Psychological Paradigm Research Articles

The Theory of Lateral Thinking and the Development of Informational Scripts

the aim of our research is to study dominant areas of theoretical and em-pirical researches in the paradigm of Creative Psychology, to describe the theory of lateral thinking and the development of informational scripts within it. methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: the categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization.the results of the research. It is showed that the main ways to change and develop information scripts in the paradigm of the theory of lateral thinking are: free, unmotivated regrouping of elements; gaining of information; expansion of the information field, inclusion of random “extra” information in the already known individual of the frame; an abrupt way of developing a certain idea. The principles of lateral thinking are: postponement of the assessment; the accident; the information which jumps in any direction; doubts; future; the opposite of absolute confidence.conclusions. So, distinguishing between vertical and lateral thinking, we emphasize two cardinal, opposite and interrelated areas of the creative process: the association and dissociation of information elements, the creation of stereo-types and their destruction. It is also substantiated the possibility of creating a system of technologies and methods of creative transformation. It is proved that all these were of fundamental importance for the prospects of developing psy-cho-correctional and developmental programs in the Psychology of Creativity. Some current issues of Creative Psychology (CREATIVE PROCESS – RESULT – PER-SONALITY OF THE CREATOR) are identified, the scientific context of personality is determined, the presupposition and dominant guidelines for further search and implementation of our own empirical researches are showed.

The effect of traffic light spacing and signal congruency on drivers’ responses at urban intersections

Traffic lights are critical in regulating traffic flow and modulate the level of service and road user safety. As suggested by studies conducted with pedestrians, traffic light spacing and signal congruency could also impact a driver's decision-making process. However, requirements related to designing signalized intersections do not always consider the spacing between two consecutive traffic lights or the congruency of the information displayed. Here, using a classic traffic psychology paradigm, we developed a hybrid Go/No-go Flanker PC-based task to explore how traffic light spacing and signal congruency modulate drivers’ decisions in urban intersections. Real images of road intersections were edited to reproduce two specific conditions between traffic lights. Specifically, we manipulated both spacing (short vs. long) and congruency (congruent [e.g., red-red/green-green steady light] vs. incongruent [e.g., red-green/green-red steady light]). We found that incongruent information, displayed on short spacing traffic signals, delayed drivers’ responses without being detrimental to their decision-making processes. The results of this exploratory study could offer guidance to transportation engineers to simplify traffic light information readability and increase drivers’ awareness of traffic conditions and road safety.

Back to Science of Consciousness: Science of Raja Yoga and the need for reversal of Psychological Paradigm

Psychology is originally called Science of Consciousness as the Greek word ‘Psychology’ means ‘Science of Soul’. Raja Yoga explores Consciousness and its role in real life applications which could develop interest in Consciousness amongst Psychologists and Psychiatrists. Consciousness plays an important role in intention, attention, thoughts, feelings, emotions, behavior and health. Raja Yoga teaches how to use Consciousness as a King to control his State, consisting of ministers, subjects who are known as mind, intellect and five senses. Raja Yoga explains that mind and intellect do not have separate existence but they are just different functions of Consciousness itself. Raja Yoga helps to manage the psychological, biological, social and spiritual factors of human beings effectively. If Counselors understand Consciousness and apply them in therapeutic techniques, there will be better results than what is obtained now. This article of an individual Case-study is written based on 21years of self-observation on Raja Yoga practice (Dana, 2020) and its application on Counseling interventions.

Autohtona islamska psihologija u bosanskom kontekstu / Indigenous Islamic Psychology in Bosnian Context

