Parallel Path Research Articles

Exact Equations for the Back and Effective Focal Lengths of a Plano-Concave Thick Lens

In this work, we present the exact equations for the back and effective focal lengths of a plano-concave thick lens. These equations are derived through a detailed ray-tracing approach, calculating the meridional ray’s path parallel to the optical axis while taking into account lens thickness, refractive index, and surface curvature. Our analysis bridges the gap between paraxial approximations and exact ray behavior, highlighting how traditional models (e.g., thin-lens equations) can be extended to thick lenses. Additionally, we review recent advancements in negative refraction and surface phase manipulation techniques to demonstrate how our equations compare to modern numerical methods and metacoating-enhanced designs. This work provides a comprehensive and exact framework for understanding the optical properties of plano-concave thick lenses, offering new insights into their application in precision optics.

A dual-dimensionality reduction strategy for optimization-based parallel parking path planner

A dual-dimensionality reduction strategy for optimization-based parallel parking path planner

A generalized combination of parallel machine scheduling and path

A generalized combination of parallel machine scheduling and path

Mathematical softgauges for material ratio parameters

Editors of surface texture analysis software need to validate their parameter calculations, ideally in an implementation-independent way. Today, there is no universal reference method for validating parameter compliance and more specifically with regard to material ratio parameters, Rk parameters, and volume parameters that are based on the Abbott curve. Several years ago, at Digital Surf, we developed parameter validation methods that are based on mathematics. A mathematical softgauge, defined by an equation, is injected through the mathematical parameter definition, to obtain a mathematical true value of the parameter value. In a parallel path, a discrete softgauge, derived from the mathematical softgauge, is injected through an algorithm and the resulting value is compared to the approximated true value. This method makes it possible to check the accuracy of an algorithm for calculating a particular parameter. For this study, two families of mathematical softgauges were specifically designed to test material ratio parameters. More precisely, the two main goals of this study are, (1) to advocate an algorithm validation approach that is independent from any software implementation, and (2) to obtain true values for all parameters based on the Abbott curve.

GPU-accelerated parallel all-pair shortest path routing within stochastic road networks

All-pair shortest path routing within stochastic road networks is often more complicated and computationally challenging than routing in deterministic networks because uncertainties in travel time are introduced. We develop and test a GPU-enabled approach to resolve this computational challenge. This approach is based on a simulation framework that includes four steps: simulation of road networks impedances, computation of candidate paths using an all-pair shortest path algorithm, travel time estimation across candidate paths, and all-pair optimal path calculations. We developed GPU algorithms to accelerate the second and third steps, which are computationally demanding for large road networks. We used the road network of Wuhan, China as a case study. Our experiments indicate that the GPU approach leads to thousands of times in improvement of acceleration, which makes all-pair shortest path routing within stochastic road networks computationally feasible.

Noi, amanti d’essere, occhi del mondo

The imminent completion of the publication of Martin Heidegger’s Gesamtausgabe will allow scholars to deepen the meaning of the relationship between thought and art and, simultaneously, the nature of the instance that presides over both these cognitive manifestations. In particular, the analysis of the phenomenon of Enowning will promote the understanding of the intimate meaning of Edward Estlin Cummings’ poetic work and the scope of the parallel path followed by the poet within the pictorial experience he undertook based on the figurative revolutions inaugurated by Paul Cézanne and Cubism. The pictorial search for a space that is not reduced to representing objects but provides the place where they can instead make their appearance establishes the dimension that grants man a time to be one with everything. Correspondingly, the poetic word becomes capable of naming the phenomenon of the self-concealment of Being and becoming the guardian of the possibility of all that is.

Impact of Wood Structure Variability on the Surface Roughness of Chestnut Wood

Wood constitutes a unique and valuable material that has been used from ancient times until nowadays in a wide variety of applications, in which the surface quality of wood often constitutes a critical factor. In this study, the influence of different wood areas and therefore, of different anatomical characteristic areas of chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.) on the surface quality, was thoroughly studied, in terms of surface roughness. Five different chestnut tree trunks were harvested, from which five different disks were obtained corresponding to five different trunk heights. Surface roughness was measured on these disks on the transverse, radial, and tangential planes, on the areas of sapwood and heartwood, measuring the roughness in each point both vertically and in parallel to the wood grain. The results revealed that the examined roughness indexes (Ra, Rz, Rq) follow a parallel path to one another. In the case of all surfaces (transverse, radial, tangential) of the disks examined, when the measurement was implemented perpendicularly to the wood grain, a significantly higher roughness was recorded, compared to the wood grain measurements being implemented in parallel with the wood grain. Significant differences between heartwood and sapwood roughness were not demonstrated, although sapwood often appeared to exhibit a higher surface roughness than heartwood sites. Among the roughness values of the three different surfaces, the highest roughness in the vertical-to-wood-grain measurements was recorded by tangential surfaces, with slightly lower values on the transverse surfaces and the lowest roughness on radial surfaces. Meanwhile, for the measurements in parallel with the wood grain, the transverse surfaces presented significantly higher roughness values compared to the tangential and radial surfaces. Significant roughness differences were not detected among the surfaces at different trunk heights. Although, significant differences in roughness were recorded among different trees, it was observed that all the studied trees align with the identified and described within-tree trends.

