Parainfluenza Virus Antigen Research Articles

Antigenic detection of Canine Parainfluenza virus in urban dogs with respiratory disease in Ahvaz area, southwestern Iran

Canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV) is one of the most common organisms isolated from dogs with signs of infectious tracheobronchitis (ITB). Distribution is apparently worldwide. Although CPiV may cause mild clinical infections, clinical diseases is expected to be more severe in dogs co-infected with bordetella bronchiseptica than with any these agents alone. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Canine parainfluenza virus infection in urban dogs of Ahvaz area, southwestern Iran. The urban dogs were selected between referred dogs (companion) to Veterinary Hospital of Ahvaz University. Sample of respiratory secretions was collected randomly from 76 affected dogs between June 2008 and May 2009. The studied dogs were divided into two age groups (6 months) and based of environment into two groups (close and open) also. The results were analyzed by using Chi-square analysis and Fischer's exact test. Prevalence to Canine parainfluenza virus antigens was 5.3% (4 of 76) by means of immunochromatography indicating that this antigen is present in the ecosystem. The infection had more prevalence in those dogs that were in open environment (17.65%; 3 of 17) in compared with close environment (1.69%; 1 of 59) and the difference was significant between different groups (P= 0.033). Prevalence was more in dogs less than 6 months (6.82%; 3 of 44) in compared with dogs above 6 months (3.12%; 1 of 32), but the difference was not significant between two groups (P= 0.436). Prevalence of infection was 4.44% (2 of 45) in male dogs and 6.45% (2 of 31) in female dogs. Prevalence was 6.06% (2 of 33) in Mixed breed, 5.55% (1 of 18) in Germanshepherds and 11.11% (1 0f 9) in Doberman pinchers. There was no significant difference between different sexes and breeds also (P>0.05). This study showed that Canine parainfluenza virus can be as a risk factor particularly for those dogs are in contact together in open environment and kennel dogs in Ahvaz area.

Non-suppurative Meningoencephalitis of Unknown Origin in Cats and Dogs: an Immunohistochemical Study

SummaryNon-suppurative meningoencephalitis of unknown cause is a frequent finding in dogs and cats. Fifty-three dogs and 33 cats with non-suppurative meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology were examined immunohistochemically for 18 different infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria and prion proteinSc. In 14 (26%) of the dogs and 13 (39%) of the cats a causative agent was identified in the central nervous system (CNS), two dogs and one cat giving positive results for two infectious agents simultaneously. The study revealed infections with known causative agents (porcine herpes virus 1, feline infectious peritonitis virus, Escherichia coli) and a new disease pattern of parvovirus infection in the CNS of dogs and cats. Infection of the CNS with feline leukaemia virus was found in a cat. Five dogs and four cats gave positive results for West Nile virus (WNV) antigen. In one dog, canine parainfluenza virus antigen was detected in the brain. Four dogs and four cats gave positive results for encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). The significance of the detection of WNV and EMCV antigen requires further study. The aetiology remained undetermined in 39 dogs (74%) and 20 cats (61%). Although it is possible that non-infectious causes play a more important role than previously thought, infections with hitherto unrecognized agents cannot be ruled out.

Vaccine against respiratory and reproductive disease in pigs; parainfluenza virus antigen gene cloning and expression for use as a recombinant vaccine : Bayer Germany 4407 489; 14 September 1995

Vaccine against respiratory and reproductive disease in pigs; parainfluenza virus antigen gene cloning and expression for use as a recombinant vaccine : Bayer Germany 4407 489; 14 September 1995

Comparison of monoclonal antibody time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay with monoclonal antibody capture-biotinylated detector enzyme immunoassay for respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus antigen detection

An all-monoclonal antibody, time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay was compared with several enzyme immunoassays for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 1, 2, and 3 antigens in clinical specimens. The most sensitive enzyme immunoassay for parainfluenza virus type 1 was an all-monoclonal antibody assay with biotin-labeled detector antibody and streptavidin-peroxidase conjugate, but for respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus types 2 and 3 the most sensitive assay was a polyclonal antibody assay with horse capture antibodies and bovine or rabbit detector antibodies with anti-species peroxidase. All tests were evaluated with nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from respiratory illnesses and with cell culture harvests of multiple strains of each virus isolated over many years. The time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay detected respiratory syncytial virus antigen in 92% of the specimens positive by culture, which was a decidedly higher sensitivity than either the monoclonal or polyclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay format (62 and 76%, respectively). For the parainfluenza viruses the time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay detected type-specific antigen in 94 to 100% of culture-positive specimens and again was more sensitive than the all-monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassays (75 to 89%) or all-polyclonal antibody enzyme immunoassays (66 to 95%). Combined with results from a previously reported adenovirus time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay, these tests identified respiratory antigens in large numbers of clinical specimens.