The idea of Islamic psychology in its different meanings has been present for years in scientific and academic circles of the East and the West. With the increasing presence of postmodern ideas in today science and aspirations of the former colonies for cultural and scientific emancipation from their Western colonizers, this syntagm during last decades has more and more assumed a meaning of indigenous scientific paradigm in contemporary psychology that is rooted in Islamic teaching about man. The main aim of this paper is to determine as to what extent and in which manner Muslim authors in Bosnia and Herzegovina have discussed this theme. Our analysis of relevant literature has shown that the topic of indigenous Islamic perspective in psychology has been present in local Muslim theological and Sufi circles since ever. Focused reconsideration of modern psychological theory and practice in the light of basic premises of Islamic anthropology, however, goes back to 1990ies and has mostly been an expression of independent and uncoordinated efforts on the part of local enthusiasts, Islamic institutions of higher learning and a number of NGOs. Their achievements in this regard could be generally traced in traditional Sufi works, recent spiritual and psychological thought of Muslim theologians, scientific analysis of Muslim psychologists and translations of relevant foreign literature. Altogether, they mostly aim to explicate building blocks of Islamic paradigm in psychology and understanding of human personality, to elaborate possible models of integrating Islamic spiritual and psychological concepts or spiritual exercises in psychotherapeutic practice, and to expose Sufi thought and understanding of spiritual upbringing as well as psychological heritage of early Muslim scholars. A limited number of comparative psychology works bears methodological features of the Islamic Filter, Islamic Psychology and Comparative Approaches (Kaplick and Skinner, 2017) but never ones of Multilevel Interdisciplinary Paradigm (Al-Karam, 2018).

Exploratory study on the use of HMD virtual reality to investigate individual differences in visual processing styles

PurposeGlobal and local processing is part of human perceptual organisation, where global processing helps extract the “gist” of the visual information and local processing helps perceive the details. Individual differences in these two types of visual processing have been found in autism and ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Virtual reality (VR) has become a more available method of research in the last few decades. No previous research has investigated perceptual differences using this technology.Design/methodology/approachThe objective of the research is to threefold: (1) identify if there is association between ADHD and autistic traits and the performance on the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF) task, (2) investigate practical effects of using VR drawing tools for research on perceptual experiences and (3) explore any perceptual differences brought out by the three-dimensional nature of the VR. The standard ROCF test was used as a baseline task to investigate the practical utility of using VR as an experimental platform. A total of 94 participants were tested.FindingsAttention-to-detail, attention switching and imagination subscales of autism quotient (AQ) questionnaire were found to be predictors of organisational ROCF scores, whereas only the attention-to-detail subscale was predictive of perceptual ROCF scores.Originality/valueThe current study is an example of how classic psychological paradigms can be transferred into the virtual world. Further investigation of the distinct individual preferences in drawing tasks in VR could lead to a better understanding of individual differences in the processing of visuospatial information.

English

This paper investigates the potential influence of socioeconomic factors in the students’ choice for tertiary education. The approach of this study combines an opinion survey, desk research and a case study.  Shifting of a psychological paradigm is easier said than done. It may need social awareness about the existing problems, gaps, significance and negative/positive impact of different scenarios, and availability of potential solution. The data analysis and discussions have been done under identified key socioeconomic factors relevant to education. Parental levels of education, income, and financial status have been given priority in the discussion. Parents’ involvements in education and material support have been recognized as influential factors in students’ choice in university education. The language of instruction and peer group in school environment was considered finally. However, none of these factors are within the control of a person or an institute. The objective of the study is to explore factors required to establish favourable socioeconomic conditions providing students with right direction while implementing necessary policy changes to create suitable pathways in the tertiary education. The paper recommends vertical integration of teaching majors from school, to the university, to the industry which would provide many benefits.   Key words: Psychological paradigm, students’ choice, tertiary education, socioeconomic factors.

Minding our Minds: Obsessive-Compulsiveness, Psychiatry, and Psychology

Obsessive–compulsive features are commonly found in high-achieving people including psychiatrists, psychologists, and scientists. These traits have a substantial but unrecognized cultural influence on psychiatric and psychological science and practice. This article reviews obsessive–compulsive mechanisms and discusses the ways they both promote and impede psychiatric and psychological science and practice. It examines them in relation to two of the dominant psychiatric and psychological paradigms of our era, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. Finally, the article suggests that better awareness of our collective obsessive–compulsive tendencies can facilitate a cultural shift toward a broader, more useful science of mind and brain, as well as therapies informed by more comprehensive scientific understanding.

Response to Commentaries by Coburn, Gardner and Teicholz on “The Emerging Paradigm of Relational Self Psychology: An Historical Perspective”

ABSTRACT We express our deep appreciation to our three commentators, William Coburn, Jill Gardner, and Judy Teicholz, recognizing the value we gained by each of them reading our paper closely and respectfully, and responding accordingly. We begin with William Coburn, who saw our efforts as the latest move in the evolution of the complex system we call Self Psychology. We feel he appreciated our account of how Self Psychology has developed and changed both within Kohut’s lifetime and since his death, moving from a one-person to a two-person psychology, in part in response to interaction with infant research, Intersubjectivity theory, and other relational theories. We then move to Jill Gardner, who raises questions about just how differently we view the nature of the self and transference and asks if there are predetermined aspects of each that are not relationally co-created in the analysis. Finally, we turn to Judy Teicholz, for whom Kohut has always been a relational Self Psychologist. We feel this is an ahistorical view that fails to enter into the classical one-person psychology milieu in which Kohut was trained and initially worked, and obscures the significant changes in Self Psychology that emerged both in his lifetime and through the efforts of subsequent theorists. All in all, we are grateful for the time and effort all three of our commentators devoted to what we wrote.

