Paradigmatic Framework Research Articles

Social Advocacy for Equal Marriage: The Politics of “Rights” and the Psychology of “Mental Health”

Using the contemporary issue of equal access to marriage for same‐sex couples as a case study, we examine two distinctive frameworks within which social advocacy may be pursued. We argue that when we speak as psychologists, we use a discourse of mental health; when we speak as social activists, we use a discourse of human rights and justice. Although these two frameworks may converge in supporting equal access to marriage, they represent radically different ways of understanding inequality and advocating for social change. A discourse of mental health focuses on psychological damage or deficit (caused, for example, by the social exclusion of particular groups or individuals. A discourse of rights asserts universally‐applicable principles of equality, justice, freedom, and dignity. Further, the paradigmatic framework of psychology as an approach to understanding human beings in the world seems fundamentally antithetical to the conceptual framework of human rights, as a basis for social justice.

Localized Impact of Global Restructuring of Work: Border-Crossing Stories of Iranian Women

Using a paradigmatic framework ofstructure and civil voices, this article responds to the question posed by an Iranian woman in Canada: why she is not able to find work in her professional area of expertise. The structural (race/gender/class) paradigm suggests a correlation between the ghettoization of Iranian/immigrant women into dead-end work and global restructuring of women's work, the impact of which is localized. The civil- voices paradigm provides a broader context where Iranian women's lives are seen as part of the modernization project in Iran and elsewhere. Both paradigms bring home the need to interrogate the larger structures ofdomination as these come to light in the border- crossing stories of women.

Localized Impact of Global Restructuring of Work: Border-Crossing Stories of Iranian Women

Using a paradigmatic framework ofstructure and civil voices, this article responds to the question posed by an Iranian woman in Canada: why she is not able to find work in her professional area of expertise. The structural (race/gender/class) paradigm suggests a correlation between the ghettoization of Iranian/immigrant women into dead-end work and global restructuring of women’s work, the impact of which is localized. The civilvoices paradigm provides a broader context where Iranian women’s lives are seen as part of the modernization project in Iran and elsewhere. Both paradigms bring home the need to interrogate the larger structures ofdomination as these come to light in the bordercrossing stories of women.

‘The Possible as the Art of Politics’: Understanding Consensus Politics

Drawing on the Kuhnian model of scientific paradigms, this article suggests consensus politics should be conceptualised not as an agreement or a settlement but as a political framework that derives from an ideationally informed policy paradigm. Such a consensus constrains the autonomy of governing elites, encouraging them to conform to an established policy agenda that defines the ‘mainstream’ wherein ‘the possible is the art of politics’. In Britain, as demonstrated by the replacement of a post-war social democratic paradigm by a contemporary neo-liberal successor, periods of policy continuity and incremental reform have been matched by occasions of dramatic political change. Any appreciation of consensus politics has therefore to explain change as well as account for stability, something considerably under emphasised in the existing literature. Consensus politics are therefore best defined as a constrained space within which politics is conducted and political actors differ, a paradigmatic framework from which political outcomes emerge, and never as an agreement freely entered into. Looking at consensus politics beyond the much commented upon post-war example, this article uses British politics since 1945 as an exemplar of consensus politics and an illustration of how a consensus can be forged, how it can endure and how it may change.

Communisme de la finitude, éthique de la libération, paradigme de la traduction

The emergence of historical marxism took place within a paradigmatic framework postulating the autoproduction of man (Tosel). In reformulating the marxian project as one of liberation, we must start out from our finite existence as acting and suffering subjects in history. It follows that such a reformulation of marxism requires both a theory of agency and an ethics to be envisaged as the thrust towards self-realisation of a living being endowed with a discursive faculty, a being who strives for a meaningful life within a community of humans. It is here that we recover the link between the theme of agency and the theme of language, in particular relative to the question of the plurality of languages a,d of the potentialities of translation, envisaged as a paradigm of being in common and of the common agency of humans.

