Paraffin Oil Research Articles

Development of a protocol for standardized use of a water-soluble contrast agent with polyethylene glycol in post-mortem CT angiography

Computed tomography angiography (PMCTA) is increasingly used in postmortem cases. Standardized validated protocols permit to compare different PMCTA images and make it more easily to defend a case in court. In addition to the well-known technique by Grabherr et al. (2011) which is using paraffin oil as a carrier substance, water-soluble polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG200) can be used in combination with the contrast agent Accupaque® 300. As to date, there exists no standardized protocol for the use of this contrast agent mixture, the aim of this study was to develop a protocol using it. Between 2012 and 2022, 23 PMCTA with PEG200 and Accupaque®300 were performed at the University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne (Switzerland) and the Institute of Forensic Medicine Munich (Germany). The images obtained were evaluated regarding the opacification of the vessels and possible artefacts. The best image quality was obtained with a mixing ratio of 1:15 (Accupaque®300:PEG200) and a perfusion volume of 1000 ml in the arterial, 1400 ml in the venous and 350 ml in the dynamic phase. The infusion rates described by Grabherr et al. were confirmed for the three phases. Overall, the opacification of the vessels was diagnostically sufficient. In 13 cases no opacification of the right coronary artery was observed due to a stratification artefact. By using the PMCTA protocol with PEG200 as a carrier, a good overall image quality can be achieved. This protocol offers the possibility to standardize PMCTA with PEG200.

Development and In vitro Evaluation of a Nanoemulsion Containing Piroxicam for Topical Drug Delivery

ABSTRACT Background: A specific type of emulsion with a compatible droplet size of 20–500 nm and a submicron size range is termed nanoemulsion (NE), often referred to as mini emulsion. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as piroxicam are employed to treat discomfort after surgery, acute gout, degenerative arthritis, and arthritis with inflammation. Objectives: With the aim of minimizing adverse medication reactions as well as enhancing compliance among patients, the study intends to develop and assess a piroxicam NE that includes oleic acid and Tween 80. It will do this by investigating the impact of the oil phase, surfactants, and cosurfactants on the product’s chemical and physical characteristics. Materials and Methods: After being homogenized, Tween 80, oleic acid, and paraffin oil are emulsified with ethanol and water. Zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, spreadability, viscosity, pH evaluation, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are being employed for the characterization of the dosage form. The procedure involves the dropwise addition of ethanol and continuous mixing. Results: According to accelerated experiments, four of the six formulations displayed good stability, suggesting their stability. This strategy is viable for NE formulations, with the entrapped drug percentage varying from 99.51 to 101.01. The range included additional factors such as drug release, texture, entrapment efficiency, spreadability, SEM zeta sizer, and polydispersity index value. Conclusions: Because of its potential negative effects, the study aimed to develop a stable NE of piroxicam for topical use by combining oleic acid, tween, paraffin, and ethanol. Because of their repelling characteristics, the charges strengthen stability, and the pH’s modest acidity helps to prevent skin infections. The study promotes spontaneous emulsification as the most suitable technique for producing NEs.

The effect of lipophilicity of corrosion bacteria on the stability of crude oil Pickering emulsions in produced water

A major environmental challenge often encountered during the production of crude oil is the formation of extremely stable oil-in-water emulsions in the effluent. The stability of these emulsions is so high that it reduces the efficiency of treatment methods. Among different parameters, the absorption of corrosion bacteria (CB) on the surfaces of crude oil droplets even more increases the emulsions stability. Therefore, in this study the lipophilicity and surface charge of three types of CBs (SRB, APB and IRB) with respect to three types of crude oil samples (paraffinic, aromatic and naphthenic) were investigated experimentally. The results revealed that based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm a portion of CBs are adsorbed on the surface of crude oil droplets as monolayer, while another portion adheres to this monolayer leading to form a multilayer CBs. On the other hand, it was showed that the nature and chemical characteristics of droplet's organic phase affects the reversibility of the adsorbed layer of CBs. The CBs adsorption on the surface of paraffinic crude oil droplets was determined to be completely irreversible, while those of aromatic and naphthenic oil droplets were semi-reversible and reversible, respectively. The lipophilicity of SRB cells was decreased in acidic and alkaline media while it was maximum at pH = 5 corresponding to the critical zeta potential (ζC ≈ −15 mV).