Durkheim’s ambivalence towards psychology and the foundations of sociology as a discipline

The paper explores Durkheim?s ambivalent position towards psychology, drawing on his debates with Comte, Tarde, and Wundt. In addressing this issue, we propose different types of anti-psychologism in sociology: epistemological (excluding psychological dimensions from sociological explanations), institutional (denying psychology the status of science), and strategic (establishing sociology as a scientific field). The analysis shows that Durkheim?s strategic anti-psychologism was more prominent and comprehensive than his epistemological anti-psychologism. Durkheim was against psychologism in sociology, but he incorporated psychological dimensions into his theory (cognitivism). He opted for a clear distinction between sociological and psychological fields, but he accepted psychology as an academic discipline (unlike Comte) and even incorporated some ideas from Wundt?s psychology. Durkheim?s position was determined by historical developments in the emerging social sciences. The competition between the neighbouring academic fields asked for ?distinction?. At the same time, shifting paradigms in psychology resulted in converging positions (Durkheim and Wundt). We argue that a common perception of Durkheim?s anti-psychologism has overshadowed his nuanced approach to psychological factors in his work. It has also determined the long-term ?fear of psychologism? and a lack of relevant psychological perspective in sociology.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ ВІЙНИ

The article has analyzed views of domestic and foreign authors on the essence and content of the concepts of "information warfare", "psychological war" and "information-psychological war" as components of a hybrid war. Within the psychological paradigm, information warfare is understood as the latent impact of information on individual, group and mass consciousness through methods of propaganda, misinformation, manipulation to form new views on the socio-political organization of society through changes in values and basic attitudes. The concept of "world psychological warfare", various theoretical approaches, tools of information and theoretical approach are considered. The tools of the information warfare against Ukraine are propaganda; manipulation; attempts to change public opinion; psychological and psychotropic pressure; spreading rumors, blocking TV and radio broadcasts; removal of Ukrainian channels in the occupied territories; disinformation and distribution of fake news; distribution of fake information. The defining features of the concepts of "information warfare" and "psychological war" are that information warfare is conducted mostly in cyberspace, while psychological – in social space. The organizational differences of the information influence of the Russian Federation in the basic training of law enforcement specialists are investigated. The main directions of work, forms of information warfare activities which were carried out by the Russian party are characterized. The main psychological challenges of modern information wars are shown. The psychological challenges caused by the war are identified, which are conditionally divided into the following four groups: challenges to Ukrainians as a community; challenges to the mental health of the individual; challenges to psychological well-being; challenges to Ukrainian psychologists as a professional community. In the course of the study, recommendations for confrontation in the information warfare were formed. The main necessary measures to counteract the information aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine are suggested.

ФЕНОМЕН КАТАРСИСА В ПСИХОЛОГИИ КИНОИСКУССТВА: ДИАГНОСТИКА ПЕРЕЖИВАНИЯ

The article is devoted to an empirical study aimed at diagnosing the experience of catharsis by the spectator of a feature film. The first part of the article deals with the historical and theoretical aspects of the phenomenon of catharsis, the mechanisms and factors of its occurrence. The second part of the work presents the results of a study of 16 men and 9 women, aged 18-45, who highly rated the feature film "Joker" (authors of positive film reviews) on the popular Internet site www.kinopoisk.ru. The study was conducted to test the hypothesis that watching a feature film of a specific dramatic content can cause a state of catharsis in individuals with certain psychological characteristics. The analysis of the results and the conclusion of the study are presented in the interpretation of different psychological paradigms: psychophysiological and psychoanalytic