Urban Community Development: an Examination of the Perkins Model

Abstract Using a paradigmatic framework, this paper examines ideas of John M. Perkins, a visionary of central city neighborhood renewal in community development tradition and a co-founder of Christian Community Development Association. Perkins' model of redevelopment is qualitatively different than those offered to date because of its emphasis on parish church, long-term relationships, relocation of leaders to community, reconciliation of people across race and class and a redistribution predicated on a prior relocation and reconciliation. Keywords: Community development, John Perkins, urban poverty, church In chapter one of Principles of Economics we find Alfred Marshall's judgment that the two great forming agencies of world's history have been religious and (1920: 1). Max Stackhouse, a Princeton University ethicist, also accords economics and religion prominent roles in shaping society. In paraphrasing Pope John Paul II, in Centesimus Annus, Stackhouse writes that: The two key forces likely to have most direct bearing on future are corporations and religion. Corporations are instrument of economic productivity for foreseeable future, and religion is bearer of those decisive values by which we guide our production, distribution, and consumption of whatever wealth is generated. (1996: 40) The United States began its modem response to poverty during Great Depression. Starting with Title IV of path breaking Social Security Act (1935), which created Aid to Dependent Children (changed to Aid to Families with Dependent Children in 1962), we have seen evolution of a welfare system. [1] Although welfare programs contribute to alleviation of poverty, we must be clear that they were not necessarily designed to end [2] The Civil Rights Movement and attendant legal rulings, such as Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, Civil Rights Act of 1964, and Fair Housing Act of 1968, also contributed to a decline in incidence of Additionally there have been a number of private and/or public sector site-specific programs emphasizing urban renewal. These include, Gray Areas, Mobilization for Youth, Model Cities, Enterprise/ Opportunity Zones, and community-based organizations, inclusive of community development corporations, many of which were products of War on P overty (Halpern 1995). Despite these efforts William Julius Wilson claims there is a 'new urban poverty' [characterized by] segregated neighborhoods in which a substantial majority of individual adults are either unemployed or have dropped out of labor force altogether (1996:19). This reality garners attention of politician and social scientist alike, each searching for answers to a seemingly convoluted problem. The apparent intractability may well call for perspectives. The purpose of this paper is to examine ideas of John M. Perkins as they pertain to new urban poverty. In late 1940s he left racial oppression of Mississippi for opportunities of California, but returned to address injustices of his people. Perkins became a visionary of central city neighborhood renewal in community development tradition and a co-founder of Christian Community Development Association. His life corroborates Marshall's and Stackhouse's observation regarding primacy of religious and economic thought and institutions in molding society. The presentation and assessment of Perkins' model contributes to public policy debate on efforts to improve well-being of many residing in impoverished urban communities. The model is qualitatively different than those offered to date because of its emphasis on a parish church, long-term relationships, relocation of leaders to community, reconciliation of people across race and class, and a redistribution predicated on a prior relocation and reconciliation. …

Elements of a theory of computer simulation I: Sequential CA over random graphs

This paper is a first step in the development of mathematical foundations for a theory of simulation. We employ sequentially updated cellular automata (sCA) over arbitrary graphs as a paradigmatic framework. In the development of the theory, we focus on the properties of causal dependencies among local mappings in a simulation. Let Y be a graph in which (a) each vertex i has a state x i 0, 1 and (b) there exists a local map ƒ i defined on the states of the Y-neighbors and x i that returns the state of y i 0, 1. Suppose i 1, …, i n is a permutation of the Y-vertices, then the order of application of the local maps ƒ ik induces a sequential (or asynchronous) cellular automaton (sCA) over Y. In this paper we introduce a mapping between the base graph Y, over which the sCA is defined and which represents the mutual dependencies of the local maps, and the update graph U(Y), whose vertices are permutations of all Y-vertices. Two permutations π 1, π 2 are adjacent in U( Y) if they differ in exactly two consecutive coordinates, { i k, i k+1|, and { i k, i k+1 ∉ eY. U( Y) represents a conceptual framework which allows to determine equivalence classes of sCA for a given graph X, independent of the family of local maps ( ƒ i) 1 ⩽ i ⩽ n . We consider: (a) U as a random variable over G n,p and analyze the induced random graph U( G n,p ), the update graph, and show (b) that U exhibits properties of a covariant functor.

A Paradigmatic Analysis Contrasting Information Systems Development Approaches and Methodologies

This paper analyses the fundamental philosophical assumptions of five “contrasting” information systems development (ISD) approaches: the interactionist approach, the speech act-based approach, the soft systems methodology approach, the trade unionist approach, and the professional work practice approach. These five approaches are selected for analysis because they illustrate alternative philosophical assumptions from the dominant “orthodoxy” identified in the research literature. The paper also proposes a distinction between “approach” and “methodology.” The analysis of the five approaches is organized around four basic questions: What is the assumed nature of an information system (ontology)? What is human knowledge and how can it be obtained (epistemology)? What are the preferred research methods for continuing the improvement of each approach (research methodology)? and what are the implied values of information system research (ethics)? Each of these questions is explored from the internal perspective of the particular ISD approach. The paper addresses these questions through a conceptual structure which is based on a paradigmatic framework for analyzing ISD approaches.

