Paraffin Group Research Articles

English

In this study, the aim was to investigate effects of routine protocols commonly used in pathology (formalin fixation, paraffin embedding, slicing and staining) on morphometrical parameters of hearts in rats. Six males and 6 females rats were used. All of the subjects were euthanized and then hearts were fixed in formalin solution. Hearts were cut at the level of musculus papillaris and cut surfaces area were photographed (Formalin group). Thereafter, cut surfaces of the hearts embedded in paraffin were also photographed (Paraffin group). Staining was done using H&E staining on 5 µm slices and their photographs were taken (Slide Group). Analyses of thickness, diameter and area on the photographs of heart were done by using image analysis software. Left ventricular mass (LVM), left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and cut surface area (CSA) were calculated. Significant differences were found in LVM and LVMI values between Paraffin and Formalin groups (p<0.05). Comparisons between males and females in accordance to their respective groups showed that there were no differences in Slide group (p>0.05) but there were significant differences in CSA values of Paraffin and Formalin group (p<0.05). In conclusion, in case reports, in which left ventricular hypertrophy is investigated by the help of LVM and LVMI, Formalin and Slide group method and results might be more useful. On the other hand, all the three methods might be used in experimental studies included in healthy control groups. Additionally, it was discussed that the gender has no effect on evaluation among groups in terms of LVM and LVMI.   Key words: Morphometry, heart, rat, routine pathology, left ventricular mass (LVM)

Examples for elimination of selected groups of petroleum-derived compounds from rainwater and meltwater

This study shows examination results pertaining to the assessment of operation of coalescence separations installed on the way of flow of rainwater and meltwater to Słupia river. The study was performed within Słupia river water protection programme. Content of total suspension as well as concentrations of organic compounds from the BTEX and paraffin group were determined in samples taken from the inlet to and outlet from the separators. It appears from the study performed that in no case admissible content (> 15 mg/dm3) of determined petroleum-derived substances had occurred in the samples of rainwater and meltwater and a high degree of elimination of those compounds, due to separators operation, was achieved. In 13 samples taken from the separator outlet, the admissible total suspension content was exceeded (above 100 mg/dm3). Efficiency of all separators operation reflected in the elimination of total suspension amounted, on average, to 67.5%. The lowest total suspension elimination efficiency has been noted for separator No. 14 (40%).

Comparison of three different techniques for histological tooth preparation

The histological processing of teeth is highly complicated because of containing both mineralized hard tissues and soft tissues. Depending on the type of decalcification agents used in processing, mild-to-severe deterioration in the tissue structure and inadequacies on clear staining of details by the histological stain may be observed. This study aims to compare the histological staining differences in the preparations from decalcified and undecalcified tooth roots by three different embedding materials and techniques. Following extraction, human single-rooted teeth crowns were cut off and roots were placed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. After fixation, roots were divided into two groups. One part of samples was decalcified in formic acid solution and the other was remained undecalcified. Decalcified roots were embedded in paraffin and glycol methacrylate (GMA)-based resin and undecalcified roots were embedded in methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based resin. Sections from all groups were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The groups were compared in terms of general staining, brightness, density, density of the base stain, general morphology of cells, nuclear/cytoplasmic contrast, distinguish ability of pulp, odontoblast layer, predentin and dentin, preservation and traceability of dentinal tubule. In the preparations which were embedded into the MMA-based embedding material, an output lower than the paraffin group buthigher than the GMA-embedded group was provided. As a result, the best histological detail was obtained from the decalcified, paraffin-embedded sections.

Efficacy of Paraffin Bath Therapy in Hand Osteoarthritis: A Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of paraffin bath therapy on pain, function, and muscle strength in patients with hand osteoarthritis. DesignProspective single-blinded randomized controlled trial. SettingDepartment of physical medicine and rehabilitation in a university hospital. ParticipantsPatients with bilateral hand osteoarthritis (N=56). InterventionsPatients were randomized into 2 groups with a random number table by using block randomization with 4 patients in a block. Group 1 (n=29) had paraffin bath therapy (5 times per week, for 3-week duration) for both hands. Group 2 (n=27) was the control group. All patients were informed about joint-protection techniques, and paracetamol intake was recorded. Main Outcome MeasuresThe primary outcome measures were pain (at last 48h) at rest and during activities of daily living (ADL), assessed with a visual analog scale (0–10cm) at 12 weeks. The secondary outcome measures were the Australian Canadian Osteoarthritis Hand Index (AUSCAN) and the Dreiser Functional Index (DFI), used for subjective functional evaluation, loss of range of motion (ROM), grip and pinch strength, painful and tender joint counts, and paracetamol intake. A researcher blind to group allocation recorded the measures for both hands at baseline, 3 weeks, and 12 weeks at the hospital setting. ResultsAt baseline, there were no significant differences between groups in any of the parameters (P>.05). After treatment, the paraffin group exhibited significant improvement in pain at rest and during ADL, ROM of the right hand, and pain and stiffness dimensions of the AUSCAN (P<.05). There was no significant improvement in functional dimension of the AUSCAN and the DFI (P>.05). The control group showed a significant deterioration in right hand grip and bilateral lateral pinch and right chuck pinch strength (P<.05), but there was no significant change in the other outcome measures. When the 2 groups were compared, pain at rest, both at 3 and 12 weeks, and the number of painful and tender joints at 12 weeks significantly decreased in the paraffin group (P<.05). Bilateral hand-grip strength and the left lateral and chuck pinch strength of the paraffin group were significantly higher than the control group at 12 weeks (P<.05). ConclusionsParaffin bath therapy seemed to be effective both in reducing pain and tenderness and maintaining muscle strength in hand osteoarthritis. It may be regarded as a beneficial short-term therapy option, which is effective for a 12-week period.