Suicide in the paradigm of social addiction and Psychology of Law

The article reflects one of the fundamental directions of scientific research conducted of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the field of Philosophy, Sociology and Psychology of Law in the context of the history of Russian civilization, the Russian State and the theory of law. The article attempts to theoretically comprehend the phenomenon of suicide from the standpoint of socio-legal addictions (addictions) and deviations (deviations from norms), firstly, as a medical and psychological phenomenon, and secondly, as a person’s reaction to personal adversity, social circumstances, moral, material and other plans. Formulations revealing the essence of suicide are given in the works of ancient thinkers, philosophers, sociologists and jurists of other times. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of suicidal behavior, the extent of the spread of suicide in the history of various civilizations, including the Slavic-Russian-Russian, are summarized. On this basis, the author's idea of suicide is given, based on philosophical, legal and theological teachings, the results of sociological research, official statistics and the conclusions of modern researchers.

Краткая версия опросника аутентичности Керниса-Голдмана: адаптация в России

Aim. The first psychometric verification of the Kernis-Goldman Authenticity Inventory, which includes 45 statements and four scales in the initial version, such as Awareness, Unbiased processing, authentic Behavior, and Relational orientation, was carried out in Russia. The questionnaire was developed within the framework of the existential paradigm of personality psychology. Procedure and method. The study involved 704 respondents (144 male, 559 female, aged 17 to 32 years). To check the convergent validity, the Authenticity scale (subscales: Authentic living, Acceptance of external influence, and Self-Alienation) and the single-scale Moscow authenticity scale were used. Confirmatory factor analysis, parametric and nonparametric statistical methods were used. Results and conclusion. During the adaptation, the Authenticity inventory was reduced to 32 points (per 8 in each of the scales), in order to keep the original factor structure. It was found that the Relational orientation score is higher in females, and Awareness is higher in males. It was also found that the indicators of the adapted questionnaire positively correlate with the scores of Authentic living and the Moscow authenticity scale, and negatively — with the scores of Acceptance of external influence and Self-alienation. The study showed the structural and convergent validity of the Russian-language version of the questionnaire. The new tool can be recommended for evaluating the effectiveness of various interventions and for research.

НАУЧНАЯ ШКОЛА СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ПСИХОЛОГИИ Г.М. АНДРЕЕВОЙ: ТРАДИЦИИ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ

Background. Th e article reveals the epistemological sources of the scientifi c school of G.M. Andreeva, which became both the basis and the trigger for the development of social psychology at Moscow University in the second half of the ХХ and early XXI centuries. Objective. Show the relevance and heuristics of the concept of social psychology and social cognition worked out by G.M. Andreeva. Th is concept makes it possible to study the aff ective and cognitive aspects of perception and emotion experience of various vectors of sociocultural changes and crises, including situations of frustration and deprivation of a person’s living space, digitalization and mediatization of society and culture. Methods. Th e methods of historical hermeneutics, historical-genetic and categorical analysis are used, reconstructing the internal logic and the main stages in the development of the scientifi c school of social psychology and social cognition of G.M. Andreeva, her innovative research methodology and categorical apparatus. Results. Th e socio-cultural and intellectual factors of the emergence and creative development of the G.M. Andreeva’s school for more than a half of century are analyzed. Th e epistemological prerequisites for constructing social psychology as a scientifi c discipline included in the real context of the life of society and culture are revealed; the main results of the research of social cognition in conditions of social instability and uncertainty are summarizes and construed. Th e potential of her ideas in the intellectual context of modern psychology is shown. Conclusion. Transdisciplinary and fundamental openness of the methodological gestalt of the new scientifi c school of social psychology created by G.M. Andreeva became the key to its fruitful development in the unpredictably changing space of the modern world. Th e original author’s concept of social cognition, proposed by G.M. Andreeva, unites the disciplinary traditions (paradigms) of psychological and sociological social psychology, which diverged in the twentieth century, and makes it possible to study complex psychological phenomena, patterns and mechanisms of modern society and culture.

From Multiple Intelligences to Contextualized Multiple Intelligences: A New Psychological Paradigm for Higher Education Pedagogy in South Asian Countries

From Multiple Intelligences to Contextualized Multiple Intelligences: A New Psychological Paradigm for Higher Education Pedagogy in South Asian Countries

A positive psychology perspective on pre-deployment fitness-for-duty evaluations for external deployments: A proposition for the South African National Defence Force

The aim of this article is to introduce the reader to a psychological well-being orientation for soldiers in pre-deployment fitness-for-duty evaluations by screening for psychological risk rather than pathology. The aim is reached by firstly discussing the existing process of pre-deployment fitness-for-duty evaluations, then conceptualising the assessment for psychological risk rather than psychopathology only, followed by linking pre-deployment assessment of fitness-for-duty evaluations to the positive psychology paradigm and proposing an integrative military model for soldiers’ psychological well-being in the external deployment context. The discussion is concluded by recommendations for military decision-makers to consider this approach of psychological risk assessment as a feasible process.