Optimization Design of Laser Arrays Based on Absorption Spectroscopy Imaging for Detecting Temperature and Concentration Fields.

Detecting temperature and concentration fields within engine combustors holds paramount significance in enhancing combustion efficiency and ensuring operational safety. Within the realm of engine combustors, the laminar absorption spectroscopy technique has garnered considerable attention. Particularly crucial is the optimization of the optical path configuration to enhance the efficacy of reconstruction. This study presents a flame parameter field reconstruction model founded on laminar absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, an optimization approach for refining the optical path configuration is delineated. In addressing non-axisymmetric flames, the simulated annealing algorithm (SA) and Harris's Hawk algorithm (HHO) are employed to optimize the optical path layout across varying beam quantities. The findings underscore a marked reduction in imaging errors with the optimized optical path configuration compared to conventional setups, thereby elevating detection precision. Notably, the HHO algorithm demonstrates superior performance over the SA algorithm in terms of optimization outcomes and computational efficiency. Compared with the parallel optical path, the optimized optical path of the HHO algorithm reduces the temperature field error by 25.5% and the concentration field error by 26.5%.

A Wideband Hybrid Envelope Tracking Supply Modulator with Slew-Rate-Enhanced Linear Amplifier

A wideband hybrid envelope tracking supply modulator (HETSM) with a slew-rate-enhanced linear amplifier (LA) is described in this work. The proposed slew-rate enhancement (SRE) structure introduces a parallel auxiliary current path directly to the gate of the class-AB output stage, significantly accelerating the charging and discharging processes of the Miller capacitor without modifying the operating point of the remaining LA. The current delivered via this supplementary path shows a rapid increase, with changes in input voltage, culminating in diminished quiescent current levels. The supply modulator is fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS process. The measurement results show that HETSM is able to track a 100 MHz, 16QAM signal accurately, achieving the maximum efficiency of 87.4% at a 5.12 W output power, with a load that consists of a 5 Ω resistor and a paralleled 100 pF capacitor. The proposed LA realizes a slew rate of −1857/+1239 V/μs and a bandwidth of 226.6 MHz under a 24 mA quiescent current.

On the Generalization of Neutrosophic Set Operations: Testing Proofs by Examples

This article aims to present more facts about neutrosophic set theory such as classical set theory. It includes; more connection between operations on the neutrosophic set theory of three types such as union, intersection, difference, and their generalization. further, the generalization of union, intersection, and complement with DE-Morgan's theorem. In addition, we studied the Cartesian Products and their properties. This work opens a new parallel path of a new neutrosophic structure of degree of membership functions that does not depend on intuitionistic fuzzy set and fuzzy set respectively.

Bicriteria Nash flows over time

Flows over time are a natural way to incorporate flow dynamics that arise in various applications such as traffic networks. In this paper we introduce a natural variant of the deterministic fluid queuing model in which users aim to minimize their costs subject to arrival at their destination before a pre-specified deadline. We determine the existence and the structure of Nash flows over time and fully characterize the price of anarchy for this model. The price of anarchy measures the ratio of the quality of the equilibrium and the quality of the optimum flow, where we evaluate the quality using two different natural performance measures: the throughput for a given deadline and the makespan for a given amount of flow. While it turns out that both prices of anarchy can be unbounded in general, we provide tight bounds for the important subclass of parallel path graphs.