A comparative study: The efficacy of liquid paraffin and lactulose in management of chronic functional constipation

To determine and compare efficacy, safety and optimal dose of two laxatives, liquid paraffin and lactulose, in 40 children with chronic functional constipation. A total of 20 children were treated with liquid paraffin and 20 with lactulose for 8 weeks and at an initial dose of 1 mL/kg per day for both drugs. The dose was adjusted every 3 days as required and a diary was kept to monitor dose, side-effects, stool frequency and consistency, and other symptoms. During first 4 weeks, improvement in stool consistency and frequency was significantly higher in liquid the paraffin group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Improvement in the number of stools per week was also significantly higher in the liquid paraffin group during the last 4 weeks of therapy (P < 0.05). Compliance rates averaged 95% in the liquid paraffin group and 90% in the lactulose group during the first 4 weeks of therapy and 90% in the liquid paraffin group and 60% in the lactulose group during the last 4 weeks of therapy (chi(2) = 4.8, SD = 1, P = 0.02). During the first 4 weeks of therapy and during the last 4 weeks of therapy, mostly side-effects and poor symptom control, respectively, influenced the compliance in the liquid paraffin group. Liquid paraffin is more effective in the treatment of children with constipation. Patients treated with liquid paraffin responded more rapidly than patients responding to lactulose and showed fewer side-effect. It is considered that late response and side-effects in conjunction with poor symptom control influence the patient compliance and the successful treatment of childhood constipation.

Eye protection during general anaesthesia: comparison of four different methods

Eye protection during general anaesthesia: comparison of four different methods

Are foreign body calcifications late reactions following augmentation mammaplasty?

We describe 47 patients aged 20 to 63 years in whom a mammaplasty had been performed (43 by an injection method, four by surgery). Calcification round the foreign body occurred in 71.5% of the paraffin group (ten out of 14 cases) and in 17% of the silicone group (eight out of 33 cases). The interval between implantation and calcification is fairly constant in the paraffin group; of 11 patients whose implant was older than 15 years, ten showed calcification. In the silicone group, only one out of ten cases showed calcification. In the silicone group, the material itself is thought to be responsible since (with the exception of one case done in 1956) all cases treated between 1966 and 1971 showed calcification irrespective of the interval.

Calcification in augmentation mammoplasty.

Twenty-five cases of augmentation mammoplasty from among 1,600 routine mammograms were divided into paraffin and silicon compound groups. Calcification occurred in 11 cases and was seen in 75% of the paraffin group and 29% of the silicone group. The calcifications in the paraffin group were small, annular, and too numerous to be counted. They were diffusely distributed and tended to involve the lymph nodes. The calcifications in the silicone group were large, egg-shaped, localized, and fewer in number. Lymphadenopathy was rare. The two groups also differed in time elapsed between mammoplasty and mammography.

Variation of the Intensity of the Methyl Symmetrical Bending Vibration in Paraffins

The integrated infrared absorption coefficients of the methyl C–H symmetrical bending vibration of a number of normal and branched paraffins have been studied. Several approaches to the correlation of intensity variations with structure are discussed and evaluated in terms of the experimental data. The conclusions are (a) the intensities of the branched and normal paraffins must be treated as two distinct classes, and (b) the branched paraffin group intensities must be further broken down into three types: (1) methyl groups adjacent to a tertiary or quaternary carbon atom having no other methyl groups directly adjacent, (2) methyl groups adjacent to tertiary or quaternary carbon atoms having other adjacent methyl groups directly attached, and (3) methyl groups at the ends of branches or chains of two or more carbon atoms in length. Integrated absorption coefficients are given for each type of group and approximate C–H bond moments are calculated from these values.

Effect of Cetyl Pyridinium Bromide on the Water Absorption and Swelling of Soil

Surface-active quaternary ammonium salts containing a long-chain paraffin group find a number of technical and medical uses due to their adsorption by textiles, bacteria, etc. It has now been found that the adsorption of such compounds by clay particles affects the water absorption and swelling characteristics of soils.