What is a possible ontological and epistemological framework for a true universal ‘information science'?: The suggestion of a cybersemiotics

The subject of the article is what the paradigmatic framework for a universal information science or informatics should be and what kind of science we can expect it to be. The mechanistic and rationalistic information processing paradigm of cognitive science is the dominating research program in this research area which is heavily dominated by computer science and informatics. It is pointed out that this logical and mechanistic approach is unable to give an understanding of human signification and its basis in the connotations of biological and social relationships. The paper then discusses—on the basis of previous work—the ontological and epistemological problems of the idea of “information science” and constructs an alternative non‐mechanistic view based on the idea of autopoiesis of second order cybernetics and Peirce's concept of chaos and evolution. These ideas are related to the cybersemiotic framework for transdisciplinary research of information and communication which the author has developed in other papers. Cybersemiotics is an integration of second order cybernetics, Peirce's triadic semiosis and Wittgenstein's theory of language game to a non‐Cartesian cognitive science.

The Other Heidegger (review)

BOOK REVIEWS 509 comprehensive and probing; his scholarship is impeccable. He rightly calls attention to the fact that the label "social behaviorism," which has been affixed to Mead's social psychology by Charles Morris, was not Mead's own. Although Mead did indicate that his psychology had evolved into behaviorism, Cook nonetheless shows that Mead retained elements of functionalism and did not subscribe to the stereotypical behaviorism of Watson and his epigoni. Cook's critique of Mead's social psychology--e.g., his discussion of Mead's conception of "taking the attitude or the role of the other" in Chapter 6--is detailed and penetrating, and should stimulate lines of inquiry to reconstruct Mead's social psychology. Chapter 7 treats Mead's forays into social and educational reform in Chicago. Cook has researched Mead's activities extremely well, and provides the reader with an account absent from the secondary literature hht indispensable to any assessment of Mead as an activist social scientist. Chapter 8, in which Cook examines Mead's conceptions of the social self and morality, also engages the reader in reflections on nations, wars, and international peace. Again, Cook researches material authored by Mead in obscure publications andnot easily accessible newspapers. Chapter 9 centers on Whitehead's influence on Mead's later thought, and while it is not central to Cook's project in this book, it illuminates a relatively neglected aspect of Mead's philosophy, and should be useful to students not only of Mead but of Whitehead . The Epilogue is devoted to Mead and the Hutchins controversy, and while it, too, is peripheral to Cook's project, it contains an object lesson in higher education. The unwelcome intrusion by university presidents into the jurisdiction of distinguished departments can mean temporary ruin for the academic reputation of the institution. Chapter 1o, entitled "Mead's Social Pragmatism," contains Cook's summary assessment of Mead's achievement. As Cook, following Arthur Murphy, points out there are two features of pragmatism: polemical and constructive. Whereas the polemical feature is evident in the pragmatists' critique of traditional philosophy, which seeks certaint ), in epistemology and metaphysics, the constructive feature is manifest in the endeavors of pragmatists to articulate comprehensive theories of knowledge, inquiry, morals, and society, with human conduct as their crux. Mead's pragmatism accentuates the constructive, and, as Cook demonstrates, his lasting contribution is in social psychology and social philosophy. Cook, therefore, has written a book that is of immense value to all students of American philosophy and social science. ANDREW J. REcK Tulane University Fred Dallmayr. The Other Heidegger. Contestations: Cornell Studies in Political Theory. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993. Pp. xii + ~32. Cloth, $30.75. With The Other Heidegger Fred Dallmayr has given us a book that is eminently sane, nuanced, and philosophically instructive. The book is well-tempered, which for the musical ear will mean not only that it is well disposed but above all finely tuned. 510 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 3~:3 JULY 1994 Dallmayr may well be the only "critic" of Heidegger's politics who has taken the trouble to grapple seriously with his philosophy. Early on in the book Dallmayr focusses on the distinction between "politics" (d/e Politik), concrete decision-making and policy, and the political (das Politische), the paradigmatic framework. "Irrespective of such caveats (to be amplified later), the distinction between two aspects or levels of politics has relevance for Heidegger's life and opus. It is my thesis here that Heidegger's promising contributions in this domain are located on the level of ontology or paradigmatic framework, rather than on that of decision-making or policy. Conversely, his role on the second plane is dismal, to the point of nearly eclipsing the rest of his work" (51). With the expressed reservation that he is not trying to condone Heidegger's politics , Dallmayr undertakes the arduous task of working through Heidegger's writings and seeing how with ever-increasing consistency they strive to step hack out of metaphysics and its political implications. He traces what he calls Heidegger's "inner emigration ," his ongoing turning away from the heroic and anything that smacks of will, to a reticence and growing...

