Paradigmatic Gap Research Articles

Studying negative evidence in Finnish language corpora

This study explores the relationship between lower-than-expected frequencies of word forms and inherent gaps in Finnish inflectional paradigms. The research aims to determine whether it is possible to predict paradigmatic gaps from lower-than-expected frequencies of word forms. We examined Finnish nouns inflected in a marginal case (the instructive) and hypothesized that some of these nouns may potentially have gaps in their inflectional paradigms. However, we found that such gaps are contingent and do not cause uncertainty when filled. We find that the correlation between inherent gaps and lower frequencies is one-directional: predicting inherent gaps from lower-than-expected frequencies is problematic. The results suggest that any paradigmatic gap suggested by corpus frequency is more likely to be contingent than inherent, and that the less semantic need there is for a particular word form, the more likely it will be unattested even in a large corpus. The research highlights the importance of considering semantic profiles when analyzing the grammaticality of word forms and suggests that statistical tests like Fisher’s exact are not necessarily the right approach to tackle the problem of negative evidence in corpus studies.

Explaining uncertainty and defectivity of inflectional paradigms

AbstractThe current study investigates how native speakers of a morphologically complex language (Finnish) handle uncertainty related to linguistic forms that have gaps in their inflectional paradigms. We analyze their strategies of dealing with paradigmatic defectivity and how these strategies are motivated by subjective contemporaneousness, frequency, acceptability, and other lexical and structural characteristics of words. We administered a verb production (inflection) task with Finnish native speakers using verbs from a small non-productive inflectional type that has many paradigmatic gaps and asked participants to inflect the verbs in a given context. Inflectional uncertainty was measured by the number of different forms the participants produced for each verb. We classified produced forms that were not expected as either synonymous or novel and measured their optimal string alignment distance to expected forms. Our analyses revealed that a usage-based approach to paradigmatic defectivity fits better with the obtained results than a classical approach typically met in dictionaries and descriptive grammars. Thus, we argue, that paradigmatic defectivity can be better described as a dynamic rather than a static system, where gaps represent a continuum of possible inflectional choices rather than a lack of an inflectional variant.

The primacy of ontology: a philosophical basis for research on religion in prison

ABSTRACT This paper suggests philosophical foundations for mixed methods research based on the philosophy of critical realism. In particular, it suggests that the critical realist idea of the primacy of ontology helps bridge the apparent paradigmatic gap between qualitative and quantitative research. It illustrates this foundational idea by showing why and how a multi-disciplinary team used a mixed methods approach to understand the significance of religion in prison through a multi-site study of religious conversion to Islam in prison and how this gives a better account than a single method approach. The mixed method research design used in the project sets out a new way of mapping and understanding religious conversion and differences within a faith group that draws on the emancipatory potential of critical realist thought.

Slavic Morphology: Recent Approaches to Classic Problems, Illustrated with Russian

This state-of-the-field article traces some recent trajectories of morphological theory, illustrated via four classic problems of Slavic morphology: vowel-zero alternation, stem consonant mutations, paradigmatic gaps, and animacy-determined accusative syncretism. Using Russian as the primary illustrating data, one theme that emerges is that theories that leverage the distributional properties of the lexicon have made progress against previously intractable aspects of these phenomena, including idiosyncratic lexical distributions, unexpected (non)productivity, and distributions shared by distinct exponents. In turn, the analyses raise new questions.

Understanding public perceptions of biotechnology through the "Integrative Worldview Framework".

Biotechnological innovations prompt a range of societal responses that demand understanding. Research has shown such responses are shaped by individuals' cultural worldviews. We aim to demonstrate how the Integrative Worldview Framework (IWF) can be used for analyzing perceptions of biotechnology, by reviewing (1) research on public perceptions of biotechnology and (2) analyses of the stakeholder-debate on the bio-based economy, using the Integrative Worldview Framework (IWF) as analytical lens. This framework operationalizes the concept of worldview and distinguishes between traditional, modern, and postmodern worldviews, among others. Applied to these literatures, this framework illuminates how these worldviews underlie major societal responses, thereby providing a unifying understanding of the literature on perceptions of biotechnology. We conclude the IWF has relevance for informing research on perceptions of socio-technical changes, generating insight into the paradigmatic gaps in social science, and facilitating reflexive and inclusive policy-making and debates on these timely issues.

