Paraffin Ratio Research Articles

Understanding reaction-induced restructuring of well-defined FexOyCz compositions and its effect on CO2 hydrogenation

Herein, we provide fundamentals relevant for the development of Fe-based catalysts for CO2hydrogenation to higher hydrocarbons. It was possible owing to preparation of well-defined FexOyCz compositions through controlled decomposition of iron oxalate, determination of their composition under CO2-FT reaction and catalytic tests in a broad range of CO2 conversion. Such steady-state composition changes along the catalyst bed. The changes and their strength depend on the initial phase composition. In addition to the reaction-induced catalyst restructuring, reaction pathways leading from CO2 to CO, CH4 and higher hydrocarbons were elucidated. A correlation between them and the steady-state composition was established and offers the possibility for tailored catalyst design and preparation. Our best performing promoter-free Fe-based catalyst shows the selectivity to CH4 below 10 %, while the selectivity to C2+-hydrocarbons is about 50 % at CO2 conversion of about 25 % and 300 °C. The olefin to paraffin ratio among C2-C4 hydrocarbons is 5.5.

Effect of preparation method on physicochemical properties of a novel Co–Fe nano catalyst

The main approach of this study was to investigate the effect of the type of synthesis method on the improvement of catalyst performance in Fischer–Tropsch reaction. For this purpose, a series of the novel catalysts were synthesized using iron and cobalt nitrate salts, tetraethoxysilane and novolac phenolic resin by different method. These catalysts were abbreviated as M1–Co–Fe–novolac/SiO2, M2–Co–Fe–novolac/SiO2, and M3–Co–Fe–novolac/SiO2 and characterized using different techniques. The results of the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Fourier transform infrared techniques showed that M2–Co–Fe–novolac/SiO2 catalyst has a higher surface area than the other two ones. This catalyst was analyzed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and temperature-programed reduction (TPR) techniques. The XRD results confirmed the appearance of suitable active phases, such as metal phase, carbide, and low oxidation state of metals. Based on TPR results, the lower reduction temperature, compared with similar samples, confirmed the high activity of the M2–Co–Fe–novolac/SiO2 catalyst. Catalytic activity and selectivity for Fischer–Tropsch reaction were investigated in the standard conditions by using catalytic tests. The high conversion percentage of CO indicated high activity of the catalyst. On the other hand, the olefin to paraffin ratio (O/P), which was a criterion for catalytic efficiency in industrial, was also acceptable.

Hydrocracking of virgin and post-consumer polymers

With the growing concern around polymer waste sent to landfill and its environmental release, one effective route for polymer recycling is hydrocracking over bifunctional zeolites. Zeolite Beta impregnated with 1% Pt has demonstrated high conversion of single and mixed streams of virgin and post-consumer polymers, LDPE, HDPE, PP and PS under mild reaction conditions of 330 °C, 20 bar H2 and a 30 min reaction time. The PE and PP streams giving a similar mix of low molecular weight hydrocarbons with higher selectivity toward gases (typically, C3–C4) and also, obtaining high iso-to normal paraffin ratio. PS was readily converted into an aromatic-rich product under these mild conditions and demonstrated the ability to be a source of benzene and ethylbenzene for use as raw materials in further polymer production. Dealuminated zeolite USY with 1% Pt increased the selectivity toward liquid products and resulting in more naphtha (C5–C12) and heavier liquids (C13–C20).

Fabrication of magnetic cellulose microspheres by response surface methodology and adsorption study for Cu (II)

Regenerated cellulose microspheres have many characteristics and have been applied in many areas. In this study regenerated magnetic cellulose microspheres were prepared by mixing the cellulose solution and Fe3O4 nanoparticles, followed by emulsification and precipitation. The microspheres exhibited porous structure with rough surface and are nearly superparamagnetic. Effect of ratio of cellulose solution and liquid paraffin, stirring speed and amount of emulsifying agent on particle size were evaluated by response surface methodology and amount of emulsifying agent was found the most influential variable. A valid model was established to predict the response and magnetic particles with controlled size in the range of 50–900 μm could be fabricated by varying the dispersion parameters. The adsorption of Cu (II) on the microspheres was also investigated and it could be described by Langmuir model. Besides, both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were applicable to describe the adsorption kinetics and process could be divided into adsorption on surface of the microspheres and intraparticle diffusion with film diffusion involved.

