Planning Paradigm Research Articles

City Water Resilience Framework: A governance based planning tool to enhance urban water resilience

• The ability to manage and build urban water resilience will depend on how the city is managing and governing its water resources and services and how it is addressing the water-related shocks and stresses • There is an increasing demand for innovative tools and guidance to apply water resilience concept in practice. • With empirical evidence, the paper presents a water resilience assessment framework that includes a set of resilience indicators that will guide in building urban water resilience • Critical dimensions to build urban water resilience: infrastructure and ecosystems, health and wellbeing, planning and finance, and leadership and strategy. The resilience model is an increasingly well-established paradigm of urban planning that guides responses to water related shocks and stresses, such as floods, droughts. However, due to limited studies and guidance on how to apply the concept of water resilience in practice, there is a growing demand for innovative tools that can help urban planners make better decisions and investments for a resilient urban water system. This paper presents a governance-based water resilience planning tool called the City Water Resilience Framework (CWRF), which is designed to meet this need. CWRF enables cities to collectively assess and plan for strengthening urban water resilience. It has been co-created through research and a robust peer-review process with eight partner cities and consultation with global experts. Based on this research, different factors of resilience were identified, which informed the development of CWRF, that includes a set of resilience goals, sub-goals and indicators, categorised across four dimensions: infrastructure and ecosystems, health and wellbeing, planning and finance, and leadership and strategy. Evidence is presented from the application of CWRF in Cape Town and Greater Miami and the Beaches (GM&B), which informed the cities' key water planning and strategies by integrating water resilience factors and activities.

Ecosystem Management & the Evolution of Ideas at the US Forest Service

In the early 1990s, ecosystem management was touted as an emerging new paradigm for US national forest planning, but by the end of the decade the phrase had virtually disappeared from public discussion of the subject. The purpose of this article is to understand what legacy, if any, that ecosystem management left on national forest management. While Klyza (1996) has arguably offered the leading viewpoint on how policy ideas influence change in national forest management, this article relies more heavily on insights from the work of Carstensen (2011) and other scholars who view policy idea change as an evolutionary process. Ultimately, it is concluded that ecosystem management was one component of a longer-term evolution in ideas that culminated most recently in the promulgation of the 2012 forest planning rules.

The Long-Standing Issue of Mobility at the Olympics: From Host Cities to Host Regions in the Ongoing Case Study of Milan–Cortina 2026

Due to public opposition against the unsustainability of hosting the Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee adopted Olympic Agenda 2020 to adjust the event requirements to address modern society’s sustainability concerns. Since its implementation, the Agenda has driven important changes regarding the planning and organization of the Olympics, including the possibility of regions being hosts. This allows the sprawl of Olympic venues over larger territories, theoretically facilitating the alignment of event requirements with the needs of the intensively growing contemporary urban areas. However, the larger the host territory, the more complex becomes its mobility planning, as transport requirements for participants still have to be fulfilled, and the host populations still expect to inherit benefits from any investments made. The objective of this paper is to identify and discuss new challenges that such modifications bring for mega-event mobility planning. First, based on the academic literature of case studies of previous Olympic cities, a theoretical framework to systematize the mobility problem at the Olympic Games is proposed for further validation, identifying the dimensions of the related knowledge frames. Second, the mobility planning for the case study of the first ever Olympic region—the Milan–Cortina 2026 Winter Games—is described. Using this case study, the proposed framework is then extrapolated for cases of Olympic regions in order to identify any shifts in the paradigm of mobility planning when increasing the spatial scale of Olympic hosts. Conclusions indicate that, if properly addressed, unsustainability might be mitigated in Olympic regions, but mega-event planners will have to consider new issues affecting host communities and event stakeholders.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ЗАКОНОДАВЧОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИХ ТА МІСТОБУДІВНИХ ВІДНОСИН: ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

The article deals with the history of urban planning law on the basis of construction law. It is analyzed positions of scientists on legal status of urban law, the subject of its legal regulation, as well as places in legal system. It is established that as a result of the unification of urban planning and land management documentation, social relations related to its development, spatial planning of territories, determining the functional purpose town planning and land legislation. It is substantiated that at the present stage of filling of land law urban content is the result of changing the paradigm of spatial planning of territories, changing approaches to determining the composition of land, improving the system of land management, which testifies to the transformation of national land law under the influence of globalization processes for the purpose of implementation European standards to national legislation.

