Accounting Paradigm Research Articles

Formal-cultural accountability: a [new] paradigm of public accountability

Formal-cultural accountability: a [new] paradigm of public accountability

The Impact of Information Technology (IT) on Modern Accounting Systems

This research aims to evaluate the impact of Information Technology (IT) on Modern Accounting Systems. The research background reflects a shift in the traditional accounting paradigm towards the increasingly rampant application of information technology. The research method used is literature analysis and case studies. Research findings reveal that IT implementation in modern accounting systems not only increases the efficiency and accuracy of data processing, but also makes a significant contribution to strategic decision making and risk management. The implications of this research include the need to develop IT competencies for accounting professionals, as well as the importance of information security policies in managing financial data. Thus, this research provides insight into the crucial role of IT in the transformation of modern accounting systems and highlights important aspects that need to be considered in facing technological developments in the accounting field.

Data Validation and Scientific Assumption of Impartiality in Accounting by Horkheimer’s Verstand

In this paper we discuss by Horkheimer’s perspective of instrumental reason (verstand), aspects related to data validation and impartiality in accounting research. In proposing the denial of absolute truth, Adorno & Horkheimer (1985) distinguishes two reasons: Verstand (instrumental reason) and Vernunft (substantial reason). The Verstand, as an expression of modernity and it science, is the character of reason purely formal, operational, ordering data. In other words, Verstand is the idea that the truth is known, or which must first seek a formula to put into practice only after. On the other hand, Vernunft is dialectical reason, a temporary fact, due to historical factors. Through Vernunft is possible to question the unquestionable, overcome the conclusive truth and objective authority. Thus, we show briefly an evolutionary view of accounting in order to highlight the development of accounting thought until a traditional theoretical perspective adopted. Then we make a counterpoint to this traditional perspective by verstand. In our discussion, we claim from researchers a choice between vernunft or verstand and make clear the data limitations into interpretations inside instrumental idea. We do not intend to propose in this article any ways to change the current paradigm in accounting. On the contrary, supported in Adorno (2009) displays as negative dialectics, this article aims solely to foster and mature debate, supported the substantial reason (Vernunft). As a result, by adding the verstand perspective in accounting research some interesting insights and interpretation will be provided by future research. In so doing, we expect a special attention to epistemological position which improve the data validation.

The accountability paradigm post-NCLB: Policy Ideas and Moral Narratives

For decades, policymakers in the U.S. have leveraged accountability policy as a governing tool to lift school performance and close the achievement gap. Accountability become so widespread that it arguably became a “policy paradigm” with the passage of the federal No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act in 2002. Yet after just 13 years of implementation, policymakers replaced NCLB with the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), which gave states more control over the policy tools and mechanisms to regulate school improvement. This qualitative project captured the evolution of the accountability paradigm by studying the policy ideas and moral narratives of policy elites in California and Tennessee during the transition period between NCLB and ESSA. The study finds that interview participants legitimized the core design features of ESSA, but attached their underlying worldviews and beliefs to the flexible design features, which created unique accountability models with different institutional arrangements.

Accounting paradigm in application conditions of electronic information technologies

Introduction. The widespread introduction of modern electronic information and communication technologies into the economy requires a rethinking of the theoretical foundations of accounting. The current accounting methodology, based on the documentation of economic transactions, their reflection on accounts by double entry, balance sheet summarization, was initiated several centuries ago. With the development of automated systems, the latest information technologies for the formation, processing and transmission of information, there is a need of developing of a new accounting paradigm that would reflect not only the new information requests of a wide range of information consumers, but also take into account radical changes in accounting techniques.Purpose. The purpose of the study is to generalize the existing developments regarding the paradigmatic development of accounting science and to provide proposals for the development of a new accounting paradigm, based on modern information and communication technologies, the new role of accounting as an important economic institution.Methods. General scientific and empirical methods of knowledge and generalization of past and present processes and phenomena are used to reveal the purpose of the article.\Results. The existing developments regarding the paradigmatic development of accounting science are summarized. The main features and criteria of each stage of accounting development are defined. The need for the formation of a new accounting paradigm based on the current circumstances in the world economy and society is substantiated. The main criteria that characterize the modern accounting paradigm and distinguish it from the previous ones are the new purpose and tasks of accounting, the introduction of intellectual resources into the accounting system, new approaches to resource assessment. However, the development and introduction of electronic accounting and information systems, which have a significant impact on the methodological and organizational foundations of accounting, collection, registration, processing, storage and transmission of accounting and reporting information, can be considered the main factor in the change of the accounting paradigm.Perspectives. Further research can be aimed at improving methodological, organizational and technical tools for the practical implementation of a new accounting paradigm based on modern electronic accounting and information systems.