Highly active Fe-Co-Zn/K-Al2O3 catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins

CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins over Fe-Co-Zn/K-Al2O3 catalysts with different Zn loading contents (0–1.74 wt%) is studied. The addition of Zn improves the dispersion and the reducibility of iron oxides. The amount of CO adsorbed of the catalysts showed a volcanic trend as a function of Zn content with its maximum of 2.42 μmol g−1 at 0.58 wt% Zn, suggesting an increase of number of active sites. The 0.58 wt% Zn-promoted Fe-Co/K-Al2O3 catalyst shows superior activity for light olefins yield (19.9%) under the optimum operating conditions of 340 °C, 25 bar, 9,000 mL gcat−1 h−1 and H2 to CO2 ratio = 4. A gradual decrease in olefin to paraffin ratio with an almost constant CO2 conversion as a function of time-on-stream is observed, which is related to a continuous increase of iron carbide content, indicating that the iron carbide can be acted as the active site for paraffins production.

Pemanfaatan material fasa berubah untuk mempertahankan kesegaran sayuran

Indonesia is an agricultural country with a tropical climate. One of the many agricultural products in Indonesia is vegetables. Handling of vegetables after harvesting is important because the decrease in product quality can reach up to 50%. This decrease in quality is the result of metabolic processes such as transpiration and respiration that occur in post-harvest vegetables. The respiration rate of vegetables cannot be stopped but can be slowed down by lowering the temperature, so that the freshness of the vegetables can last longer. One method of maintaining the temperature of vegetables is storage in a cool box with cooling media. Phase change material (PCM) is an alternative cooling medium that utilizes latent heat in thermal energy storage. Paraffin is a PCM that can be used for this application. Paraffin has a freezing and melting temperature range that can be adjusted according to your needs, namely by mixing liquid paraffin and solid paraffin. This study used mixed paraffin with a liquid-solid paraffin ratio of 98:2 mass basis. This mixture has a melting temperature of 6o C until 13 C and is close to the optimal temperature for storing vegetables, which is 5o C. In this study, testing was also carried out using water as a comparison. The test results show that ice can make vegetables last longer in cold conditions, namely that it is able to maintain the vegetable temperature below 20o C for 11 hours, while paraffin only lasts 2 hours. The physical condition of the vegetables that are cooled with ice in the packing changes color and becomes watery because the water in the vegetables is condensed. Meanwhile, on cooling with paraffin it is physically fresher. Keywords: PCM, paraffin, cool box, fresh vegetable storage

Preparation and Thermal Properties of Shape‐stabilized Paraffin/ NPGDMA/BN Composite for Phase Change Energy Storage

Summary of main observation and conclusionParaffin, as an excellent phase change material (PCM), is limited by the leakage problem and low thermal conductivity. In this research, a novel paraffin/neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate/boron nitride (paraffin/NPGDMA/BN) composite PCM was successfully prepared via a physical mixing process. NPGDMA in paraffin/NPGDMA/BN composite PCM was cured by UV light under the action of photo initiator, which can improve the shape stability to avoid the leakage of paraffin in the process of phase change. By comparing the leakage rate, latent heat, and thermal conductivity, the optimal mass ratio of paraffin and NPGDMA was selected to be 7 : 3. It was showed that the presence of 5 wt% BN led to increasing in thermal conductivity by up to 59%. The microstructure of the composite PCMs was characterized by SEM, FTIR, and XRD. The composite PCMs can be processed into a variety of shapes by using molds. The paraffin/NPGDMA/BN composite PCM exhibited a significantly improved shape stability and large phase change enthalpy of 123.0 J/g. The leakage rate of paraffin/NPGDMA/BN was much improved after being soaked with petroleum ether.

Tuning interaction of surface-adsorbed species over Fe/K-Al2O3 modified with transition metals (Cu, Mn, V, Zn or Co) on light olefins production from CO2 hydrogenation

The presence of transition metals (Cu, Co, Zn, Mn or V) in Fe/K-Al2O3, modifying the adsorption-desorption properties of CO2 and H2 with the catalyst surface remarkably influences the catalytic performance for CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins. The addition of either Cu or Zn to Fe/K-Al2O3 significantly increases the number of weakly adsorbed H atom, yielding the high CO2 conversion and shifting the product distribution towards longer chain hydrocarbon with a higher content of paraffins. The addition of Co to Fe/K-Al2O3 also enhances the CO2 conversion but it provides the short chain hydrocarbon (C1-C4) and thus achieving the highest light olefins yield of 16.2%. The presence of either Mn or V inhibits the CO hydrogenation to hydrocarbon, leading to the low CO2 conversion. The Mn promoter reduces the number of weakly adsorbed H atom, lowering the hydrogenation ability of the catalyst, resulting in the highest olefin to paraffin ratio of 7.4.

