivities exhibit nonlinear behaviors with respect to chemical potential µ. We explain this effect as the interference of the band anisotropy, spin conservation, and interband transitions. The proposed theory with the spherical model in the effective mass approximation for conduction electrons can elucidate nonlinear dependencies that can be identified in experiments. We find the excellent agreement between the theoretical and experimental data for parallel resistivity depending on temperature at the phase transition from helical to ferromagnetic state in a single crystal. In addition, we predict that the perpendicular resistivity abruptly drops to zero in the ferromagnetic phase.

Thermal effect on curved photovoltaic panels: Model validation and application in the Tabuk region.

This paper aimed to investigate the temperature effect on photovoltaic (PV) cell parameters. The PV cell parameters such as series and parallel resistances, diode ideality factor, and diode saturation current, are not considered in the reported stepwise modeling. The present work aims to improve available models used in the modeling and simulation of PV modules to support the researcher and power project developer. All the required temperature-dependent parameters are determined to model the simulated PV module with high accuracy using Simulink/MATLAB software. To validate the method, a 36-cell-50W solar panel with different radii of curvature is set up to assess solar power outputs under varying irradiance and temperature conditions. For the present application, the Tabuk region (Saudi Arabia) is chosen based on its location and climatic conditions. The method provided conformity to the measured power outputs for varying Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and temperature conditions. The maximum power output of the PV module increases from 14.4 W to 25.8 W when the received solar power density varies from 307 W/m2 to 526 W/m2 depending on the level of curvature starting from a semi-cylindrical shape to a vaulted shape to a flat shape. The curved PV module shows slightly higher power variation with temperature as compared to the flat one. Above 25°C, the power output is about 20% less at a maximum temperature of 65°C. When the temperature drops below 25°C, the power outputs increase about 6% and 11.5% for corresponding temperatures of 15°C and 5°C, respectively.

Barkas effect in strongly magnetized plasmas

Strongly magnetized plasmas, which are characterized by the particle gyrofrequency exceeding the plasma frequency, exhibit novel transport properties. For example, recent work showed that the friction force on a test charge moving through a strongly magnetized plasma not only consists of the typical stopping power component but also includes components perpendicular to the test charge's velocity. However, these studies only considered test charges that have the same sign as the charge of the plasma particles. Here, we extend these calculations to the case of charges with opposite signs (such as an ion interacting with strongly magnetized electrons). This is done with both a novel generalized Boltzmann kinetic theory and molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that the friction force changes dramatically depending on the sign of the interacting charges. Likewise, the stopping power component for oppositely charged particles decreases in magnitude compared with like-charged particles, and the perpendicular components increase in magnitude. Moreover, the difference between the two cases increases as the gyrofrequency becomes larger compared with the plasma frequency. The electrical resistivity is calculated from the friction force, where it is found that strong magnetization in conjunction with oppositely charged interactions significantly decreases the parallel resistivity and increases the perpendicular resistivity.

Effective thermal conductivity of microemulsions consisting of water micelles in n‐decane

Microemulsions consist of a liquid dispersion medium and a dispersed phase of colloidal liquid micelles in the nanometer scale. Despite its technological relevance, the effective thermal conductivity of microemulsions has scarcely been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. To elucidate the influence of the concentration of the dispersed micelles and their morphology on the effective thermal conductivity of reverse microemulsions consisting of a n-decane-rich continuous phase and a dispersed surfactant-stabilized phase with water-free or water-swollen micelles, a steady-state parallel-plate instrument was used between 298 and 318 K at water volume fractions from 0 to 0.47. The measured effective thermal conductivities increase with increasing volume fraction of the dispersed water micelles, which is by trend accompanied by increasing effective viscosities and decreasing translational particle diffusion coefficients, as obtained by capillary viscometry and dynamic light scattering. The Hamilton-Crosser model and an analytical thermal-resistance model, which are often employed for dispersions of solid particles in liquids, describe the effective thermal conductivity of microemulsions well in case of virtually spherical micelles at low water loading. Distinct underestimations by both models assuming spherical particles appear at higher water contents and temperatures beyond the percolation at about 308 K, associated with micelle clusters up to a bicontinuous microemulsion structure. Especially for these states, it could be found that the effective thermal conductivity can be well represented by the average of a serial and a parallel resistance model for thermal conduction.

Impedance spectroscopy of Au/Cu2Te/CdTe/CdS/Cd2SnO4/glass solar cells

In this work, we report impedance spectroscopy (IS) study on CdS/CdTe-based solar cells. The physical parameters of the cell were computed in the dynamic regime to access to the information on different capacitive, resistive processes, and characteristic response times occurring inside the device. Cell parameters as the depletion width, build-in voltage, diffusion length, minority carrier lifetime, among others, were calculated from IS measurements. The impedance spectra were fitted with an equivalent circuit containing a constant phase element and two resistances, one in series and the other one in parallel. These elements address the underlying physical parameters of the device and adequately describe its global response. The cell parameters calculated from IS were used in a numerical approach that considers: i) the spectral irradiance at AM1.5, ii) the experimental transmittance of our conductive Cd2SnO4, iii) the reflectance of the solar cell stack, and iv) the CdS and CdTe absorption coefficients to obtain the spectral response and the short-circuit current density Jsc of the cell. Finally, the calculated Jsc along with the series and parallel resistances were used to obtain a calculated J-V characteristic curve and this was compared with the experimental curve showing good agreement.

Analysis Method of Oxygen Permeation Resistance of Ionomer in Cathode Catalyst Layer in PEFC

Analysis Method of Oxygen Permeation Resistance of Ionomer in Cathode Catalyst Layer in PEFC

Influence of calcium substitution on structural, morphological and electrical conductivity properties of La1- xCaxNi0.5Ti0.5O3 (x = 0.0, x = 0.2) compounds for energy storage devices

This paper explores the effect of calcium insertion on the physicochemical properties of La1-xCaxNi0.5Ti0.5O3 (x = 0.0 (LNTO), x = 0.2 (LCNTO)) compounds fabricated by the sol–gel process. The samples crystallize in an orthorhombic distorted structure with the Pnma space group. The purity and morphology of nano-grains were evaluated by SEM/ EDX analysis. The behaviors of the imaginary parts of the impedance (Z'') show a dielectric relaxation phenomenon in the samples with activation energies close to those determined from the conductivity study. Nyquist diagrams are fitted using two circuits in series; each circuit consists of resistance in parallel with a CPE capacitance. The DC-conductivity enhances significantly with temperature confirming that our sample has a semiconductor behavior. The conduction mechanism was evaluated using the temperature dependence of the exponent Jonscher's power law parameter, which confirms the type of NSPT conduction mechanism for the compound LNTO and (NSPT) in zone I (T < 255 K) and (OLPT) in zone II (T > 255 K) for the LCNTO compound. The observed high conductivity indicates that our materials may be suitable for applications in energy storage devices.