ИНТЕРМОДУЛЯЦИОННЫЕ ИСКАЖЕНИЯ В КЛЮЧЕВЫХ ГЕНЕРАТОРАХ КЛАССА D С РЕЗИСТИВНОЙ НАГРУЗКОЙ В РЕЖИМЕ ПЕРЕКЛЮЧЕНИЯ НАПРЯЖЕНИЯ

The development of 5G technologies and the Internet of Things lead to a change in the traditional paradigm of frequency-territorial planning. Indeed, in addition to reducing the distance between base stations of cellular communication, there is a problem of approaching the radio means of mobile devices to them, as well as the problem of uncontrolled convergence of an arbitrary number of radio means on mobile devices. In all cases, intermodulation distortion (name in English technical literature: reverse intermodulation distortion - RIMD) occurs between closely spaced simultaneously operating transmitters. Once in the reception band, they disrupt the normal functioning of radio equipment. Therefore, the requirements for the transmitter's electromagnetic compatibility characteristics are continuously tightened. Class D power amplifiers, in addition to higher efficiency and better quality indicators, may potentially have a lower level of intermodulation distortion. The article deals with intermodulation distortion in previously unexplored class D push-pull voltage switching mode power amplifier with a resistive load. On the developed theoretical approach basis, an analysis was made of the intermodulation distortion levels dependence on the electronic components parameters spread and the circuit operating mode. It is shown that in order to achieve the desired levels of intermodulation distortion, not exceeding -70 dB, it is necessary to ensure the difference in the active elements saturation resistances is not more than 20% and the saturation time deviation from the meander is not more than 2 degrees.

Effects of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) on Action Planning: A Behavioural and EEG Study.

Action planning is an important decision-making process, which can be specially affected by environment. Response selection during action planning has been demonstrated to be modulated by tVNS. Therefore, tVNS shows a great potential for modulating the action planning process. We aimed to explore the tVNS-induced effect on action planning in behavioural and electrophysiology. Twenty-eight participants were randomly divided into two groups (active group and sham group). A single-blind, sham-controlled between-subject design was applied to explore the effect of online-tVNS (i.e., tVNS overlapping with the task) on action planning paradigm. We measured and compared reaction time (RT) and movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) before and after tVNS between active and sham groups. As compared to sham group, for the ipsilateral hand/contralateral hemisphere relative to the stimulated side, active tVNS significantly reduced the reaction time and decreased the MRCP amplitude mainly in the challenging tasks. Our results indicate that tVNS can produce a lateralization effect on action planning, especially plays an important role in the more challenging tasks as reflected both in the behavioural and electrophysiological results.

Robust Distribution System Expansion Planning Incorporating Thermostatically-Controlled-Load Demand Response Resource

Smart meter data provides rich information on customers’ energy consumption behaviors, which can be a valuable resource for evaluating customers’ demand response (DR) potential and thus can inform the distribution system expansion planning (DSEP). This paper presents a novel DSEP framework incorporating a data-driven model for a particular type of incentive-based DR called the thermostatically-controlled-load DR. The heterogeneity in individual customers’ DR potential is considered in the DSEP by leveraging the healing, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) load information extracted from smart meter data. The relationship between the DR incentive and the customer participation rate is also considered so that incentives can be optimally designed for customers with different DR potentials in a differentiated way. The overall DSEP problem is formulated into a robust optimization framework to address the uncertainties from the load demands, renewable energy generations, and DR resources. Case studies show that the proposed DSEP model can substantially reduce the total expansion cost over conventional planning paradigms, demonstrating the positive role of the proposed data-driven DR model in DSEP.

Sector search strategies for odor trail tracking

Ants, mice, and dogs often use surface-bound scent trails to establish navigation routes or to find food and mates, yet their tracking strategies remain poorly understood. Chemotaxis-based strategies cannot explain casting, a characteristic sequence of wide oscillations with increasing amplitude performed upon sustained loss of contact with the trail. We propose that tracking animals have an intrinsic, geometric notion of continuity, allowing them to exploit past contacts with the trail to form an estimate of where it is headed. This estimate and its uncertainty form an angular sector, and the emergent search patterns resemble a "sector search." Reinforcement learning agents trained to execute a sector search recapitulate the various phases of experimentally observed tracking behavior. We use ideas from polymer physics to formulate a statistical description of trails and show that search geometry imposes basic limits on how quickly animals can track trails. By formulating trail tracking as a Bellman-type sequential optimization problem, we quantify the geometric elements of optimal sector search strategy, effectively explaining why and when casting is necessary. We propose a set of experiments to infer how tracking animals acquire, integrate, and respond to past information on the tracked trail. More generally, we define navigational strategies relevant for animals and biomimetic robots and formulate trail tracking as a behavioral paradigm for learning, memory, and planning.