Influence of Processing Conditions on the Properties of High Paraffin Oil and Sediment Composition

Influence of Processing Conditions on the Properties of High Paraffin Oil and Sediment Composition

Effect of Paraffin Oil Nanoemulsion as a Hydrophobic Modifier on Cement Paste Workability and Hydration

Effect of Paraffin Oil Nanoemulsion as a Hydrophobic Modifier on Cement Paste Workability and Hydration

Determine methylene blue based on carbon paste electrode modified with nanoparticles of nickel oxide-nitrogen carbon quantum dots and carbon structures by cyclic voltammetry

This paper deals with an electrochemical method for the determination of methylene blue (MB) by fabrication of an electrode based on a carbon paste modified with nano-nickel oxide and nitrogen carbon quantum dots (NiO-NCQD), graphene-carbon nitride (g-C3N4), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphite powder and paraffin oil are as a plasticizer. This electrode is used as a working electrode. The analytical method used is cyclic voltammetry (CV), The oxidation-reduction curve of methylene blue was shown using this electrode. It is a quasi-reversible curve, and it works at (pH =1) and the best acid used is HCl a concentration of (0.1M). It was also found that the linear range is within the range of (7.99-31.98 mg L-1). The standard deviation (SD) and relative standard deviation (RSD%) were obtained at (0.361 mg L-1 and 0.294 mg L-1) and (4.52% and 3.68%) for both oxidation and reduction respectively. Retrospective, the limit of quantitative (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were achieved at (99.65%; 99.70%), (0.24 mg L-1; 0.13 mg L-1), and (0.071 mg L-1; 0.039 mg L-1) for both oxidation and reduction respectively. Methylene blue was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry at (663 nm).

Diving deep into the superior lubrication efficiency: A dynamic approach incorporating covalent organic polymer as strengthening booster in paraffin oil through a holistic blend of experimental and computational approaches

This research addresses the paramount importance of enhancing surface protection and minimizing friction in mechanical systems through the novel design of covalent organic polymer additive (COPA). COPA-1 and COPA-2 were intricately designed to enhance surface protection and minimize wear. Tribological analysis revealed that the addition of an optimized concentration of COPA-1 (25 ppm) to base oil significantly reduced friction (∼60.49% decrease) and wear (∼79.23% decrease) while increasing load-bearing capacity to 588 N. Rheological analysis confirmed excellent shear stability and desirable viscosity behavior. Furthermore, computational tools like density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations provided valuable insights into the adsorption mechanisms and tribological performance. This integration of experimental and computational insights highlights the transformative potential of COPA in revolutionizing lubrication technology.

Predicting and Enhancing the Multiple Output Qualities in Curved Laser Cutting of Thin Electrical Steel Sheets Using an Artificial Intelligence Approach

This study focused on the efficacy of employing a pulsed fiber laser in the curved cutting of thin, non-oriented electrical steel sheets. Experiments were conducted in paraffinic oil by adjusting the input process parameters, including laser power, pulse frequency, cutting speed, and curvature radius. The multiple output quality metrics included kerf width, inner and outer heat-affected zones, and re-welded portions. Analyses of the Random Forest Method and Response Surface Method indicated that laser pulse frequency was the most important variable affecting the cut quality, followed by laser power, curvature radius, and cutting speed. To improve cut quality, an innovative artificial intelligence (AI) approach incorporating a deep neural network (DNN) model and a modified equilibrium optimizer (M-EO) was proposed. Initially, the DNN model established correlations between input parameters and cut quality aspects, followed by M-EO pinpointing optimal cut qualities. Such an approach successfully identified an optimal set of laser process parameters, even beyond the specified process window from the initial experiments on curved cuts, resulting in significant enhancements confirmed by validation experiments. A comparative analysis showcased the developed models’ superior performance over prior studies. Notably, while the models were initially developed based on the results from curved cuts, they proved adaptable and capable of yielding comparable outcomes for straight cuts as well.

Investigation of the Lubricating Conditions in a Reciprocating Sliding Tribotest with Applied Electric Voltage

The appearance, evolution, and proliferation of electric-vehicle motors have introduced new challenges for lubricants. The appearance of electric currents in the shafts of electric motors can dramatically change the original properties of lubricated contacts, leading to mechanism failure. Understanding and controlling this phenomenon can be advantageous for lubrication, but investigating the lubricants requires specific equipment and conditions. Therefore, in this study, we introduced a ball-on-plate reciprocating tribometer capable of applying electric voltage to the elements of the friction pair and measuring the electric contact resistance (ECR) as feedback. Mineral-based paraffin oil was used as a lubricant in this study. The coefficient of friction (COF), wear, surface morphology, and composition were analysed. It was found that high-speed ECR measurement could give valuable information regarding the lubrication conditions in reciprocating friction pairs. This study shows that even tiny currents flowing through the tribo contact can alter the lubricating conditions. Moreover, the polarity of the applied voltage is also of great importance. Applying negative voltage to the harder surface can significantly increase wear if the tribo-film is based on surface oxidation.