Supplemental Material for The Integration of the Heart-Centered Paradigm of Sufi Psychology in Contemporary Psychotherapy Practice

Supplemental Material for The Integration of the Heart-Centered Paradigm of Sufi Psychology in Contemporary Psychotherapy Practice

An Expatriate’s perspective of India: A study of India- A Wounded Civilization

Expatriate writing, born out of a paradox between movement and resettlement, a sense of belongingness and alienation, has come to occupy a significant position between cultures and countries. It provides fresh perspectives and raises new theoretical formulations. In the process of trying to understand, or rather unravel, it constructs new identities since such creative expressions involve redefining positions and renegotiating boundaries of the emotional and psychological space one can relate to or which one considers his very own. Cultures travel within the psychological realm with the writers living abroad as they shuttle between the physical and psychological paradigms of two different nations. Cultural theories today are being rewritten by such writers who occupy the “in between’ position living on the peripherals of two cultures.

The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation to left DLPFC on attention, inhibition and working memory for people with dementia

AbstractBackgroundThe left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a brain region that has been associated with executive function. In functional perspective, it involves the ability to organize, plan and carry out activities of daily living in an efficient manner.MethodA double‐blinded, randomized case‐control, single session interventional study was conducted to a match group of 24 older adults with dementia and 24 healthy control. Participants were then randomized to either anodal left DLPFC stimulation or sham stimulation . Those recruited subjects were equally randomized to 4 groups of single intervention, namely experimental verum stimulation, experimental sham stimulation, healthy control verum stimulation and health control sham stimulation. The outcome measures included pre‐and‐post stimulation performance‐based measure of executive function (The Home‐based Evaluation of Executive Function; The Home ‐MET), and three well established experimental paradigms of cognitive psychology such as Trail Making Task (TMT), N‐back Task (NBT) and Stroop Test (ST) under different modes of cognitive stimulation.ResultWith age and gender as covariates, the repeated measure ANOVAs of the MET results showed a significant group effect within subjects with F(1, 3) = 5.56, p < .01, with small to medium effect size of partial eta square = .28 with observed power = .92 , p < .05. In univariate general linear model analyses, NBT demonstrated there is significant interaction effect between group and types of stimulation, the univariate F(1, 44) = 8.77 with p = .001, small to medium effect size with partial eta square = .37 with observed power = .99. By multi‐variate general linear model, NBT and TMT together demonstrated there is significant interaction effect between groups, for NBT, the multivariate F(1, 42) = 9.03, p = .001 with partial eta square = .39 with observed power = .99.ConclusionIn this paper we investigate the effect single‐session tDCS may have on impact on performance‐based measure and cognition enhancement by using three well established experimental paradigms of cognitive psychology. Significant difference noted between experimental and health control in verum tDCS stimulation. Interesting, the sham tDCS also demonstrated its effect on executive function enhancement in healthy control but not the dementia subjects.

Neuromodulation Strategies for the Treatment of Depression

For many decades, psychiatric treatment has been primarily guided by two major paradigms of psychopathology: a neurochemical paradigm leading to the development of medications and a psychological paradigm resulting in the development of psychotherapies. A third paradigm positing that psychiatric dysfunction results from abnormal communication within a network of brain regions that regulate mood, thought, and behavior has gained increased attention over the past several years and underlies the development of multiple neuromodulation and neurostimulation therapies. This neural circuit paradigm is not new. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was a common way of understanding psychiatric illness and led to several of our earliest somatic therapies. However, with the rise of effective medications and evidence-based psychotherapies, this paradigm went mostly dormant. Its recent reemergence resulted from a growing recognition that medications and psychotherapy leave many patients inadequately treated, along with technological advances that have revolutionized our ability to understand and modulate the neural circuitry involved in psychiatric disorders. In this overview, the authors review the history and current state of neuromodulation for psychiatric illness and specifically focus on these approaches as a treatment for depression, as this has been the primary indication for these interventions over time.