Social justice in spatial change:transition from autonomous rural development to integrated urbanization in China

Village-based bottom-up industrialization and urbanization in high-density dynamic regions give rise to prevalent rural sprawl in a form of considerable fragmentation in land uses, which begs for planning intervention. A paradigm of compact city is aiming to cure the rural sprawl. Nevertheless, spatial restructuring entails reconfiguration of villages' landed interests, which beckons spatial justice discourses. Market-driven rural non-agricultural development without fair allocation of land development rights between villages has given rise to market bias due to the location premium in the land market. Plan-led spatial change without corrective mediation between villages constitutes planning bias. Transition from rural sprawl to urban compactness suggests institutional change in governance jurisdiction from rural villages to urban districts. Inequality between villages caused by market and planning biases has to be dealt with so as to create initial equality based on socio-spatial justice for villages as rural entities to be incorporated into an integrated city. This paper builds up the narratives of social injustice inflicted by spatial change. Gentrification and informal in situ urbanization are two phenomenal spatial changes that do injustice to certain social classes and groups. Implementation of new planning paradigm entailing spatial change could also incur injustice to some of the stakeholders, which beckons institutional intervention to address spatial injustice.

GARDEN AND PARK ENSEMBLES IN THE TOWNS’ HISTORY

The narrative motive of the study is the fact of the infl uence of the garden and park ensembles’ construction on the development of cities. The historical periods of the highest fl owering of culture, philosophy, aesthetic ideas, and the development of construction skills have been selected for the work. The authors of the article draw att ention to the theoretical works of the 20th century in Western civilization, considering the city as a natural system. Their connection with the concepts of the 16th- 19th centuries in England, France, Italy, and France is affi rmed. The idea of the city as a natural system is revealed through images and metaphors, which help to understand the place of public landscapes in the history of civilization. The article presents the garden-park complexes, the creation of which changed the urban planning paradigm, initiated the construction of new cities, promoted the replacement of obsolete or lost elements of urban structure. The author suggests the classifi cation of landscape complexes according to their role in the development of urban planning and their infl uence on the artistic culture, architecture and morphology of the city.

Mobility and accessibility paradigms in Dutch policies: An empirical analysis

To promote sustainable urban development, transport policies need to change from a car-oriented mobility planning paradigm to an accessibility-based paradigm, integrating land-use and transport policies. This paper uses the concept of planning paradigms to describe the current status of municipal transport planning and problem framing. The dominant transport planning paradigm of 172 Dutch municipalities is determined, based on a conceptual framework with 24 mobility and accessibility planning criteria. Statistical analysis is then conducted to find linkages between the planning paradigm and transport, land-use, and institutional characteristics of the municipalities. We show that the mobility planning paradigm still dominates Dutch municipal transport planning, and the accessibility planning paradigm is mostly found in large cities and highly urban municipalities. However, we do find indications of slow change in the transport planning paradigms in Dutch municipalities, as older policy documents are more (car) mobility focused than newer policy documents. Further research is necessary to examine the evolution of the paradigm shift in municipal transport planning over time and what factors promote the realization of such a paradigm shift.