Development and application of a new similar material for fluid–solid coupling model test

Correct selection of similar materials is key to geomechanical model tests. According to similarity theories, a novel similar material for the fluid–solid coupling model test was developed to solve problems of low similarity and poor stability. A similar material is mixed with calcium carbonate, white cement, paraffin, quartz sand, silicone oil, talc, and iron powder. Quartz sand and talc powder are the main materials; white cement, calcium carbonate, and paraffin are glue; silicone oil and iron powder are regulators. The effects of different mixing ratios on the compressive strength, permeability coefficient, and specific gravity were studied using a single factor analysis method. The main components controlling the material properties were determined through numerous laboratory tests. The experimental results show that the new material strength is controlled by cement, paraffin, and calcium carbonate. Its permeability coefficient can be adjusted by altering the ratio of silicone oil and paraffin. Its specific gravity is mainly affected by iron powder. The new material can simulate low-strength and medium-strength rock materials with different permeabilities, and it can effectively solve the problem that mechanical properties and nonhydrophilic properties cannot be satisfied simultaneously. The material was successfully applied in geological model tests of fault water inrush.

Significance of C3 Olefin to Paraffin Ratio in Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis

The ratio between propene and propane (C3 o/p) during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) has been analyzed based on both literature reports and experiments for five catalysts. The latter comprise four cobalt catalysts on γ-alumina with variations in pore sizes, and one catalyst on α-alumina. Overall variations include H2/CO feed ratio, residence time, water addition, transients between test conditions, CO conversion, cobalt particle size, promoter (Re), and support material. It was possible to rationalize all data based on secondary hydrogenation of olefins. In fact, it was deduced that olefins are dominating termination products in FTS, estimated to ca. 90% for C3, but that some paraffins most likely are also produced directly. Increased residence time and high H2/CO feed ratio favors olefin hydrogenation, while added water presumably displaces hydrogen on cobalt giving enhanced C3 o/p. High cobalt dispersion favors hydrogenation, as also promoted by Re. Effect of intraparticle diffusion is seen in transient periods; for example, as water is added or depleted. There is frequently positive correlation between C3 o/p and selectivity to longer chains; the latter expressed as C5+ selectivity, as both are sensitive to hydrogen activity. Some modifications, however, are needed due to the accepted volcano plot for C5+ selectivity with cobalt crystallite size. Titania as support shows unexpectedly low C3 o/p; probably due to SMSI (strong-metal-support-interaction).

A high-energy gamma-ray source based on neutron capture

In special applications, high-energy gamma rays are needed to calibrate the energy response of a detector. However, the energies of commonly used radioactive gamma-ray sources are lower than 3 MeV. An alternative source is the prompt gamma rays created by the radiative capture of thermal neutrons. In this study, a 5×104 neutrons/s Am–Be neutron source was used to emit fast neutrons that were moderated in paraffin and then absorbed by Ni (nickel), which captured thermal neutrons and generated monochromatic high-energy gamma rays in the range 5–9 MeV. The 8.99 MeV line in this was the strongest. The paraffin and Ni were mixed uniformly to increase the yield of the high-energy gamma rays, and the optimal mass ratio of paraffin to Ni was calculated by GEANT4. According to the results of simulations, a 200×200×200 mm3 neutron-capturing device was built with a mass ratio of paraffin to Ni of 3:7. Finally, spectra of the high-energy gamma rays emitted by the device were measured by a 38.1 mm (diameter) × 38.1 mm (thickness) LaBr3:Ce detector, and most characteristic energy peaks were clearly visible.