Literary accountability and the future of human rights protection

Human rights are increasingly described as in crisis. One reason for this is that existing legal accountability mechanisms cannot adequately deal with intricate and multilayered human rights violations that occur in vastly complex social contexts. Thus, if human rights are to continue to offer a widely accepted framework for thinking about (social) justice, we urgently need to revisit the very notion of human rights accountability in ways that allow for better protection as well as for a more ambitious normative project. This requires re-focusing the debate about human rights accountability on questions of human rights normativity. This article explores which roles literature can play in this regard. It proposes the notion of literary accountability as a conceptual device to (a) recenter the debate around the normative objectives of human rights accountability, (b) offer modalities for ensuring some form of responsibility attribution, notably where other accountability venues are closed or deemed insufficient, and (c) operate within the paradigm of legal accountability to push the boundaries of this paradigm. What each of these three manifestations of literary accountability have in common is that they foreground the need for a more forward-looking and multi-dimensional approach to accountability that seeks to reconnect the normative reality of human rights on one hand, with their imbrication in the concrete worlds of law, politics, and practicalities on the other.

Integrated LiDAR-supported valuation of biomass and litter in forest ecosystems. A showcase in Spain

Belowground components (biomass and soils) can stock as much carbon as the aboveground component of forest ecosystems. In this study, we present a fully-integrated assessment of the biomass budget and the three pools evaluated: aboveground (AGBD) and belowground biomass in root systems (BGBD) and litter (LD). We turned National Forest Inventory data, airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data actionable to map three biomass compartments at 25-m resolution over more than 2.7 million ha of Mediterranean forests in the South-West of Spain. We assessed distributions and balanced among the three modelled components for the entire region of Extremadura and specifically for five representative forest types. Our results showed belowground biomass and litter represent an important 61 % of the AGBD stock. Among forest types, AGBD stocks were the dominant pool in pine-dominated areas while its lowers contribution was found over sparse oak forests. The three biomass pools estimated at the same resolution were used to produce ratio-based indicators to highlight areas where the contribution of belowground biomass and litter can exceed AGBD and where carbon-sequestration and conservation practices should acknowledge belowground-oriented carbon management. The recognition and valuation of biomass and carbon stocks beyond the AGBD is a must step forward that the scientific community must support in order to properly assess living components of the ecosystem such as root systems sustaining AGBD stocks and to value carbon-oriented ecosystem services related to soil-water dynamics and soil biodiversity. This study aims at enforcing a change of paradigm in forest carbon accounting, advocating for a better recognition and broader integration of living biomass in land carbon mapping.

A New Paradigm of Management and Accounting in the VUCA World and the Impact on Tax Evasion

Abstract The research on the effects of new management and accounting paradigms in the VUCA world on tax evasion has been extensively reviewed in this work. The complexity of tax systems and inequality are the major causes of tax evasion that are the subject of the research. The study’s questions center on how the new management and accounting paradigms affect tax evasion and how businesses use to reduce their tax obligations. The primary issues covered in the literature review are how governments have adopted these new tactics and how this new paradigm has resulted in less tax evasion, thanks to the enforcement measures. The government has improved its data analytics capabilities and coordination with the appropriate authorities. The implications of tax evasion and how it has affected governance are major topics of discussion. The main topic of discussion is how this new paradigm has significantly impacted the government’s approach to the problem of tax evasion. A thorough analysis of the literature on the effects of new management and accounting paradigms in the VUCA environment on tax evasion is provided in this study as a contribution to the area. It offers insightful information on businesses’ tactics to reduce their tax obligations and the effects on the tax system. Also, it offers suggestions for how governments might respond to the problems brought on by the new management and accounting paradigms.

Accounting “In the Cloud”: A New Paradigm of Accounting.