Understanding Riverine Urbanism in Kalimantan through Diachronic Approach: Case Study of Lanting Settlements in Sintang, Indonesia

Famous for its large rivers, Kalimantan is one of the islands in Indonesia that is characterized by a river-cultured society, where lanting or floating dwelling is one of various types of river settlements that represents a unique but also complex relationship between man and river. Despite their existence being in line with the historical development of river cities in Kalimantan, today’s urban lantings have come to be stigmatized as slums, due to society’s biased perspectives, and the dominance of the planning paradigm that is oriented towards “modern” land-based urban planning. Using the qualitative historical analysis method in the case study of lanting dwellings in Sintang, West Kalimantan, this study interprets the analytical dimensions of the complex relations between space, power and resources, which changes over time. Exploring the political-economic and ecological history shows the long journey of lanting’s existence that gave understanding of today’s lanting conditions, as well as understanding about the development of the cities themselves. This study concludes that the concept of river cities or waterfront cities in Kalimantan should be understood in a broader sense, beyond merely aesthetic and environmental considerations. Riverine settlement has deep historical roots in many Kalimantan cities and also represents complex relationships between city-hinterland and river-related urbanization process under the political-economic and ecological changes. Thus, consideration of the diachronic aspects of city-river relations should be an important basis for planning future Kalimantan cities.

Top-down spatial developments and bottom-up consumption of space: Merits at the micro-scale in China's shrinking cities

Current studies on urban shrinkage tend to regard the phenomenon as city-level processes with an overlook on its inner complexity. Due to the ongoing urbanisation and pro-growth planning paradigm, spatial developments in shrinking cities in China has been especially complex. Therefore, this paper addresses such complexity and leverages on the neighbourhood change theory to investigate the relationship between spatial developments led by elite-structured urban policy and local people's consumption of space at the neighbourhood level. Both formal and informal practices generated by local people are regarded as influencing neighbourhood change. An embedded case study was conducted in Fushun city in Northeast China. Top-down spatial developments in Fushun reflects the pursuit of neighbourhoods' exchange values. Local people are found to consume urban space in different manners due to the detached nature of urban planning and policy from the local context. Informal practices are responsive to the wider structural underpinnings and have become a force shaping urban space under the shrinkage context. Considering current mono-visioned urban planning and policy, there is a need for a comprehensive planning approach incorporating the consumption of space when addressing the issue of urban shrinkage.

Comprehensive Rehabilitation of the Athlete: A Specific and Purposeful Approach.

There is a need to improve the quality of rehabilitation in sports medicine to return athletes to optimal function safely and quickly, reducing the risk of reinjury. This paper describes a planning paradigm to guide clinical reasoning during individual treatment sessions and a model for planning the rehabilitation program from acute injury to return to play. The design of a rehabilitation program should be a collaborative, team effort, and accounting for the specific needs of the athlete. As the athlete progresses from acute injury management all the way back to full competition, the rehabilitation professional emphasizes the components of pain management, motion, motor control, and force production in varying degrees based upon phases of tissue healing and the athlete's response. Utilizing high-value, evidence-based treatments maximize both the effectiveness and efficiency of rehabilitation to restore and improve upon preinjury levels of physical performance.

Collaborative planning for Surabaya Smart City 2020 Program during the pandemic

There have been many criticisms against the concept of smart city development, which only emphasizes technology. Implementing a smart city requires the involvement of a complex social sphere. Therefore, it cannot be separated from its smart citizens. Meanwhile, technology is the only tool in a smart city. Smart city development then shifts the planning paradigm to become more participative, creative, innovative, and collaborative. Smart citizens freely open up network space, establish communication, and collaborate with stakeholders to find the best solution for the problems in their settlements, including in the urban kampong. The researchers found the collaborative planning process of urban kampong development in the Surabaya Smart City (SSC) program. This kampong improvement program was initiated by the Surabaya City Government in 2019 and continues in 2020 despite the pandemic. After going through the selection and judging stages, Sambi Arum Kampong received the best kampong title in the program. This study aimed to determine how the collaborative planning process took place in the Sambi Arum Kampong during the pandemic. The researchers collected the data through in-depth interviews and literature reviews, which was then analyzed qualitatively using the deductive content-analysis method. This study explains that we can achieve collaborative smart city planning during a pandemic through flexible local institutional design and communication technology.

Place quality in high-speed rail station areas: Concept definition

High-speed railway (HSR) station areas are expected to benefit urban environments, not simply as transportation or economic hubs but also as urban places contributing to living quality. However, the relationship between HSR and place quality has not received systematic attention, despite the evolution of urban planning paradigms toward a clearer focus on quality of life. We have reviewed 44 academic articles written between 1996 and 2019 and analyzed concepts of place quality spanning the disciplines of urban design, urban planning, and urban economics. We identified three dimensions commonly associated with quality of place: a spatial dimension associated with aesthetic qualities of urban spaces; a socio-cultural dimension associated with experienced “sense of place”; and an economic dimension associated with the agglomeration of economic activities. Then we worked out these three dimensions in the context of HSR station areas and attributed features accordingly. We concluded that the economic dimension far outweighs the others in academic debates, with dominant theories being primarily concerned with land use, accessibility, and economic performance. Studies from the urban design field have tackled the spatial elements of place quality and showed a strong correlation with economic dimension. However, the literature remains insufficiently developed when it comes to addressing user experience and “sense of place.”