Boosting light olefin selectivity in CO2 hydrogenation by adding Co to Fe catalysts within close proximity

Direct conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into lower olefins (C2-C4=) is highly attractive as a sustainable production route for its great significance in greenhouse gas emission control and fossil fuel substitution. Fe-based catalysts have been extensively studied in CO2 hydrogenation, which usually show unsatisfactory selectivity toward lower olefins. Here we present a high-dispersion catalyst precursor CoFe2O4 with Na (Na-CoFe2O4) that offers C2-C4= space time yield as high as 2.88 μmolC2-C4= gcat−1 s-1 and olefin to paraffin ratio about 6 at CO2 conversion higher than 41 %. High dispersion and the intimate contact between Fe and Co sites help inhibit the formation of methane, and favor a higher selectivity of C2+ hydrocarbons, especially lower olefins. The presence of Na further promotes chain growth and suppresses the direct hydrogenation of Fe-(CH2)n intermediates. A superior stability over 100 h was observed, demonstrating the promising potential of this catalyst for industrial applications.

Experimental Study on Composite Phase Change Thermal Insulation Mortar

The insulation wall provides suitable heat for winter production of solar greenhouse. A thermal insulation mortar containing paraffin/expanded perlite composite phase change material based on desulfurized gypsum was studied as an inner insulation mortar to improve heat preservation and storage/exothermic capacities in solar greenhouse walls. Results showed that the ideal mass ratio of paraffin and expanded perlite was 60:40. The phase change temperature of the paraffin/expanded perlite composite particles was 25.3 °C, and the latent heat was 122.3 kJ/kg. The ideal mass ratio of this composite phase change material and desulfurized gypsum was 1:3. The ideal mixing amounts of dispersible polymer powder, redispersible latex powder, citric acid, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether, and polypropylene fiber were 2%, 0.15%, 0.5%, and 0.5% of desulfurized gypsum content, respectively. The prepared composite phase change thermal insulation mortar had a dry density of 363 kg/m3, a compressive strength of 0.73 MPa, a softening coefficient of 0.65, a coefficient of thermal conductivity of 0.076 W/m·K-1, a heat capacity of 1.35×103 J/kg·°C-1, a heat storage coefficient of 11.65 W/m2·K-1, a phase change temperature of 25.6 °C, and a phase change latent heat of 89.8 kJ/kg. The phase change temperature and the phase change latent heat were suitable for solar greenhouse production.

Microwave Absorption Characteristics of U-Type Ferrite Powders According to Substitution Elements and Its Compositions

In this study, partially substituted U-type ferrite (Ba4MexCo2-xFe36O60, Me: Mn, Ni, Zn, x = 0.5 and 1.0) powders were synthesized by sol–gel method. The powders were analyzed for phase formation, morphology and magnetic properties by XRD, FE-SEM and VSM respectively. The synthesized ferrite powders were pressed into a series of toroidal shaped samples, in which the weight ratio of paraffin to powder was 1:5. The complex scattering parameters were measured by using vector network analyzer in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz and were employed in the calculation of reflection loss with various thicknesses. The minimum reflection loss was observed in the substituted nickel sample as − 24.4 dB (absorption rate 99.6%) with a thickness of 2.5 mm and the bandwidth was achieved 4.8 GHz (from 7.5 to 12.3 GHz) for reflection loss ≤ − 10 dB in the substituted zinc sample.

A simple coupled ANNs‐RSM approach in modeling product distribution of Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis using a microchannel reactor with Ru‐promoted Co/Al 2 O 3 catalyst

A simple approach using hybrid artificial neural networks (ANNs)-response surface methodology (RSM) was developed to model the detailed product distribution using Ru-promoted cobalt-based catalyst with Al2O3 as the support in a microchannel reactor for Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. Using the independent process parameters for training, the established model is capable of predicting hydrocarbon production distributions, ie, paraffin formation rate (C2-C15) and olefin to paraffin ratio (OPR C2-C15) within acceptable uncertainties. The ANNs-RSM model and comprehensive mechanistic model using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) approach were compared to identify a few inherent advantages of the proposed model in modeling complex FT synthesis. The proposed ANNs-RSM model shows its appealing merits, ie, faster converge and higher accuracy (less than ±10% uncertainties was achieved from ANNs-RSM model, while LHHW model achieved less than ±15% uncertainties except a few exceptional high errors uncertainties at certain experimental conditions). The statistical significances to the product distributions and hydrocarbon formation rate during FT synthesis could be easily identified and quantitatively analyzed by the established ANNs-RSM model. The future effective alternative of kinetic study of the complex system such as FT synthesis in the microstructured reactor might follow the methods of using empirical reliable approach for process optimization together with mechanistic kinetic study for detailed reaction pathway discrimination.

