Paradigm Of Transfer Research Articles

Superimposed RIS-Phase Modulation for MIMO Communications: A Novel Paradigm of Information Transfer

Superimposed RIS-Phase Modulation for MIMO Communications: A Novel Paradigm of Information Transfer

Research on Spatial Concept Transfer - the Order of Adverbial Clauses of Time from Chinese English Learners at Different Educational Levels

The research on spatial concept transfer as a cognitive paradigm of language transfer aims to explain the factors that learners may encounter in second language acquisition (SLA) and promote the development of SLA. This research uses a corpus-based approach to reveal the features of English learners’ distribution of inflectional order in When, While, and Once-led adverbial clauses of time at different levels of education and to validate the theoretical framework of spatial concept transfer.

Kulturtransfer zwischen Basel und Polen. Die Universität Basel und die politischen und intellektuellen Eliten in Polen-Litauen in der ersten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts

This article deals with the relations between Basel and Poland in the first half of the 16th century, shown through the paradigm of the cultural transfer. The study claims that, in this period, relations with Erasmus of Rotterdam were far more important than relations with the University of Basel. Moreover, they have gone beyond the history of education. Indeed, Poles who visited Erasmus belonged to the narrow political elite of the kingdom. An analysis of the exchange of correspondence and gifts reveals that these contacts were not only of a cultural nature but also political. The royal court in Cracow used the position and fame of Erasmus to clear itself of favoring the Reformation. These accusations may have arisen in 1525 after the conversion of Grand Master of the Order Albrecht of Prussia which led to the establishment of the first Protestant duchy in Europe. The manipulation of the letter Erasmus sent to King Sigismund of Poland in 1527 proves that the cultural transfer not only went both ways and the “recipients” actively initiated it but also that they were able to creatively manipulate the content of the transfer.

An Insight into Translation Trends (with Special Reference to Russian and Armenian Translations of “A Christmas Carol”)

The article presents a comparative analysis of the cultural transfer of Dickens' novel “A Christmas Carol” in Armenian and Russian translations. The main objective of the article is to elucidate the distinctive characteristics of literary translation through the paradigm of cultural transfer, as well as the prevailing translation trends in Russian and Armenian national culture. In the Armenian literary environment of the late 19th century, British verbal art exerted a notable influence, precisely due to the influence of Russian literature and the intermediary role of Russian translations. The evaluation of Dickens' heritage as a literary classic, especially in Eastern Armenia, is first realised through the prism of its popularity in the Russian literary environment (in this context, significant textual modifications are made due to the different linguistic–cultural usage). At the same time, quantitative and qualitative studies have demonstrated the existence of Armenian translations or abridged versions (in Western Armenia and other centres of the Armenian diaspora, such as Athens and Beirut) of “A Christmas Carol”, created from the original text with apparent contextual alterations based on the influence of Armenian national specificity.

MECHANISMS OF THE CULTURAL TRANSFER IN TRANSLATION

The article is the first attempt to reveal the mechanisms of “the cultural transfer” (the notion was first introduced by the French theorist M. Espagne) of the Armenian and Russian translations of Charles Dickens’s novels. Evidently, the Armenian translations of the novels were transferred and interpreted especially from the beginning of the 1880s, in Shushi (1890-91), Tiflis (different publications in the 1890s), Constantinople (1928), Baku (1898), Athens (1928), Cairo (1892), etc. The Armenian versions of Dickens’s creativity were either paraphrased or translated from the original language or from Russian as an intermediary language. The article outlines theoretical and practical issues related to the specifics of the artistic translation through the paradigm of cultural transfer. Being at the crossroads of West and East the Armenian national culture is characterized as a unique manifestation of cultural transmission and a pivotal basis of socio-cultural and geopolitical usus. The article sketches the situation of “cultural transfer” of Charles Dickens’s novels whose literary reputation was established in the Russian literary field, that consequently made an influence on Eastern Armenia.

Linear and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Nitrobenzofurazan-Sulfide Derivatives: DFT-QTAIM Investigation on Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer.