Parallel path selection mechanism for DDoS attack detection

DDoS attack have always been a popular topic in the field of network security. As an emerging networking paradigm, SDN’s characteristics such as centralized control and management and monitoring flow-based traffic make it an ideal platform to detect DDoS attacks. NFV can reduce equipment costs, simplify operation complexity, and improve operation performance, which provides a major opportunity for effective DDoS detection. Thus, with the help of SDN/NFV technology, this paper proposes a parallel path selection method to detect various types of DDoS attacks. This article virtualizes detection methods as service functions, and combines different service functions to form sequential paths. We first propose a HABS method to parallelize the service functions and construct a parallel path set. Then, we propose a PPCP method to reduce the delay between parallel branches. Next, the parallel path selection problem is formulated as a MDP. Then, we propose a QLBP method to choose the optimal path that balance detection performance, delay and load. Finally, the proposed QLBP method is deployed in a prototype system. We validate the performance of the QLBP method under various DDoS attack scenarios. Besides, we compare the path performance before and after applying the QLBP method. The experimental results indicate that this method can provide optimal parallel path against different attack types.

Network Coding with Parallel Path Protection for Multiple Link Failure in WOBAN

Background: WOBAN is a high-speed network and hence any kind of failure results in huge data loss. Using the proposed network coding technique with parallel path protection can handle multiple link failures, the performance of the network can be improved. Aims: This study aims to improve network performance using network coding with parallel path protection routing algorithm (NC-PPR) for multiple link failures in WOBAN. Objective: We investigated the multiple link failures in WOBAN by the proposed approach namely Coded Path Protection Algorithm, which enhances the survivability of the WOBAN against multiple link failures in the front end and eliminates the need of backup resources. Methods: Extensive simulation is carried out to implement proposed work. A simulation model and code is developed in MATLAB to get the performance enhancement of WOBAN. Results: We compared the performance of proposed algorithm with existing algorithm. The obtained results show that the proposed algorithm has superior performance than the existing algorithm. Conclusion: In this paper, a new routing approach, which works in three phases namely path finding, encoding, and decoding, using random linear network coding (RLNC) is introduced to address the survivability issue of the WOBAN. The proposed approach also enhances the network performance in terms of PDR, overhead, and delay.

Rare origin of the sinoatrial node artery: an anatomic report and a brief review of the literature.

Several studies reported anatomical variations in the sinoatrial node artery (SANa). Here, we report a rare variation in the origin of the SANa on a human adult male cadaver. During dissection, we identified the SANa originating from a large atrial branch of the right coronary artery (RCA). This branch originates at the level of the inferior border of the heart and courses upwards. The initial part of this vessel is tortuous, and then it follows a straight path parallel to the RCA along the anterior surface of the right atrium. After this part, the artery curves posteriorly and to the left until it reaches the lower border of the right auricle, where it closely approaches the RCA. Finally, the artery runs posteriorly and to the right to follow a course along the medial wall of the right auricle and right atrium to reach a location close to the region of the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium, where it follows its path buried in the myocardium. After perforating the myocardium, this vessel gives rise to branches that are distributed to both atria in addition to the SANa. The SANa runs to the sinoatrial node in a precaval (anterior to the superior vena cava) course. We also tried to characterize the vessels radiologically. The knowledge of the anatomical variations of the SANa is of the utmost importance for cardiologists and heart surgeons to better understand cardiac disease and accurately plan and execute cardiac interventions and surgical procedures.

A hybrid 1D CNN-BiLSTM model for epileptic seizure detection using multichannel EEG feature fusion

Epilepsy, a chronic non-communicable disease is characterized by repeated unprovoked seizures, which are transient episodes of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. While Electroencephalography (EEG) is considered as the gold standard for diagnosis in current clinical practice, manual inspection of EEG is time consuming and biased. This paper presents a novel hybrid 1D CNN-Bi LSTM feature fusion model for automatically detecting seizures. The proposed model leverages spatial features extracted by one dimensional convolutional neural network and temporal features extracted by bi directional long short-term memory network. Ictal and inter ictal data is first acquired from the long multichannel EEG record. The acquired data is segmented and labelled using small fixed windows. Signal features are then extracted from the segments concurrently by the parallel combination of CNN and Bi-LSTM. The spatial and temporal features thus captured are then fused to enhance classification accuracy of model. The approach is validated using benchmark CHB-MIT dataset and 5-fold cross validation which resulted in an average accuracy of 95.90%, with precision 94.78%, F1 score 95.95%. Notably model achieved average sensitivity of 97.18% with false positivity rate at 0.05/hr. The significantly lower false positivity and false negativity rates indicate that the proposed model is a promising tool for detecting seizures in epilepsy patients. The employed parallel path network benefits from memory function of Bi-LSTM and strong feature extraction capabilities of CNN. Moreover, eliminating the need for any domain transformation or additional preprocessing steps, model effectively reduces complexity and enhances efficiency, making it suitable for use by clinicians during the epilepsy diagnostic process.