THE STRUCTURE OF FAMILY PARADIGMS: AN ANALYTICAL MODEL OF FAMILY VARIATION

The theory of family paradigms provides an integrative framework for under‐standing and systematizing the diverse ways that families organize and make sense of family life. Using formal methods of analysis based on logical and geometrical arguments, the priecise implications of models of family types can be investigated and compared. The paradigmatic framework can thus be refined and extended to form a more rigorous theoretical grounding for family typologies is explored and a miltidimensional model is derived the geometry of which is equivalent to, but more succinctly captures, the underlying structure of uariation in family para‐digms. In Part II, the resulting model is interpredtd and explored in terms of implications for family theory, theory construction, and family therapy. Clarifying the basic dimensions of the paradigmatic framework also permits more precise exploration of interrelationships among related models of family types, which can be understood as reduced models derivable from the complete geometry of the paradigmatic framework.

Constructional perspectives in clinical assessment.

The constructional approach to assessment and treatment refers to broad metatheoretical assumptions regarding the value of constructing rather than eliminating behavioral repertoires. The attempt to move from a deficit-oriented model to one that emphasizes a client's assets and strengths is discernible in a variety of orientations. In this article, a general paradigmatic framework is advocated that represents positive and negative behaviors in the context of interactions between characteristics of the social environment and the organization of individual behavioral repertoires. By emphasizing the interrelationships within repertoires, a rationale is provided for conceptualizing and assessing positive behaviors

THE PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE PARADIGMS IN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL RESEARCH

This paper explores the role of paradigms in information retrieval research. The nature of a paradigm is outlined and the fundamental sense of a paradigm as an exemplar is identified. The applicability of the paradigm concept to a multi‐disciplinary field such as information science is discussed and it is concluded that paradigms can be a legitimate feature of information science though they may not be connected with the development of normal science. The features of two paradigms operating in information retrieval research, (1) the physical paradigm and (2) the cognitive paradigm are outlined, and their origins, nature and role examined. It is argued that although most work in information retrieval research takes place within the physical and cognitive paradigms, neither provides the basis for a powerful paradigm directed science. An explanation for the failure to develop a powerful body of theory articulated within a well developed paradigmatic framework is offered with reference to the inherent categorial duality of the field.

Putting Some Life into The System

A listing of the Big Problems of modem control theory is virtually identical to a listing of the problems that living organisms learned to solve eons ago. This paper advances the thesis that to address mathematically and computationally the major problem areas of control theory, we need an extension of the classical modeling paradigm upon which control theory rests. The paper discusses what any such extension necessarily involves, and outlines one extension of this type that enables us to account for the crucial life-giving activities of self-repair and replication. A number of problems in biology, economics and manufacturing are discussed as potential application areas for this employment of this new paradigmatic framework.

Rethinking the Political: Some Heideggerian Contributions

Recent literature on Heidegger concentrates heavily on his (temporary) involvement in or collusion with Nazi ideology and policies. Without belittling the gravity of the issue, this article shifts the focus somewhat by invoking a distinction which recently has emerged (or reemerged) in political thought: namely, the distinction between “politics” and “the political” or between politics viewed as partisan ideology or policy making, on the one hand, and politics seen as regime or paradigmatic framework, on the other. The main thesis of the article is that Heidegger's promising contributions to political theory are located on the level of ontology or paradigmatic framework rather than that of ideological partisanship. While not neglecting the dismal intrusions of the latter plane, the article probes Heideggerian cues for a “rethinking of the political” by placing the accent on four topical areas: first, the status of the subject or individual as political agent; second, the character of the political community, that is, of the polity or (in modern terms) the “state”; thirdly, the issue of cultural and political development or modernization; and finally, the problem of an emerging cosmopolis or world order beyond the confines of Western culture. In discussing these topics, an effort is made to disentangle Heidegger from possible misinterpretations and to indicate how, in each area, his thought pointed in the direction of an “overcoming” of Western political metaphysics.