In this study, we report on the green fluorescence exhibited by nitrobenzofurazan-sulfide derivatives (NBD-Si, i = 1-4). The optical responses of these studied compounds in a polar methanol solvent were simulated by the use of time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) employing the Becke-3-Parameter-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) functional along with the 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The computed energy and oscillator strength (f) results complement the experimental results. The band gap was calculated as the difference between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Additionally, the density of states (DOS) was computed, providing a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental properties of these materials and further corroborating the experimental data. When the experimental data derived from ultraviolet/visible (UV/visible) and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques and those from simulated spectra are analyzed, the extracted values match up adequately. In addition, the NBD-sulfide compounds exhibit a large Stokes shift up to 85 nm in a polar methanol solvent. They are hypothesized to represent a novel paradigm of excited-state intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). To understand the intrinsic optical properties of NBD-Si materials, an ICT was identified, and its direction within the molecule was evaluated using the ratio of βvect and βtotal, values extracted from the computed nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. Moreover, the reduced density gradient (RDG)-based noncovalent interactions (NCIs) were employed to characterize the strength and type of NBD-Si interactions. Furthermore, noncovalent interactions were identified and categorized using the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) analysis. Ultimately, the combination of Hirshfeld surface analysis and DFT calculations was utilized to enhance the characterization and rationalization of these NCIs.

Peculiarity of cultural transfer in literary translation (on the material of the Russian and Armenian translations of the British classic literature)

The article is the first attempt to analyze in a comparative way the situation of the transfer of British literary classics to Russia and Armenia in the 19th–20th centuries on the basis of the Armenian and Russian translations of Dickens’ novel “The Adventures of Oliver Twist”. The article outlines the range of issues related to the study of the specifics of artistic translation in the light of the paradigm of cultural transfer. The idea of “translation as violence” and the concept of translation “skopos” are analyzed as closely related to the paradigm of cultural transfer. The Armenian national culture is characterized as predominantly focused on cultural transfer and the phenomenon of translation. The article sketches the situation of “counter-movement”, which was favorable to the active reception of Dickens’s heritage in Armenia in the late 19th century as a “classic”. This favorably influenced the “intermediary” role of Russian translations in Armenia. The conclusion is made that the socio-cultural context of early Victorian England in its specificity, as well as the topicality, are rather and almost equally alien to the host context of Russia and Armenia, which articulated their own “communication request” for Dickens and formed the “reputational background” of the author in a significantly different socio-cultural and geopolitical usus. At the same time, there is the factor of Armenian national specificity, which manifests itself, among other things, in the increase in the “degree of optimism” of the translated texts, a phenomenon that is less indicative for the Russian translations.

Direct Observation of Ultrafast Proton Rocking in the BLUF Domain

AbstractWe present direct observation of ultrafast proton rocking in the central motif of a BLUF domain protein scaffold. The mutant design has taken consideration of modulating the proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) driving forces by replacing Tyr in the original motif with Trp, in order to remove the interference of a competing electron transfer pathway. Using femtosecond pump–probe spectroscopy and detailed kinetics analysis, we resolved an electron‐transfer‐coupled Grotthuss‐type forward and reverse proton rocking along the FMN–Gln–Trp proton relay chain. The rates of forward and reverse proton transfer are determined to be very close, namely 51 ps vs. 52 ps. The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) constants associated with the forward and reverse proton transfer are 3.9 and 5.3, respectively. The observation of ultrafast proton rocking is not only a crucial step towards revealing the nature of proton relay in the BLUF domain, but also provides a new paradigm of proton transfer in proteins for theoretical investigations.

Direct Observation of Ultrafast Proton Rocking in the BLUF Domain

We present direct observation of ultrafast proton rocking in the central motif of a BLUF domain protein scaffold. The mutant design has taken consideration of modulating the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) driving forces by replacing Tyr in the original motif with Trp, in order to remove the interference of a competing electron transfer pathway. Using femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy and detailed kinetics analysis, we resolved an electron-transfer-coupled Grotthuss-type forward and reverse proton rocking along the FMN-Gln-Trp proton relay chain. The rates of forward and reverse proton transfer are determined to be very close, namely 51 ps vs. 52 ps. The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) constants associated with the forward and reverse proton transfer are 3.9 and 5.3, respectively. The observation of ultrafast proton rocking is not only a crucial step towards revealing the nature of proton relay in the BLUF domain, but also provides a new paradigm of proton transfer in proteins for theoretical investigations.

Thermal equilibrium spin torque: Near-field radiative angular momentum transfer in magneto-optical media

Spin and orbital angular momentum of light plays a central role in quantum nanophotonics as well as topological electrodynamics. Here, we show that the thermal radiation from finite-sized bodies comprising of nonreciprocal magneto-optical materials can exert a spin torque even in global thermal equilibrium. Moving beyond the paradigm of near-field heat transfer, we calculate near-field radiative angular momentum transfer between finite-sized nonreciprocal objects by combining Rytov's fluctuational electrodynamics with the theory of optical angular momentum. We prove that a single magneto-optical cubic particle in non-equilibrium with its surroundings experiences a torque in the presence of an applied magnetic field (T-symmetry breaking). Furthermore, even in global thermal equilibrium, two particles with misaligned gyrotropic axes experience equal magnitude torques with opposite signs which tend to align their gyrotropic axes parallel to each other. Our results are universally applicable to semiconductors like InSb (magneto-plasmas) as well as Weyl semi-metals which exhibit the anomalous Hall effect (gyrotropy) at infrared frequencies. Our work paves the way towards near-field angular momentum transfer mediated by thermal fluctuations for nanoscale devices.