Accounting, the dialect and technique of assessment of business accomplishment is constantly conforming to the fiscal framework. The automation of accounting information was first started in the year 1950, and what succeeds subsequently was a non-reversible process. Cloud accounting is somewhat a modern concept. Accounting is a quite conservative area and a particular subject related to modern information technology. Due to globalization and innovation in market competition, in recent years, the availability of the latest financial and accounting data which can accessed from anywhere of the globe and at any time becomes essential for the business. The cloud computing is an allusion or metaphor for the internet as till date there is no unified definition of cloud based computing is available. As long as the users use a terminal to connect the internet, they can enjoy limitless resources and computing capability as in cloud based computing every data or the resources are put together in the cloud storage center. The main objective of this paper is to explore the concept, background, benefits and challenges in adoption of Cloud Based Accounting in any organization. This study is descriptive and conceptual in nature. This article is conducted on the basis of secondary data. This paper is aimed at searching the existing literatures related to Cloud Accounting and cloud technology. Finally, we can conclude that the cloud based accounting technology helps and assist accountants to do their activity and can, in fact, the cloud based accounting makes accountant job a lot easier.

Blockchain; a new accounting paradigm to anticipate bankruptcy

Blockchain; a new accounting paradigm to anticipate bankruptcy

Accounting and analytical space of providing the depreciation policy of Ukrainian enterprises

The article considers the accounting and analytical space to ensure the deprecia-tion policy of Ukrainian enterprises. The paradigm of accounting and analytical support of depreciation policy is proposed, which allows to systematize rational ways of cost allocation or value of capital assets (minus liquidation value) throughout their life, taking into account accounting, information, analytical, con-trol and innovation and investment component. It is proved that the components of accounting and analytical support of depreciation policy of Ukrainian enter-prises in the institutional economy, determine the priorities of innovative renewal of assets based on accumulation and use of the depreciation fund. Methods of reporting and accounting support of depreciation policy are identified. A graphical model of the digressive method for determining depreciation deductions is present-ed. The growth rates of the value of fixed assets and the degree of their deprecia-tion in Ukraine are analyzed. The functional dependences of costs for improve-ment (reconstruction, modernization) of fixed assets on the amount of accrued depreciation of enterprises of the Steppe zone of Ukraine are defined. The forecast volume and intervals of depreciation of fixed assets at enterprises are calculated.

Accounting in digital business security: a transformational approach

Introduction. The article examines the features of accounting and reporting for digital assurance of business efficiency based on a modern approach. It has been proven that the goal of digitization is achieved under the conditions of digital transformation of existing and creation of new sectors of the economy, as well as restructuring of spheres of life into new, more efficient and modern ones. Accordingly, the reconstruction of the national economy and the development of innovative infrastructure require an appropriate level of capital investments, these can be both external and internal investments in the investment-attractive innovative infrastructure of the economy. The investment attraction process is preceded by the stage of presenting generalized accounting information about the prospects for changes in the business's economic potential, both for the short-term and the long-term perspective in a reporting format that cannot be provided by traditional public financial reporting. However, such information content contains n-dimensional actuarial reporting, which serves as the basis of value-oriented management and draws its content from the actuarial accounting system. The peculiarities of drawing up a 3D Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Status) and a 3D Statement of Financial Results (Report on Total Income) based on business operations without drawing up accounting records are outlined. It has been proven that the traditional accounting paradigm has long since acquired a digital format of generalization of information through the prism of modern information technologies, then a new innovative step for its development in the context of mass digitization and the digital economy should be an innovative N-dimensional 5D interpretation of the spatial representation of generalized accounting information, which is expedient digital visa in the environment of Ukrainian software products "Master: Accounting", "Dilovod" or "ISpro". The purpose of the article is to investigate the specifics of the theoretical, methodological and practical principles of actuarial accounting for the information provision of real and potential investors, as well as other capital providers, through the prism of actuarial reporting, which eliminates agency contradictions between business owners (shareholders) and top management managers, which will contribute to the effective reconstruction of Ukraine's economy. The main research hypothesis is related to the assumption that actuarial accounting is able to provide interested parties with the most complete, systematic, verified and adequate to their requests Method (methodology). Includes general scientific methods - elements of the theory of logic; methods of theoretical generalization and abstract science; methods of comparison and grouping; classification method. The results. As a result of the conducted research, elements of scientific novelty were obtained, which are as follows: it is proposed to actively introduce an innovative type of accounting - actuarial, in the format of an n-dimensional actuarial accounting paradigm for domestic economic entities in the conditions of the digital economy. Which in terms of content meets the requirements of real and potential investors. The course, within the framework of such a strategy of successful post-war reconstruction and strategic business development, will contribute not only to an active movement in the direction of digitalization of society, but will also ensure an innovative transformation of the accounting system. Therefore, the practical significance of the conducted research lies in the development of recommendations for filling out financial statements, bypassing the stage of drawing up accounting records at domestic enterprises, which will contribute to the prompt and objective assessment of the impact of each business operation on changes in the structure of the Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position) and the Report on Financial results (Report on total income) in the actuarial accounting system.