Environmental Suppression Mediates the Relationship between Posttraumatic Stress and Cannabis Use Among Trauma-Exposed College Students.

Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress (PTS) are prominent risk factors for problematic substance use, but little research has evaluated the mechanisms that link PTS and substance use. Emerging research supports the utility of reward probability (i.e., access to and pleasure experienced in response to environmental reward) as a mediator of the relationship between trauma and alcohol use problems. However, no existing studies have examined whether reward probability mediates the link between posttraumatic stress (PTS) and cannabis use in trauma exposed individuals. In a cross-sectional design, undergraduate students (N = 404) anonymously completed online measures, the Reward Probability Index (RPI; Carvalho et al., 2011), the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL5; Blevins et al., 2015), and the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test - Revised (CUDIT-R; Adamson et al., 2010), to satisfy course requirements. A parallel mediation path analysis model was used to test the hypothesis that RPI scales (Reward Probability, RP; Environmental Suppression, ES) would mediate the relationship between PTS and cannabis misuse. Findings revealed that RPI-ES fully mediated the relationship between PTS and cannabis misuse, whereas RPI-RP did not. Results support the utility of the RPI-ES scale as a transdiagnostic risk factor for both PTS and cannabis use and suggest further investigation into treatment approaches that optimize opportunities for (non-substance) rewarding experiences in the treatment of co-occurring PTS and substance misuse.

Parallel Path, Divergent Vision: A Comparative Study of Sardar Patel and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in India's Social Transformation

In the annals of Indian history, few figures loom as large or command as much respect as Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Emerging during a tumultuous period marked by colonial rule and social injustice, these two leaders played pivotal roles in shaping the course of India's history. Sardar Patel, known as the 'Iron Man of India'[1] was instrumental in India's struggle for independence and post-independence nation-building efforts. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, hailed as the 'Father of the Indian Constitution,' dedicated his life to fighting against caste-based discrimination and advocating for the rights of the oppressed. This report aims to compare and contrast the lives, ideologies, and contributions of these two visionary leaders, highlighting their similarities and differences and examining their lasting impact on India's history and future.

Towards Long-Term Monitoring of Commercial Lithium-Ion Batteries Enabled by Externally Affixed Fiber Sensors and Strain-Based Prognostic Strategies

Real-time monitoring of both continuous and spontaneous degradation in lithium-ion batteries is challenging due to the limited number of quantitative metrics available during cycling. In this regard, improved sensing approaches enabled by sensors of high accuracy, precision, and durability are key to achieving comprehensive state estimation and meeting rigorous safety standards. In this work, external temperature and strain monitoring in commercial Li-ion button cells was carried out using tandem pairs of polymer-based and silica-based optical fiber Bragg grating sensors. The decoupled data revealed that the sensors can reliably track strain and temperature evolution for over 500 cycles, as evidenced by periodic patterns with no sign of sensor degradation or loss of fidelity. Moreover, monitoring the strain signal enabled early detection of an anomalous cell over ∼60 cycles ahead of an electrochemical signature and abrupt drop in capacity, suggesting that mechanical sensing data may offer unique benefits in some cases. Detailed mechanical monitoring via incremental strain analysis suggests a parallel path toward understanding cell degradation mechanisms, regardless of whether they are continuous or discrete in nature. The accuracy and durability of such a package-level optical fiber sensing platform offers a promising pathway for developing robust real-time battery health monitoring techniques and prognostic strategies.

Dual path parallel hierarchical diagnosis model for intracranial tumors based on multi-feature entropy weight

The grading diagnosis of intracranial tumors is a key step in formulating clinical treatment plans and surgical guidelines. To effectively grade the diagnosis of intracranial tumors, this paper proposes a dual path parallel hierarchical model that can automatically grade the diagnosis of intracranial tumors with high accuracy. In this model, prior features of solid tumor mass and intratumoral necrosis are extracted. Then the optimal division of the data set is achieved through multi-feature entropy weight. The multi-modal input is realized by the dual path structure. Multiple features are superimposed and fused to achieve the image grading. The model has been tested on the actual clinical medical images provided by the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University. The experiment shows that the proposed model has good generalization ability, with an accuracy of 0.990. The proposed model can be applied to clinical diagnosis and has practical application prospects.

Dependence of the parallel mean free path of high-energy galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere on their rigidity, and solar activity as measured by the GRAPES-3 experiment

Dependence of the parallel mean free path of high-energy galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere on their rigidity, and solar activity as measured by the GRAPES-3 experiment