Genomogenesis of the Plague Bacteria Yersinia pestis as a Process of Mosaic Evolution

The guiding methodological principle of the modern molecular genetic (MG) approach to the problem of speciation of the plague bacteria Yersinia pestis is the saltationist paradigm of horizontal gene transfer. The main speciation events include the insertion of two virulence plasmids specific to Y. pestis, pFra and pPst, into the genome of ancestral psychrophilic saprozoonotic pseudotuberculosis bacteria Y. pseudotuberculosis O:1b, as well as inactivation/deletion of genes that have lost their functions. An alternative ecological approach suggests the “Darwinian” mechanism of the plague bacterium genome formation in the temperature-continuous (5–37°C) environment, i.e., the Tarbagan marmot–marmot flea (Marmota sibirica–Oropsylla silantiewi) parasitic system, which demonstrates intermediate properties between the habitats of progenitor and derivative species. In accordance with the ecological scenario of the plague origin, the evolutionary fate of 18 well-studied plague bacterium genes and gene structures was interpreted. It was demonstrated that gradual transformation of the genome of the pseudotuberculosis bacterium into the genome of plague causative agent proceeded according to the principle of mosaic evolution and corresponded to three types of adaptation, i.e., inadaptation, pre-adaptation and neo-adaptation. The prospects for further development of the theory of plague origin are thought to be in the synthesis of MG and ecological approaches.

High Heat Flux Evaporation of Low Surface Tension Liquids from Nanoporous Membranes.

Water is often considered as the highest performance working fluid for liquid-vapor phase change due to its high thermal conductivity and large enthalpy of vaporization. However, a wide range of industrial systems require using low surface tension liquids where heat transfer enhancement has proved challenging for boiling and evaporation. Here, we enable a new paradigm of phase change heat transfer, which favors high volatility, low surface tension liquids rather than water. We utilized a nanoporous membrane of ≈600 nm thickness and <140 nm pore diameters supported on efficient liquid supply architectures, decoupling capillary pumping from viscous loss. Proof-of-concept devices were microfabricated and tested in a custom-built environmental chamber. We used R245fa, pentane, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, and water as working fluids with devices of total membrane area varying from 0.017 to 0.424 cm2. We realized a device-level pure evaporation heat flux of 144 ± 6 W/cm2 for water, and the highest evaporation heat flux was obtained with pentane at 550 ± 90 W/cm2. We developed a three-level model to understand vapor dynamics near the interface and thermal conduction within the device, which showed good agreement with experiments. We then compared pore-level heat transfer of different fluids, where R245fa showed approximately 10 times the performance of water under the same working conditions. Finally, we illustrate the usefulness of a figure of merit extracted from the kinetic theory for evaporation. The current work provides fundamental insights into the evaporation of low surface tension liquids, which can impact various applications such as refrigeration and air conditioning, petroleum and solvent distillation, and on-chip electronics cooling.

Exploring 'South-South' Technology Transfer Perspective for Regional Development and Stability: The Case of China Pakistan Economic Corridor

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Historically, there was a traditional North-South paradigm of technology transfer under which the developed part of the world had the capability and authority of technology transfer to the relatively less developed and developing states. However, this was challenged by China which rose as an economic power and reversed the technology transfer paradigm (South-North technology cooperation). Chinese innovative policies have made it a world power and the source of technology transfer to the developing part of the world thus forming the South-South technology transfer network. China has earned the status of world lender and project financier through its One Belt One Road project and through CPEC Pakistan has become the recipient of more than $46 billion of Chinese FDI. This provides Pakistan with ample of opportunities of technology transfer and boosting its economy. However, only the implementation of balanced economic and technological policies can lead to fruitful results for the donor as well as recipient state.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Revisiting the Mechanism of the Anaerobic Coproporphyrinogen III Oxidase HemN.