The need for a science of larger social units: A contextual approach

This paper describes current issues in behavior therapy which point to the need for research on the larger context for behavior problems of individuals. Contextualism is advocated as a paradigmatic framework for the analysis of larger social units. We discuss its implications for theoretical analysis and empirical research. The concept of the cultural practice is advocated as the key dependent variable to be addressed in work focused on the larger context for behavior problems. The main theoretical concepts of cultural materialism are briefly described (Harris, 1979). These concepts suggest key aspects of the larger context for the environments of individuals which must be manipulated for research on the larger context to help ameliorate or prevent behavior problems. Finally, detailed examples of contextual analyses of tobacco use and childrearing practices are provided to illustrate how the present framework can be applied to important behavioral and societal problems.

Toward a Conceptual Framework for Mixed-Method Evaluation Designs

In recent years evaluators of educational and social programs have expanded their methodological repertoire with designs that include the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Such practice, however, needs to be grounded in a theory that can meaningfully guide the design and implementation of mixed-method evaluations. In this study, a mixed-method conceptual framework was developed from the theoretical literature and then refined through an analysis of 57 empirical mixed-method evaluations. Five purposes for mixed-method evaluations are identified in this conceptual framework: triangulation, complementarity, development, initiation, and expansion. For each of the five purposes, a recommended design is also presented in terms of seven relevant design characteristics. These design elements encompass issues about methods, the phenomena under investigation, paradigmatic framework, and criteria for implementation. In the empirical review, common misuse of the term triangulation was apparent in evaluations that stated such a purpose but did not employ an appropriate design. In addition, relatively few evaluations in this review integrated the different method types at the level of data analysis. Strategies for integrated data analysis are among the issues identified as priorities for further mixed-method work.

"Stutzen der gesellschaft" van george grosz: 'n Kunshistoriese Struktuuranalise

While freely adapting art historical methods of representatives of the Reformational tradition, the author does an extensive structuralanalys is and interpretation of a single painting, Pillars of society, b y George Grosz. This is done with reference to several aspects expressed in the work of art. The artist's particular treatment of aesthetic structural aspects, the artistic well rendered moments as well as the different under- and over stressings involved, are illustrated. These represent to a certain extent a distortion of the aesthetic structure and an insufficient development of the aesthetic quality in the anticipating structural moments. The importance of taking into account the relation between different aspects of a work of art is also stressed. The analysis of the pain tin g is done against the back ground of a concise description of biographical detail re g a rd in g the artist , as well as basic principle s in the paradigmatic framework of the author.

Toward a Conceptual Framework for Mixed-Method Evaluation Designs

In recent years evaluators of educational and social programs have expanded their methodological repertoire with designs that include the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Such practice, however, needs to be grounded in a theory that can meaningfully guide the design and implementation of mixed-method evaluations. In this study, a mixed-method conceptual framework was developed from the theoretical literature and then refined through an analysis of 57 empirical mixed-method evaluations. Five purposes for mixed-method evaluations are identified in this conceptual framework: triangulation, complementarity, development, initiation, and expansion. For each of the five purposes, a recommended design is also presented in terms of seven relevant design characteristics. These design elements encompass issues about methods, the phenomena under investigation, paradigmatic framework, and criteria for implementation. In the empirical review, common misuse of the term triangulation was apparent in evaluations that stated such a purpose but did not employ an appropriate design. In addition, relatively few evaluations in this review integrated the different method types at the level of data analysis. Strategies for integrated data analysis are among the issues identified as priorities for further mixed-method work.

MARITAL PARADIGMS: COMPATIBILITY, TREATMENT, AND OUTCOME IN MARITAL THERAPY

Marital paradigms comprise the guiding images that serve as reference models for a couple's relationship. Such individualized images can be understood as variations on a small set of basic themes. An understanding of clients' marital paradigms can help foeus treatment on the most appropriategoals usingapproaches and techniques that are most effective for a particular couple. An unselected group of 103 couples seen in systems‐oriented marital therapy were reviewed, to identify outcome and treatment issues as a function of marital paradigm. Based on outcome criteria that took marital paradigm into account, 92% of 38 cases where both partners identified with the same basic paradigm were judged to be treatment successes, while only 60% of the cases where the partners identified with different paradigms could be considered successful outcomes. Clinical approaches based on experience with marital therapy conducted within a paradigmatic framework are presented.