Rekonstruksi Politik Hukum Pidana Nasional (Telaah Kritis Larangan Analogi dalam Hukum Pidana)

A paradigm shift in the state of life—especially post the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945 amendments—have not been fully understood properly. Up to now—included in the lawless life—is still a gap between the paradigm and its implementation . This paradigmatic gap visible example of the lack of a comprehensive implementation of the basic principles of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945 in a national criminal law reform ( draft Code of Criminal Law ) . The draft Code of Criminal Law as one form of national criminal law reform is seen has not fully represent constitution demands. Prohibiting the use of analogy in criminal law is still seen at odds with the provisions of Article 1 ( 3 ) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945. The gap is not only paradigmatic potential to cause difficulties in its application, but also potentially the cancellation clause in the legislation concerned.

Corporate branding literature: A research paradigm review

This research article attempts to highlight the state of research paradigm applied to corporate branding (CB) literature. CB has been gaining increased importance in the marketing literature, as organizations consider it a vital strategy for various benefits such as talent pool generation, building brand image in customers’ minds, combating competition, increasing stakeholder value and so on. The research paradigm review of CB literature was conducted with reference to the Meredith et al (1989) framework. It has been noticed that the interpretive paradigm has been predominant, whereas logical positivist/empiricist paradigm has received less attention from the academicians and researchers. The paradigmatic gaps have been identified, and future recommendations have been suggested to guide future studies.

Deeper, Wider: Some Comments on the Gill/Bromberg Correspondence

The letters compose an interesting historical and theoretical exchange (1979–83). It strikes me that, rather than converging on the issue, they were passing in the night. Gill, a very informed Freud scholar, was moving away from his doctrinaire position, shifting his percepts of transference from a containment to a more fluid and vital interaction but still valiantly making an effort to integrate the classic and interpersonal position. Bromberg was moving in an entirely different direction. Gill remained rooted in the linked concepts of repression/regression: Bromberg fostered the concept of dissociation. They were talking across a paradigmatic gap.

Syncretism without underspecification: The role of leading forms

The main goal of this article is to outline a new approach to syncretism in optimality theory, one that does not rely on the concept of underspecification taken over from grammatical theories which do not recognize constraint ranking and constraint violability. The analysis is based on a concept of morphological exponents as leading forms. Instances of syncretism can be traced back to the selection of unfaithful leading forms as a last resort to avoid paradigmatic gaps: The minimally unfaithful leading form exponent spreads to an empty paradigm cell. Three well-studied empirical domains figure in the analysis: (i) determiner inflection in German ( Bierwisch 1967 , Wiese 1999 ), (ii) Italian object clitics ( Grimshaw 2001 ), and (iii) animacy effects with noun inflection in Russian ( Wunderlich 2004 ).

Paired interviews of shared experiences around chronic low back pain: classic mismatch between patients and their doctors

current treatments for chronic low back pain (LBP) appear to be inadequate and there are growing calls for new approaches. This study explores the paired interviews of shared experiences among chronic LBP patients and their physicians with the ultimate goal of improving doctor-patient communication and clinical outcomes. in-depth interviews of a purposeful sample of paired chronic LBP patients and their doctors were conducted, transcribed and analysed using a multistep iterative process. Interview pairs were examined for important themes and major areas of convergence and divergence/mismatch. patients' stories focused on their suffering from severe and disabling LBP while conveying a high level of reliance on their family physicians. Physicians described many challenges in treating this patient population. Patient and doctor stories were convergent regarding the severity/seriousness of illness, the lack of effective treatments and the existence of many barriers to care. Notable areas of mismatch: biomedical/biomechanical versus biopsychosocial (BPS) models of illness, treatment expectations/goals of reducing pain versus improving function and the importance of a definitive diagnosis. patient and physician stories revealed shared themes and convergences, as well as significant discordance and mismatch. Family physicians, trained in and adherent to the BPS model, may have great difficulty when matched with biomechanically oriented patients. Re-conceptualizing doctors and LBP patients as a single teachable dyad may be useful. Clinical application of paired interviews of shared experiences may be useful in bridging communication and paradigmatic gaps, reducing mismatch and developing shared treatment plans.