Development of the concept of accounting in the conditions of functioning of integrated structures

Globalization and integration cause changes in accounting and practical implementation of its concept. Numerous studies prove that the modern conceptual basis of accounting does not meet the needs and requirements of modern society and needs changes, which determines the direction of further work of scientists. The purpose of writing this article is to study the peculiarities of the functioning of integrated structures and their influence on the development of the accounting concept. The advantages and disadvantages of integrated structures are systematized. Types and models of integration are analyzed. The reasons for the development of the integration interaction of business entities are clarified. Factors affecting the effective functioning of integrated structures are defined. A description of the processes that determine the effectiveness of the functioning of integrated structures is given. The levels of centralization of management functions in integrated structures are analyzed. The groups of reasons that prompt the management of integrated structures to introduce a centralized form of accounting are summarized. It is proven that modern management systems of integrated structures require appropriate information security, which is formed within the framework of the modern accounting paradigm, which acts as the calculation and analytical structure of the system. It has been found that the role of integration processes in the domestic economy is increasingly increasing, which is connected with the creation of favorable conditions for economic activity, strengthening of competitive positions and the possibility of monitoring the market situation. It was established that since the number of integrated structures in Ukraine is constantly growing, in modern economic conditions, the management system in integrated structures should have appropriate information provision, created within the framework of the modern accounting paradigm, as a structural accounting and analytical system of such structures. The provision of reliable information for the needs of process management of these structures requires the verification of new accounting technologies, which must take into account the risky nature of innovations and the main trends in the development of accounting tools.

Innovative Paradigm of Accounting Development for Management

The article discusses current accounting and reporting methods. The author analyzes alternative digital means of payment, typology of cryptocurrencies, their use and volatility. A new paradigm of accounting has been introduced, which is aimed at fulfilling the tasks necessary for the development of the modern economy, based on the need to overcome the periodic crisis phenomena existing in it. Prospects for the development of accounting science to enhance the synergistic effect of information support of the management system are identified. The article proposes a modern paradigm for the development of accounting for management. The place and role of the innovation strategy is determined, and the possible elements of the innovation strategy and their alternatives are considered.

The business accounting matrix: a proposal with an application

National accounting matrices (NAM) perfectly describe the economic structure of a national economy, summarising the whole process of generation of primary income and its distribution among the different institutional sectors of the economy. It is not just a way to represent the main economic statistics of an economy but it also serves as the basis for most macroeconomic modelling efforts. The business accounting matrix (BAM) presents the most relevant information for the firm in a similar way, adapted to the descriptive potential of financial accounting, what we believe can be useful both for economic modellers and for decision makers at the firm level. Our intention is not to convince business administrators to change their accounting paradigm but to help analysts and researchers to obtain a comprehensive description of the activity of a firm aligned to well recognised economic statistical standards.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ЗВІТУ ПРО ВЛАСНИЙ КАПІТАЛ В АКТУАРНИЙ ЗВІТ ПРО ЗМІНИ У ВЛАСНОМУ КАПІТАЛІ