HemN is a radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of coproporphyrinogen III to produce protoporphyrinogen IX, an intermediate in heme biosynthesis. HemN binds two SAM molecules in the active site, but how these two SAMs are utilized for the sequential decarboxylation of the two propionate groups of coproporphyrinogen III remains largely elusive. Provided here is evidence showing that in HemN catalysis a SAM serves as a hydrogen relay which mediates a radical-based hydrogen transfer from the propionate to the 5'-deoxyadenosyl (dAdo) radical generated from another SAM in the active site. Also observed was an unexpected shunt product resulting from trapping of the SAM-based methylene radical by the vinyl moiety of the mono-decarboxylated intermediate, harderoporphyrinogen. These results suggest a major revision of the HemN mechanism and reveal a new paradigm of the radical-mediated hydrogen transfer in radical SAM enzymology.

Learning from LA: Australian Responses to Los Angeles Urbanism 1910–1960

From the 1910s to the 1950s, Los Angeles was a surprising exemplar of progressive planning for Australian cities. LA’s planned neighborhoods early captured the garden suburb ideal. Regional planning initiatives attracted increasing interest, then transport planning and management of auto traffic. Mechanisms of urban governance and formal alliances between private and public sectors followed. This learning from abroad is set within the paradigm of urban policy transfer, highlighting the selectivity of borrowing within the dominant ideology of town and country planning. From the 1960s, positive connotations would be extinguished by new representations of a sprawling, divided, and polluted metropolis.

Retinal progenitor cells release extracellular vesicles containing developmental transcription factors, microRNA and membrane proteins

A range of cell types, including embryonic stem cells, neurons and astrocytes have been shown to release extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing molecular cargo. Across cell types, EVs facilitate transfer of mRNA, microRNA and proteins between cells. Here we describe the release kinetics and content of EVs from mouse retinal progenitor cells (mRPCs). Interestingly, mRPC derived EVs contain mRNA, miRNA and proteins associated with multipotency and retinal development. Transcripts enclosed in mRPC EVs, include the transcription factors Pax6, Hes1, and Sox2, a mitotic chromosome stabilizer Ki67, and the neural intermediate filaments Nestin and GFAP. Proteomic analysis of EV content revealed retinogenic growth factors and morphogen proteins. mRPC EVs were shown to transfer GFP mRNA between cell populations. Finally, analysis of EV mediated functional cargo delivery, using the Cre-loxP recombination system, revealed transfer and uptake of Cre+ EVs, which were then internalized by target mRPCs activating responder loxP GFP expression. In summary, the data supports a paradigm of EV genetic material encapsulation and transfer within RPC populations. RPC EV transfer may influence recipient RPC transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, representing a novel mechanism of differentiation and fate determination during retinal development.

Theory of ITG turbulent saturation in stellarators: Identifying mechanisms to reduce turbulent transport

A three-field fluid model that allows for general three-dimensional equilibrium geometry is developed to describe ion temperature gradient turbulent saturation processes in stellarators. The theory relies on the paradigm of nonlinear transfer of energy from unstable to damped modes at comparable wavelength as the dominant saturation mechanism. The unstable-to-damped mode interaction is enabled by a third mode that for dominant energy transfer channels primarily serves as a regulator of the nonlinear energy transfer rate. The identity of the third wave in the interaction defines different scenarios for turbulent saturation with the dominant scenario depending upon the properties of the 3D geometry. The nonlinear energy transfer physics is quantified by the product of a turbulent correlation lifetime and a geometric coupling coefficient. The turbulent correlation time is determined by a three-wave frequency mismatch, which at long wavelength can be calculated from the sum of the linear eigenfrequencies of the three modes. Larger turbulent correlation times denote larger levels of nonlinear energy transfer and hence smaller turbulent transport. The theory provides an analytic prediction for how 3D shaping can be tuned to lower turbulent transport through saturation processes.

Insights into Mechanisms of Transmission and Pathogenesis from Transgenic Mouse Models of Prion Diseases.

Prions represent a new paradigm of protein-mediated information transfer. In the case of mammals, prions are the cause of fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases, sometimes referred to as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which frequently occur as epidemics. An increasing body of evidence indicates that the canonical mechanism of conformational corruption of cellular prion protein (PrPC) by the pathogenic isoform (PrPSc) that is the basis of prion formation in TSEs is common to a spectrum of proteins associated with various additional human neurodegenerative disorders, including the more common Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The peerless infectious properties of TSE prions, and the unparalleled tools for their study, therefore enable elucidation of mechanisms of template-mediated conformational propagation that are generally applicable to these related disease states. Many unresolved issues remain including the exact molecular nature of the prion, the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms of prion propagation, and the means by which prion diseases can be both genetic and infectious. In addition, we know little about the mechanism by which neurons degenerate during prion diseases. Tied to this, the physiological role of the normal form of the prion protein remains unclear and it is uncertain whether or not loss of this function contributes to prion pathogenesis. The factors governing the transmission of prions between species remain unclear, in particular the means by which prion strains and PrP primary structure interact to affect interspecies prion transmission. Despite all these unknowns, advances in our understanding of prions have occurred because of their transmissibility to experimental animals, and the development of transgenic (Tg) mouse models has done much to further our understanding about various aspects of prion biology. In this review, we will focus on advances in our understanding of prion biology that occurred in the past 8 years since our last review of this topic.