Investigations on markedness, syncretism and zero exponence in morphology

The inventories of subject clitics in northern Italian varieties are affected by widespread morphological changes. One of these changes is syncretism. In addition, many dialects display defective paradigms where some of the clitics are missing. The clitics that undergo syncretism and the clitics that are missing tend to be the same: the first person singular and plural, the second plural, and, less frequently, the third plural. Working in the framework of Distributed Morphology, I argue that these clitics are the target of markedness constraints that trigger repair operations leading to either syncretism or the removal of forms from a paradigm. In particular, I propose two such operations: one is feature deletion, which deletes a marked feature specification. This operation is always followed by feature insertion, which inserts the opposite value of the deleted feature specification (this operation leads to syncretism). The other one is obliteration, which deletes a morphosyntactic node and leads to underspecified morphosyntactic representations (this operation leads to paradigmatic gaps). I investigate how these operations affect the morphological exponents in PF, creating syncretisms and gaps in exponence.

Cultural History under Khrushchev and Brezhnev: From Social Psychology to Mentalités

The demise of the Soviet Union and with it Marxism-Leninism as the officially endorsed paradigm for the social sciences in general and research and writing in particular left a yawning theoretical and methodological gap facing post-Soviet historians in Russia and elsewhere. Nevertheless, despite the material and intellectual obstacles to careers and scholarship during the 1990s, some younger historians began to fill this paradigmatic gap with new approaches, at a time when there were unprecedented opportunities for archival research, particularly on the Stalin era. While many historians of the Stalin period quickly embraced the totalitarian model largely derived from Western political science, others turned to researching Soviet cultural history, namely, popular perspectives, attitudes and behavior under Stalinism. Such research has proceeded under a number of rubrics: everyday life, historical psychology, mentalites and, increasingly, historical anthropology.' Among the foremost practitioners of this genre of cultural historiography are Elena Zubkova, author of Russia after the War, and Elena Seniavskaia, author of The Front Generation.2 Research of this cultural genre is not

Sex differences and correlations in a virtual Morris water task, a virtual radial arm maze, and mental rotation

Different tasks are often used to assess spatial memory in humans compared to nonhumans. In order to bridge this paradigmatic gap, we used a within-subject design to test 61 undergraduates on three spatial memory tasks. One of these tasks, the Vanderberg 3D mental rotation task, is classically used to assess spatial memory in humans. The other two tests are virtual analogues of two tasks used classically to assess spatial memory in rodents: the Morris water task and an eight-arm radial maze. We find that males perform significantly better than females on the mental rotation task and in finding a hidden platform in the virtual Morris water task. Moreover, during a probe trial, males spend significantly more distance of their swim in the training quadrant, but males and females do not differ in navigating to a visible platform. However, for the virtual eight-arm radial maze, there is no sex difference in working memory errors, reference memory errors, or distance to find the rewards. Surprisingly, an examination of the correlations among the three tasks indicates that only mental rotation ability and Morris water task probe trial performance correlate significantly among the three tasks (i.e. there are no significant correlations with traditional measures the tasks, e.g. time or distance to completion). Hence, the Morris water task and the eight-arm radial maze do not assess spatial memory in the same manner, and even after equating factors such as motivation, stress, and motor demands, there still are procedural demands of the tasks that reinforce differential strategy selection during spatial memory. This suggests that caution should be taken when utilizing these two tasks interchangeable as tests of spatial memory.