Compact development and preferences for social mixing in location choices: Results from revealed preferences in Santiago, Chile

AbstractEven though densification and social mixing are declared objectives of many nowadays urban planning paradigms, their simultaneous implementation is usually questioned by different actors and is not frequent in practice. In a market economy, understanding potential demand for this class of development, from different types of households, is essential to define public policies oriented to achieve both compact development (CD) and social mixture. To understand the preferences of households and potential demand, we implement a location choice model based on a bid–rent framework and spatial latent classes (LC), using census data and location attributes. By using spatial LC, we do not impose exogenous definitions of which zones are perceived as CD or suburban, rendering a robust method to identify variation in preferences. We apply the model to Santiago de Chile, where social mixing in dense and well‐located areas is being intensely discussed. We find strong differences in households' valuation of attributes between spatial classes. Results show that social mixing is more difficult in dense, well‐connected areas than in suburban areas because higher‐income households are more sensitive to the socioeconomic context of the location in compact areas. Besides showing evidence on household preferences and their implications for social‐mixing policies, this paper also provides a proof of concept for the use of spatial LC (proposed in previous work by the authors), showing this is a robust methodology allowing to generate behavior‐based classifications for urban areas. The paper also contributes methodologically, by deriving the elasticity formulation for bid‐auction location choice models, which allows quantifying the importance of location attributes in location probability.

The city assemblage: A case of Windhoek, Namibia

This paper presents some existing approaches to urban thinking: resilience, systems thinking, emergence, complexity theory and assemblage, in an attempt to understand ‘sustainability’ and ‘resilience’ at the level of an African City. The focus area is Windhoek, the capitol of Namibia; a vast arid country, situated on the south-west coast of Africa, and home to one of the oldest deserts in the world. The planning paradigm in Windhoek continues to follow a suburbanisation strategy with a focus on the provision of equal technical services across the city, not realising that this urban model, with middle-class residents in mind, continues to promote exclusion of township residents in lieu of Western ideals. The research follows a broad assemblage approach to uncover the often-hidden relationships between social, environmental/ecological and economic systems at play in the city. The research is presented in the spirit of moving beyond the dichotomy of First World ‘models’ and Third World ‘problems’, to encourage policy approaches that seek to really learn from ‘developing’ countries. Globally the majority of urban transformation is happening in informal areas at a rate that calls for radical shifts; shifts in our perceptions of the ‘informal’; our thinking and approach to urban planning; as well as our planning ethics.

PO-1875 Commissioning of an MR only dose planning paradigm for use with pelvic cancer patients

PO-1875 Commissioning of an MR only dose planning paradigm for use with pelvic cancer patients

The general plan of Yerevan 1937 as the implementation of the architectural and urban paradigm on the two foundations - the idea of "Sotsgorod" and the idea of "Capitality"

The general plan of Yerevan, developed in 1937 by «LenGiprogor», was created based on the general plan of 1924 (architects A. Tamanyan, N. Buniatyan). Tamanyan's idea was significantly revised, since in the mid-30s the architectural and urban planning paradigm changed. If the general plan of 1924 was based on the idea of a «garden city», then in 1937 the idea of a «social city» became dominant. The idea of how the capital of Armenia should look like has also changed significantly. If the ideas of Tamanyan and Buniatyan were based on the images of European capital cities reconstructions in the second half of the 19th century, then for the architects of «Giprogor» Moscow as the capital of the socialist world became a reference point. The orientation of the main urban planning axes towards Ararat, as a symbol of national unity, changed to the opposite direction - towards the monuments to Lenin and Stalin, which became the new high-rise dominants of Yerevan in the 1930s and 1950s. The paradigm changes also initiated the emergence of micro and macro architectural and urban planning conflicts in the urban environment, most of which have not been overcome to this day.