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations in Human Cancers: Physiopathologic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targeting

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a metabolic enzyme responsible for the enzymatic conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Mutations in the IDH gene result in a novel gain-of-function, with development of neomorphic enzymatic activity determining the pathological reduction of α-KG to (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate. The accumulation of this pathological metabolite (onco-metabolite) in cancer cells is, to a large extent, responsible for the development of several cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), low-grade gliomas (LGGs) or chondrocytic tumors. Furthermore, various experimental studies have shown that IDH mutations represent an early, driver event, conserved during tumor progression in neoplasias such AML and LGG. Given all these observations, potent and selective IDH inhibitors have been developed and are currently under investigation in phase I/II clinical studies. In particular, AG-221, a first-in-class inhibitor of mutant IDH2, was tested in hematological patients with refractory/relapsing AML or myelodysplasia and showed an overall response rate of 59/159 (37%), as well as a good safety profile. Similarly, AG-120, an inhibitor of mutant IDH1, was tested in 66 relapsing/refractory AML patients and showed an overall response rate of 36%, with a complete response rate of 16%. A new IDH inhibitor, AG-811 displayed the capacity to inhibit both mutants IDH1/2 and to penetrate the blood: brain barrier, a property that would be suitable for treatment of glioma patients. On the other hand, additional observations have suggested that IDH-mutant AMLs are sensitive to treatment with BCL-2 inhibitors and to the differentiative induction with all-trans retinoic acid. In conclusion, the collective studies carried out in recent years on the characterization of IDH-mutant tumors highlight an admirable paradigm of the virtuosic transfer from basic research (with improvements in our understanding of the physio-pathological role played by IDH mutations in the development of some tumors) to clinical studies (with the development of selective, potent and clinically-active IDH inhibitors).

‘Educare’ in Australia: analysing policy mobility and transformation

Background: Early childhood education and care has been an area of significant policy attention, public investment and private market activity in Australia over the past three decades. Australian educationists and policy-makers have looked to international examples for evidence, policy design and institutional models. However, this area is under-researched in Australia, with regard to how these knowledge flows are theorised, and how policy is implemented on the ground.Purpose: The paper’s purpose was to contribute new Australian-focussed conceptual and empirical insights on the trajectories, development and implementation of evidence-based policy in the field of early childhood education and care.Sources of evidence: The paper is based on three main sources of evidence:• the critical literature on policy transfer and policy mobility• policy statements, reports and planning documents produced by national- and state-level governments• data from fieldwork analysis of new capital works and programmes in the early childhood field.Main argument: International research and evidence on the benefits of investment in early learning has had a significant impact on the framing of Australian policy. So too has a move in several countries to align early childhood institutions with schools. However, a dominant paradigm of policy transfer, reliant on pluralist and rationalist frameworks of policy-making, fails to account for the dynamics of policy development and implementation across and within jurisdictions and geographical space. Conceptualising a new alignment in Australia between children’s centres and schools as ‘educare’, this article employs the theoretical lens of policy mobility to account for the circulation and transformation of educare policy in Australian settings. Through an empirical analysis of a new educare centre in the growth corridor of western Melbourne, the article demonstrates the extent to which neoliberal policy settings outside the educational sphere, around public finance, partnership, place and infrastructure provision, influence the implementation of ‘educare’ policy.Conclusions: The educare discourse in Australia addresses a complex and multiscalar set of policy problems that associate child development with concerns around human capital formation, economic efficiency and productivity, place making and community building, and the role of the public sector in neoliberal democracies. International circuits of knowledge, policy design and institutional models in the educare field have been significant in shaping recent Australian policy, despite well-publicised views expressed in Australia on the disconnection between academic research and policy. The strength of policy mobility as a theoretical lens to assist our understanding of these influences lies in its critique of formalism in policy-making and in its attention to fluidity and transformation. The mobility lens encourages new empirical research that focuses on spatial and institutional dynamics, assisting our reading of on-the-ground developments in Australia’s fastest growing city.