Facile Synthesis of Uniform Metal Carbide Nanoparticles from Metal-Organic Frameworks by Laser Metallurgy.

We report the fast and efficient conversion of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to phase pure transition-metal carbide (TMC) nanoparticles with uniform size using laser as the energy source, consuming only 6 W power. Nanoparticles of HfC, ZrC, TiC, V8C7, α-MoC, Cr3C2, and FeCx with homogeneous sizes (varied between 6 and 20 nm) were successfully produced, among which HfC and ZrC nanoparticles were obtained, for the first time, with sizes less than 10 nm and in the pure phase. This method was operated directly in air, in stark contrast to traditional furnace heating and laser spray methods, where a protective atmosphere is required. The use of MOFs allowed us to precisely tune the composition of TMC nanoparticles by dialing in the right type and desirable amounts of organic linkers. FeCx nanoparticles doped with various percentages of nitrogen atoms were synthesized for the Fischer-Tropsch reaction without any pretreatment or activation. Extremely high iron time of yield (FTY) values were observed, 415 and 550 μmol gFe-1 s-1 (with addition of K), in a 40 h test without any decay in performance. A high olefin to paraffin ratio was achieved for C2 to C11 products, where the ratio for C3 was higher than 10.

Selective CO Hydrogenation Over Bimetallic Co-Fe Catalysts for the Production of Light Paraffin Hydrocarbons (C2–C4): Effect of Space Velocity, Reaction Pressure and Temperature

Synthetic natural gas (SNG) using syngas from coal and biomass has attracted much attention as a potential substitute for fossil fuels because of environmental advantages. However, heating value of SNG is below the standard heating value for power generation (especially in South Korea and Japan). In this study, bimetallic Co-Fe catalyst was developed for the production of light paraffin hydrocarbons (C2–C4 as well as CH4) for usage as mixing gases to improve the heating value of SNG. The catalytic performance was monitored by varying space velocity, reaction pressure and temperature. The CO conversion increases with decrease in space velocities, and with an increase in reaction pressure and temperature. CH4 yield increases and C2+ yield decreases with increasing reaction temperature at all reaction pressure and space velocities. In addition, improved CH4 yield at higher reaction pressure (20 bar) implies that higher reaction pressure is a favorable condition for secondary CO2 methanation reaction. The bimetallic Co-Fe catalyst showed the best results with 99.7% CO conversion, 36.1% C2–C4 yield and 0.90 paraffin ratio at H2/CO of 3.0, space velocity of 4000 mL/g/h, reaction pressure of 20 bar, and temperature of 350 °C.

Preparation and Evaluation of Sunscreen Nanoemulsions with Synergistic Efficacy on SPF by Combination of Soybean Oil, Avobenzone, and Octyl Methoxycinnamate.

BACKGROUND:Soybean oil contains vitamin E and acts as a natural sunscreen which can absorb Ultra Violet (UV) B light and has antioxidant properties to reduce the photooxidative damage that results from UV-induced Reactive Oxygen Species production. The UV blocking from most natural oils is insufficient to obtain a high UV protection. The strategies for preparations of sunscreen products with high SPF can be done by nanoemulsion formulation and Ultra Violet filter combinations of Soybean Oil, Avobenzone and Octyl methoxycinnamate.AIM:The purpose of this study was to prepare and in vitro efficacy evaluation of sunscreen nanoemulsion containing Soybean oil, Avobenzone and Octyl methoxycinnamate.METHODS:The sunscreen nanoemulsions were prepared by the high energy emulsification method. The formulation uses a combination of 3% Avobenzone, 7.5% Octyl methoxycinnamate, with different ratio of Soybean oil and Liquid Paraffin. The nanoemulsion was evaluated for droplet sizes by using particle size analyzer, physical stability in room temperature (25 ± 2°C during experiment for 12 weeks of storage, physical stability (cycling test), phase separation by centrifugation at 3750 rpm for 5 hours, pH, viscosity, and Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value by UV spectrophotometric. The SPF value of sunscreen nanoemulsion was compared to sunscreen nanoemulsion without Soybean Oil and sunscreen emulsion. Particle morphology observation of nanoemulsion by using Transmission Electron Microscope.RESULTS:The sunscreen nanoemulsion formulation containing a combination of 3% Avobenzone, 7.5% Octyl methoxycinnamate with a ratio of 2.73% Soybean Oil and 0.27% Paraffin Oil resulted in the smallest average droplet size of 68.47 nm. The sunscreen nanoemulsion without Soybean Oil had an average droplet size of 384.07 nm. The globules size was increased during the experiment for 12 weeks of storage at room temperature, but there was no phase separation after centrifugation. The formulation of sunscreen emulsion, phase separation was formed after centrifugation. The nanoemulsion had a pH value of 7.23 ± 0.06 and a viscosity value of 133.33 ± 7.22 cP. The sunscreen nanoemulsion containing a combination of 3% Avobenzone, 7.5% Octyl methoxycinnamate 2.73%, Soybean Oil, 2.73% and 0.27% Liquid Paraffin had SPF value (21.57 ± 1.21) higher than sunscreen nanoemulsion without Soybean Oil (16.52 ± 0.98) and sunscreen emulsion (15.10 ± 0.22). The TEM analysis of globules morphology showed that the sunscreen nanoemulsion formed a spherical globule.CONCLUSION:The sunscreen nanoemulsion containing a combination of 3% Avobenzone, 7.5% Octyl Methoxycinnamate, 2.73% Soybean Oil and 0.27% Liquid Paraffin showed synergistic sunscreen efficacy on SPF. This sunscreen nanoemulsion is more stable than sunscreen emulsion formulation during the experiment for 12 weeks at room temperature.