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of rGO supported novel hybrid materials for green fuel production

In the present study, reduced graphene oxide metal composites were synthesized using hydrothermal method for the purpose of green and efficient oxidative desulfurization for the removal of Sulfur content from fuel. The physiochemical characterization of amalgamated material was confirmed by powdered X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The XRD results clearly show that metals hybrids have been successfully doped over the surface of rGO having 15.61 nm, 19.03 nm, 27.98 nm, 28.89 nm and 24.37 nm crystallite size for NiO, rGO, ZnNiO@rGO, CuNiO@rGO and CoNiO@rGO respectively. Novel catalysts were checked against both model fuel (500 ppm DBT) and actual fuel (kerosene also called as paraffin oil and petro-diesel) by radical initiator mechanism of ODS. Excellent ODS activity was examined using 0.1g catalyst, 1ml H2O2, 100 ppm DBT at 40°C for 180 min. The dependence of efficiency rate with various factors of time, DBT concentration, amount of catalyst and oxidant and temperature was also studied. The whole mechanism follows pseudo first order reaction with a minimum requirement of energy of 1.491 kJ/mol to start a reaction for prepared materials. Novel catalysts show remarkable reusability up to 5 times that subsidizes to the economic permanency of reaction system.

Diverse high-pressure chemistry in Y-NH3BH3 and Y-paraffin oil systems.

The yttrium-hydrogen system has gained attention because of near-ambient temperature superconductivity reports in yttrium hydrides at high pressures. We conducted a study using synchrotron single-crystal x-ray diffraction (SCXRD) at 87 to 171 GPa, resulting in the discovery of known (two YH3 phases) and five previously unknown yttrium hydrides. These were synthesized in diamond anvil cells by laser heating yttrium with hydrogen-rich precursors-ammonia borane or paraffin oil. The arrangements of yttrium atoms in the crystal structures of new phases were determined on the basis of SCXRD, and the hydrogen content estimations based on empirical relations and ab initio calculations revealed the following compounds: Y3H11, Y2H9, Y4H23, Y13H75, and Y4H25. The study also uncovered a carbide (YC2) and two yttrium allotropes. Complex phase diversity, variable hydrogen content in yttrium hydrides, and their metallic nature, as revealed by ab initio calculations, underline the challenges in identifying superconducting phases and understanding electronic transitions in high-pressure synthesized materials.

Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia Following Paraffin Oil Intake in an Infant: Clinical Case

Exogenous lipoid pneumonia ELP is a rare condition in common pediatric practice. Its clinical presentation is non-specific. Delay in diagnosis and treatment exposes infants to chronic respiratory failure. We report the observation of a 2-month-old infant with respiratory signs that drag on. The imaging showed several negative density pulmonary opacities. Foam cells were isolated on sputum cytological study. Taking paraffin oil for constipation suggested Exogenous lipoid pneumonia. The aim of herein observation is to draw attention to mineral oil administration drugs risks in infants especially if they are at risk.

A placebo-controlled, double-blind study evaluating the effect of orally administered polyunsaturated fatty acids on the oclacitinib dose for atopic dogs.

Supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) enables dose reduction of prednisolone and ciclosporin in canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). To determine if oral administration of PUFA reduces the dose of oclacitinib in cAD. Twenty-two client-owned dogs with cAD receiving oclacitinib. Dogs received a fish oil product (PUFA) or paraffin oil (placebo) for 16 weeks. Owners adjusted the oclacitinib dose according to daily pruritus assessments. On Day (D)0, D56 and D112, Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, fourth iteration (CADESI-04), pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS), quality-of-life score (QoL), Global Assessment (GA), quality-of-coat (QoC) and adverse events were recorded. Mean daily oclacitinib dose was significantly reduced in the PUFA group from 0.51 ± 0.20 mg/kg/24 h (D0) to 0.19 ± 0.14 mg/kg/24 h (D85-112; p < 0.00001) and not in the placebo group (D0: 0.70 ± 0.33 mg/kg/24 h; D85-112: 0.53 ± 0.35 mg/kg/24 h, p = 0.5422). CADESI-04 did not change over time or differ between groups. PVAS was significantly lower in the PUFA group (2.8 ± 1.5) compared to placebo (4.2 ± 1.6) at D112 (p = 0.0375). QoL and QoC improved only in the PUFA group (QoL: D0: 20 ± 7, D112: 12 ± 5, p = 0.0057; QoC: D0: 0 ± 0.5, D112: 1 ± 0.5, p = 0.0410). GA on D112 was higher in the PUFA group (p = 0.008). No adverse events were observed. Oral supplementation of PUFA allowed dose reduction of oclacitinib and improved PVAS, QoL, QoC and GA. The use of PUFA is recommended and was safe in the atopic study dogs receiving oclacitinib.