PLURALYOU/YA'LLVARIATION BY A COURT JUDGE: SITUATIONAL USE

�you all/ya’ll has been the topic of much commentary. 1 Of the 253 articles in McMillan and Montgomery (1989, 265–97) in the chapter on morphology and syntax, 25 are about you all or ya’ll, and 17 (68%) of these debate whether these forms can also be used in the singular. Some assert that these words are for stylistic exaggeration or cordiality or reflect the inclusive or associative use of the pronoun to refer to understood others besides the singular addressee. The other 8 articles cited concern whether the stress was originally on the first or second syllable of you all and whether the biblical or Shakespearean you all is related by this stress placement; also, alternate forms of the second-person plural, such as you’uns, are analyzed. Subsequent studies continue the issue of ya’ll as singular and cite the appearance of ya’ll outside the traditional South: in Oklahoma (Tillery and Bailey 1998) and in Vernacular Black English in Waterloo, Iowa (Riney 1993, 87). The contribution of the Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States (1986– 92) in discerning you all versus ya’ll geographic areas has been noted (Montgomery 1998, 36). Montgomery (1996, 5–10) discusses the complexity and versatility of ya’ll, a fused grammaticalization of you all, as having these six properties: (1) a paradigmatic gap for plural you; (2) an associative plural, including individuals associated but not present with the singular addressee; (3) an institutional plural addressed to one person representing a group; (4) an unknown potential referent; (5) a form used in direct address in certain contexts (e.g., partings, greetings, invitations, and vocatives); and (6) a stylistic choice distinct in tone (e.g., in intimacy, familiarity, and informality). Lipski (1993, 23–56) traces past conjectures about the derivation of the U.S. contraction of you all to ya’ll not only from European languages but also from a possible non-European source, such as Gullah. Dismissing Gullah as the source, however, Lipski believes that African American speakers first used the contracted form, which spread to White speakers. Lipski’s focus is a syntactic analysis of plural you/ya’ll variation, largely within the

Learning What Cannot Be by Failing Expectations

This article presents an explanation for the lack of some neuter gender forms in an otherwise productive paradigm for the formation of neuter gender adjectives. The explanation draws on a proper understanding of (exemplar-based) analogy under some conditions. One condition is that the problematic form resembles a free morpheme by the loss of a morpheme/syllable boundary in its derivation. The second condition is that the problematic forms tend to share some property (for example, referring to a nonverifiable property such as internal (mental) states). Problematic forms might thus mutually support other such forms by analogy and similarity, and thus create a paradigmatic gap. It is argued that exemplars (with context), and analogy between similar exemplars, necessarily restrict and licence the use of derived forms.

Paradigms of Organizations: An Exploration in Textbook Rhetorics

This paper addresses a `paradigmatic gap' between current thinking on the nature of behaviour in organizations and the introductory organization behaviour textbook. It is argued that recent academic discourses, influenced by postmodernism and feminism, present organizations as fragile, unpredictable and discontinuous. However, the traditional organizational behaviour textbook continues to present an image of a solid, ordered and predictable organizational world. Rhetoric theory offers a powerful framework for examining the epistemological, stylistic and discursive assumptions and devices which make written text persuasive. It is used here to explore the persuasive strategies adopted by introductory textbook authors. In particular, it examines the style, content, structure and author—reader relationship of established textbooks. These are then contrasted to the rhetorical formats of the few `alternative' text-books, which attempt to bridge the paradigmatic gap. It is concluded that traditional textbooks are unable to portray organizations in line with current thinking because of their inherent assumptions about what a textbook should be and do. The alternative textbooks are faced with the challenge of not only presenting different theories but of developing a radical new rhetoric of the `textbook' itself. This is evident in how the authors address the reader, the move away from facts and theories to stories, in celebrating ambiguity, and in their accent on serendipitous learning.

Forms of Discourse and the Sciences of the Mind

This article discusses two sets of neurological case histories, A. R. Luria's The Man with a Shattered World and Oliver Sack's Awakenings, and argues that these histories display two paradigmatic explanations for the mind/brain relation, and that the movement from one paradigm to another also necessitates a movement to different forms of discourse. One explanation comes from the physical sciences and results in logical, quantitative exposition. The other originates in the human sciences and results in narrative. Luria and Sacks wrote these case histories in an explicit attempt to bridge—in understanding and in discourse—this paradigmatic gap; in the process, they redefined what it means to be a neuropsychiatrist. Case histories allow the writer to combine the empirical analysis characteristic of neurological discourse with the individual detail characteristic of psychological narrative.

When a Story Is Just a Story: Does Voice Really Matter?

Analyzes and responds to an article criticizing the idea that some scholars of color write in a distinctive voice by virtue of their experience and background. Summarizes how conventional liberal discourse views the issue of voice. Contrasts that view with outsider perspectives and illuminates the paradigmatic gap between critical race theory and mainstream scholarship.

Neuropsychological servosystems, consciousness, and the problem of embodiment.

Recent work in neurophysiology has begun to close the paradigmatic gap between neurophysiology and the psychology of embodied behavior and movement. The present paper surveys these developments, traces the origins of the split between neurophysiology and neuropsychology and suggests that recent work by Pribram may provide a link between the psychology of consciousness, the neurophysiology of movement, and the growing body of work on nonverbal communication.