Experimental investigations on olefin to paraffin ratio in Fischer-Tropsch products using syngas of low Ribblet ratio

Biosyngas generated from gasification of agricultural and forest wastes can be utilized as feed in a Fischer-Tropsch reaction after raising its Ribblet ratio (H2/(2CO+3CO2)) to unity through energy-intense steps of Water-Gas-Shift reaction and carbon dioxide removal. The direct utilization of raw biosyngas with low Ribblet ratio is a sustainable approach for the production of carbon-neutral synthetic fuel from waste biomass. This work investigates the olefin to paraffin ratios in C2 -C3 range of hydrocarbons among the Fischer-Tropsch products under different process conditions. A deviation from the classical Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) distribution for enhancing product selectivity towards fuel range hydrocarbons, is possible due to the higher activity of C2 olefins in various secondary reactions. The investigations in this study also indicate the presence of equilibrium in the ratio of bulk C3 (olefin + paraffin) / C2 (olefin + paraffin) irrespective of reaction feed composition. A laboratory prepared 0.5Fe/ComesoHZSM-5 catalyst was used with model biosyngas of 0.6, 0.4, and 0.2 Ribblet ratios as feed and the reaction were performed in a continuous fixed-bed reactor in the temperature range of 220–260 °C and space velocities of 1800-3400 mLh−1gcat−1. The experimental results show a similar trend in carbon monoxide conversion per gram of catalyst for Ribblet ratios of 0.6 and 0.4. The olefin to paraffin ratio in lower hydrocarbon range (n ≤ 5) for various carbon monoxide conversions is used as an indicator of chain growth efficiency in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

Effect of Mo promotion on the activity and selectivity of Ru/Graphite catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

In this paper molybdenum oxide promoted graphite supported ruthenium catalysts highly active and selective for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) are presented. The effect of Mo loading (0–5 wt%) of promoted graphite supported Ru (2 wt%) catalysts on the syngas conversion was studied at 523 K, H2/CO = 2 and 3.5 bar. Mean diameters of Ru nanoparticles were all close to 3 nm independently of the molybdenum loading used. Microcalorimetric measurements during CO adsorption at 330 K reveal a clear interaction between Ru and Mo observing an important increase of CO adsorption heats for Mo/Ru ratios of ≤0.26. XPS analysis performed to 2Ru0.5Mo/G catalyst after in-situ reduction showed the presence of MoVI (MoO3) and MoIV (MoO2) species on the catalyst surface. It is argued that these Mo species could be located around the ruthenium nanoparticles acting as Lewis acids and therefore facilitating the CO dissociation. Mo promotion increased up to four times the activity with respect to unpromoted Ru catalyst, increased the selectivity to C5+ products and improved the olefin to paraffin ratio in the C2-C3 hydrocarbons range. These conclusions contribute to understand the Mo promotion effect in the FTS, because realistic deductions have been obtained using a proper inert support for studying the molybdenum promotion effect in ruthenium based catalysts, avoiding strong metal-support interaction effects.