Parainfluenza virus bronchiolitis. Epidemiology and pathogenesis.

An investigation of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of bronchiolitis due to parainfluenza virus (PV) was carried out. Bronchiolitis due to PV occurred most commonly in non-Caucasian males. Breast-fed infants exhibited a reduced risk of developing bronchiolitis. Once an episode of PV bronchiolitis occurred, both exposure to cigarette smoke and bottle feeding were associated with an increased frequency of recurrent wheezing, and subsequent infection with respiratory virus almost uniformly resulted in wheezing. Cell-mediated immune responses to PV antigen and titers of PV-specific IgE were greater among patients with bronchiolitis than among patients with upper respiratory tract infection. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of bronchiolitis due to PV is similar to that of respiratory syncytial virus. Lower respiratory tract infection may predispose to episodes of bronchoconstriction on subsequent exposure to cigarette smoke or other viral infections.

Defective regulation of immune responses in croup due to parainfluenza virus.

In order to determine if defects in regulation of immune responses play a role in the pathogenesis of croup, we studied 37 infants and children with either croup or upper respiratory illness alone due to parainfluenza virus (PV). PV-specific IgE responses were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cell-mediated immune responses to PV antigen were studied by in vitro lymphocyte transformation assays, and suppressor cell function was determined by addition of histamine to lymphocyte transformation assays. In comparison to patients with upper respiratory illness alone, patients with croup had increased production of PV-specific IgE antibody, increased lymphoproliferative responses to PV antigen, and diminished histamine-induced suppression of lymphocyte transformation responses to PV. These results suggest that a defect in suppressor function exists among croup patients. Similar defects have been demonstrated in bronchiolitis and atopic diseases, providing an immunologic link between the three illnesses.

Rapid diagnosis of parainfluenza virus infection in children.

The indirect immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) assay for detection of parainfluenza virus antigen was performed on samples of nasopharyngeal secretions obtained from infants and children with various respiratory illnesses to determine the usefulness of the IFA assay for rapid diagnosis of parainfluenza virus infection. Ninety-four samples of nasopharyngeal secretions were obtained from 78 children during a community outbreak of parainfluenza virus infection. Application of the IFA assay revealed the presence of parainfluenza antigen in 67 of the 94 samples. When these same specimens were inoculated into tissue culture, the presence of parainfluenza virus was confirmed in 62 (93%) of the 67 IFA-positive specimens by hemadsorption on tissue culture monolayers (31 cases), presence of parainfluenza hemagglutinin in infected tissue culture fluids (23 cases), or by other methods (8 cases). Only four IFA-negative specimens were subsequently shown to be positive for parainfluenza virus by tissue culture infectivity. The IFA assay provided a more rapid and more accurate method for diagnosis of parainfluenza infection in children than did routine tissue culture methods employed currently.

Transfer Factor Treatment of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

In five patients with definite multiple sclerosis and lack of cell‐mediated immunity to measles and parainfluenza virus antigens, various immunological parameter were studied before and during transfer factor treatment. The study showed that cell‐mediated immunity to measles virus antigen, as evaluated by the leukocyte migration agarose test, could temporarily be restored, using repeated injections of transfer factor pooled from unselected, normal blood donors.

Rapid diagnosis by immunofluorescence of viral infections associated with the croup syndrome in children.

Diagnostic attempts by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) were made for parainfluenza‐, respiratory syncytial (RS)‐ and adenovirus on laryngo‐pharyngeal cells aspirated within a few hours of admission from 87 patients with a diagnosis of croup. Parainfluenza virus antigen was demonstrated in samples of secretion cells from 33 out of 44 patients from whom parainfluenza virus was isolates in tissue culture. Furthermore, in six patients parainfluenza virus infection was demonstrated serologically. RS‐virus was never isolated. One diagnosis of RS‐virus infection made by IF was confirmed by the complement fixation (CF) test. Adenovirus was isolated in eight cases, none of which were diagnosed by IF, in spite of one showing titre increase in the CF‐test. Paired sera were available from 52 of the 87 patients. No influenza or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections could be diagnosed by the CF‐test. The IF‐technique appears to be an important supplement to the rapid diagnosis of virus infections in patients suffering from croup.