In the wartime, domestic businesses find themselves in a rather difficult financial situation, which has a detrimental effect on the efficiency of their business processes key indicators, both at the micro level and at the level of the national economy as a whole. The agricultural sector needs special support, as it is the guarantor of the country's food security. The foundation for the formation of high-quality information basis on the state and changes in the financial resources available at the enterprise is the methodological support of equity accounting. All this together has a significant impact on the adoption of effective and relevant management levels and changes in the economic value of the company in an active capital market. Due to such trends, domestic business needs to attract additional investment, while the information support for increasing investment attractiveness is an effective system of accounting and reporting, which at the current stage of the accounting doctrine development has moved to the actuarial stage. It is the innovative actuarial accounting paradigm that plays an important role in the system of the traditional accounting system, as it is designed to create a favorable ground for attracting foreign investment and increasing capital. In the process of research, general scientific theoretical cognitive methods were used: systems analysis - to clarify the main categories of research; abstract-logical method - to make theoretical generalizations and conclusions about the current level of equity disclosure in the reporting pursuant to the National Accounting Regulations (Standards) - NAR(S) and International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS); tabular method - to visualize the methodology of transformation of financial statements into actuarial, as well as compiling an actuarial report on changes in equity (form No.4-a). The article attempts to substantiate the methodology of transforming the traditional financial reporting form - the Equity Statement (standard form No.4) into the Actuarial Report on Changes in Equity (Form No.4-a). The author, on the example of an agricultural enterprise, reveals the main aspects of the methodology of transforming financial statements into actuarial, as well as features of national and international standards for the generalization of accounting information about equity. Prospects for further research include: implementation of theoretical and practical justification of the need to transform all forms of financial reporting into an actuarial act on domestic agricultural enterprises, as the main mechanism for accelerating the process of attracting additional financial resources to the agricultural sector of the economy; directing efforts to further active implementation of the cost-oriented management system at small and micro-agricultural entities; substantiation of the peculiarities of key areas of actuarial accounting in the context of the assessment of agricultural market participants as integrated property complexes (CMC) at the current (discounted) value and risk analysis.

Sustainable transformation of accounting in agriculture

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to model the paradigm of accounting and reporting development in the context of the sustainable agricultural enterprise. 
 Methodology / approach. In the process of working on the article, general scientific methods and methodological techniques were used, in particular, monographic and system analysis (formation of accounting information to take into account sustainable development); methods of comparative analysis (when studying the transition from a traditional accounting system to sustainable accounting); grouping (for grouping accounting types by user groups and information); structural-and-logical compilation (when formulating the conceptual foundations of information to take into account sustainable development); modeling (when building a model of the concept of sustainable accounting and a map of internal and external stakeholders of the enterprise in terms of the level of influence, interest and direction of the formation and use of reporting information); process approach (when developing a paradigm for the development of enterprise reporting in the field of sustainable development); abstract-logical (theoretical generalization and formation of conclusions); graphical method (with a visual display of economic phenomena and processes in time and space); system-functional (to generalize the theoretical and methodological aspects of sustainable development accounting). These methods were the methodological basis of the study.
 Results. To determine the category of sustainability accounting and the concept of its reporting, the types of entrepreneurial capital were studied, and the characteristics of information that arises as a result of the implementation of economic, social, and environmental activities. In addition, the main users of information, their goals, and their needs were identified. As a result, management and financial accounting for sustainable development were highlighted. The functioning of the institution of sustainable development reporting of agricultural enterprises is based on its "paradigm" as a set of generalized ideas, hypotheses, and methodological approaches shared by the scientific community, acceptable to other institutions, and formalized in the form of scientific theories. In the case when, within the framework of existing theoretical postulates, a scientific institute cannot effectively solve the issues, there is a need to change its paradigm. The proposed paradigm of accounting and reporting will not only orient the development of accounting to the prospects for the transition of mankind to a harmonious economy but also facilitate the acceleration of this transition through the introduction of progressive accounting systems.
 Originality / scientific novelty. Due to all findings and conducted research in modeling a new system of accounting and reporting for agricultural enterprises we could generate the definition of “sustainability accounting”, which, on the one hand, the segmental, and on the other – the organic component of the enterprise accounting system and the institution of accounting in socio-economic relations, which is organized at the request of the policy of sustainable development, has a corresponding theoretical, methodological and organizational methodological support and is identified in accounting policy, operational, statistical and financial reporting, which provides an organizational and methodological focus on the construction of such accounting by enterprises.
 Practical value / implications. The main provisions of the article are brought to the level of methodological generalizations and applied tools, the use of which allows adopting a new holistic concept for the formation of accounting and analytical support for the sustainable development of the institutional units of the agrarian sector. The recommendations outlined in the article are fully consistent with modern trends in the development of socio-ecological and economic relations in society, therefore, they can be used in the formation of modern institutional accounting methodology in the context of sustainable development.