Droplet photopolymerization as new strategy for the rapid preparation of hydrogel beads for malachite green removal

Green and efficient preparation of hydrogel beads remains a great challenge. In this study, the hydrogel beads (AGSP) were directly prepared within 10 s from drop-out to drop-down of the droplets in paraffin oil under green LED irradiation using sodium acrylate and acrylamide as the functional monomers, methacrylated carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCSG) as a crosslinker based on carboxymethyl chitosan and poly(ethylene glycol) as porogen. Molar ratios of monomers were modified to optimize the adsorption of hydrogel beads, and the optimal adsorption capacity for malachite green (MG) was 503.33 mg·g−1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to determine the structural characteristics of the hydrogel beads. The removal of MG by AGSP was investigated and the adsorption kinetics and isotherms were calculated to understand the adsorption mechanism. Our research provides a green and efficient technique for preparing hydrogel beads for dye removal.

Chitin nanocrystals/alginate complex for tuning stability, rheology and bioavailability of cholecalciferol in Pickering emulsions

In this paper we investigate polyelectrolyte complexes of sodium alginate (Alg) and chitin nanocrystals (ChNC). Formation, stability and transport properties of sunflower oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by ChNC-Alg complex were studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS), laser Doppler electrophoresis, optical microscopy, potentiometric titration, rheology and simulated digestion. It has been established that during emulsions formation, the ChNC-Alg complex is rearranged at the interface and the formation of a two-layer coating of the droplet occurs. Stabilized O/W emulsions are stable during storage, in the pH range 2–9 and centrifugal acceleration up to 2000 RCF. Presence of Ca2+ and Na+ ions in the range up to 150 mM has virtually no effect on the droplet size. Inclusion of 5 wt% Alg in the ChNC-based emulsion stabilizer system leads to a drop in Gibbs adsorption >16 times compared to the ChNC-stabilized emulsion, increase in viscosity and rheopexy index of the systems. We found that chemical properties of colloidal phase surface and rheological properties of emulsions stabilized by ChNC-Alg are mostly dependent on the droplet size, not the type of oil as a result of a comparative study of sunflower oil/liquid paraffin oil. Emulsion drops of an optimized composition are stable in the upper parts of the model gastrointestinal tract system and transport vitamin D3 to the small intestine without significant losses. The bioavailability of vitamin D3 in emulsions stabilized with the ChNC-Alg complex is higher than for emulsions stabilized with ChNC alone.

Unique synergistic effects of ternary multi-dimensional CNT/g-C3N4/MoS2 hybrid as a paraffin oil additive for improved tribological properties

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanomaterials have drawn much interest in the lubrication and friction fields owing to their excellent self-lubrication and mechanical performances. However, the easy agglomeration and poor dispersion stability of single g-C3N4(CN) have always been a headache. In the work, multi-dimensional ternary carbon nanotube, graphite carbon nitride, and molybdenum disulfide (CNT, CN, and MoS2) hybrids were fabricated by hydrothermal method. The microstructure and its reinforcement impact on the tribological properties of the corresponding paraffin oil were systematically studied. The results showed that the zero-dimensional spherical MoS2, one-dimensional tubular CNT, and two-dimensional lamellar CN are uniformly compounded. The tribological test results display that average friction coefficient and wear rate of the 0.2 wt% CNT/CN/MoS2 are decreased by 39.23% and 91.97% lower than those of pure paraffin oil, CNT and CN/MoS2 with the same concentration, respectively. The significantly improved tribological properties of lubricating oil is ascribed to even dispersion of CNT, CN, MoS2 in CNT/CN/MoS2 hybrids, self-lubricating effect of MoS2 and CN, and load-bearing ability of CNT and CN nanosheets, and also the generation of lubricating film between friction pairs during the wear process.

The adjuvant effect of oil-based gastric lavage on the outcome of acute Aluminum phosphide poisoning: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aluminum Phosphide (AlP) poisoning constituted the most common cause of poisoning death in some low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oil-based gastric lavage (GL) compared with standard therapy for the treatment of AlP poisoning. Materials and methods. This systematic review complied with "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) Protocols. A comprehensive search was carried out, identifying randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including anyone presenting within 6h of exposure to AlP, and the administration of GL with oils, including liquid paraffin or coconut oil. We identified 7 RCTs. The evidence from 4 RCTs indicates that GL with paraffin oil is an effective treatment for acute AlP poisoning, decreasing the mortality rate (RR=0.62; 95% CI=0.48 to 0.81; participants=226; I 2=10%; low-quality evidence). We estimate the Number Needed to Treat of 4. Likewise, this intervention reduces the need for intubation and mechanical ventilation (RR=0.62; 95% CI=0.40 to 0.79; I2=0%; low-quality evidence). Regarding GL with coconut oil, the evidence from 4 RCTs, indicates a slight reduction in mortality (RR=0.82; 95% CI=0.69 to 0.98; participants=112; I2=0%; very low-quality evidence). Limited evidence suggests that GL with paraffin oil is effective in reducing the mortality rate. Likewise, limited evidence showed in favor of paraffin oil concerning the need for intubation and mechanical ventilation. Very limited evidence suggests that GL with coconut oil could reduce mortality. Both interventions would have a benign safety profile.

Liquid-liquid two phase-system stabilized by tween 40 and 80 surfactants: multiparametric study

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of process parameters such as interfacial tension, type of surfactants, and their concentration on simple oil-in-water dispersion. Explored systems were prepared with 5% liquid paraffin oil and aqueous phase with emulsifiers Tween 40 of concentrations from 0.008325 mM to 0.025 mM and Tween 80 with concentrations ranging from 0.00375 mM to 0.011 mM. All systems were characterized in terms of their density and interfacial tension. In the next step analysis of droplet size distributions and mean droplet diameter was performed. The results showed that the size of paraffin droplets decreased as the concentration of surfactants grew. This trend is accompanied by decrease in the interfacial tension between phases. The correlation between mean drop size and the energy input and physical properties of both liquids was developed. The last step provides scientific evidence for the formulation of stable droplets of liquid paraffin.

Structural And Mechanical Properties Of Oils From The Muradkhanly And Sangachal-Deniz Fields Of Azerbaijan

In the range of 278-293 K, the structural-mechanical properties of high-viscosity asphaltene-resinous and highly solidifying paraffinic oils of the Muradkhanly and Sangachal-deniz fields of Azerbaijan, which exhibit abnormal viscosity at various shift rates and are characterized by non-Newtonian, viscoplastic and thixotropic properties, have been studied. According to the Eyring-Frenkel equation, the activation energies of the viscous flow Ea and the change in the entropy ΔS of these oils are calculated for the indicated temperature range. Various algorithms for estimating the thermodynamic parameters of the flow ΔH and ΔS published in the literature are analyzed, and the scatter of the values of the estimates of parallel calculations is shown. It is shown that with a decrease in temperature, phase transitions in oils are activated, in particular, for the highly solidifying paraffin oil Sangachal-deniz, it originates from 297 K. For the oils under consideration for the selected shift rate of 67 s-1, the values of the temperature of the beginning of structure formation, static and limiting dynamic shift stresses were determined: for Muradkhanly oil T = 282.83 K, Sangachal-deniz - T = 297.23 K. The results obtained can be used to predict the behavior of oils

Engineering PVDF omniphobic membranes with flower-like micro-nano structures for robust membrane distillation

Conventional PVDF membranes are easily wetted and contaminated in membrane distillation (MD) process, especially when used in separating high-salinity water and oil-contained saline water. To address these issues, an omniphobic membrane was fabricated in this work. ZnO micro-flowers with a rough structure were successfully deposited onto the PVDF membrane with the assistance of polydopamine assistance. After undergoing a fluorination process, the omniphobic membranes were prepared by the synergistic effect of surface microstructure and free energy. The effects of varying Zn(NO3)2 concentrations and deposition times on morphology, pore size and separation efficiency were comprehensively examined. It was demonstrated that at a Zn(NO3)2 concentration of 50 mM and a deposition time of 0.5 h, the resulting PVDF composite membrane exhibited high liquid repellency towards all the test liquids, such as water, ethanol solution, paraffin oil, and etc. Furthermore, the membrane consistently exhibited impressive salt rejection behavior (99.99%) and maintained an average flux (15.54 kg·m−2·h−1) when exposed to high-salinity solution (up to 20 wt%-NaCl). Meanwhile, during treating an oil-contained saline water emulsion with the oil content of 200 ppm, the membrane also displayed high resistance to wetting and fouling during the continuously 24 h tests. The membrane displayed a rejection rate of 99.99 % with an average vapor flux of 18.60 kg·m−2·h−1. In summary, this omniphobic membranes demonstrated a great potential in MD for practical challenging wastewater treatment.