Sustainable transformation of accounting in agriculture

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to model the paradigm of accounting and reporting development in the context of the sustainable agricultural enterprise. 
 Methodology / approach. In the process of working on the article, general scientific methods and methodological techniques were used, in particular, monographic and system analysis (formation of accounting information to take into account sustainable development); methods of comparative analysis (when studying the transition from a traditional accounting system to sustainable accounting); grouping (for grouping accounting types by user groups and information); structural-and-logical compilation (when formulating the conceptual foundations of information to take into account sustainable development); modeling (when building a model of the concept of sustainable accounting and a map of internal and external stakeholders of the enterprise in terms of the level of influence, interest and direction of the formation and use of reporting information); process approach (when developing a paradigm for the development of enterprise reporting in the field of sustainable development); abstract-logical (theoretical generalization and formation of conclusions); graphical method (with a visual display of economic phenomena and processes in time and space); system-functional (to generalize the theoretical and methodological aspects of sustainable development accounting). These methods were the methodological basis of the study.
 Results. To determine the category of sustainability accounting and the concept of its reporting, the types of entrepreneurial capital were studied, and the characteristics of information that arises as a result of the implementation of economic, social, and environmental activities. In addition, the main users of information, their goals, and their needs were identified. As a result, management and financial accounting for sustainable development were highlighted. The functioning of the institution of sustainable development reporting of agricultural enterprises is based on its "paradigm" as a set of generalized ideas, hypotheses, and methodological approaches shared by the scientific community, acceptable to other institutions, and formalized in the form of scientific theories. In the case when, within the framework of existing theoretical postulates, a scientific institute cannot effectively solve the issues, there is a need to change its paradigm. The proposed paradigm of accounting and reporting will not only orient the development of accounting to the prospects for the transition of mankind to a harmonious economy but also facilitate the acceleration of this transition through the introduction of progressive accounting systems.
 Originality / scientific novelty. Due to all findings and conducted research in modeling a new system of accounting and reporting for agricultural enterprises we could generate the definition of “sustainability accounting”, which, on the one hand, the segmental, and on the other – the organic component of the enterprise accounting system and the institution of accounting in socio-economic relations, which is organized at the request of the policy of sustainable development, has a corresponding theoretical, methodological and organizational methodological support and is identified in accounting policy, operational, statistical and financial reporting, which provides an organizational and methodological focus on the construction of such accounting by enterprises.
 Practical value / implications. The main provisions of the article are brought to the level of methodological generalizations and applied tools, the use of which allows adopting a new holistic concept for the formation of accounting and analytical support for the sustainable development of the institutional units of the agrarian sector. The recommendations outlined in the article are fully consistent with modern trends in the development of socio-ecological and economic relations in society, therefore, they can be used in the formation of modern institutional accounting methodology in the context of sustainable development.

Accountability Policies: Tensions and Difficulties in School Management, a Literature Review

An important change in Chilean education in the last decade has been the incorporation of accountability policies and mechanisms, such as the Education Quality Assurance System, the Preferential School Subsidy Law (SEP) and the New Public Education for educational improvement. These prevailing policies are made up of a set of strategic projects belonging to the Ministry of Education, whose purpose is to comprehensively and systemically strengthen the quality of education provided in the country’s schools. In order to know what happens in schools in terms of policy implementation and accountability mechanisms, the objective is to analyze these mechanisms, identifying the main difficulties and tensions reported by the research carried out within the framework of public policy in which educational management is evaluated. In order to achieve this objective, a documentary study was carried out with a systematic descriptive review of research and technical documents published between 2000 and 2020, with emphasis on the concepts of quality, accountability and school management. A deductive content analysis was applied to the 28 articles and documents selected, which describe the tensions and difficulties brought about by accountability policies in Chilean schools. The product of this research clearly identified that the installation of the accountability model, on the one hand, implies a pressure on schools focused on improving their results in terms of goals and deadlines and, on the other hand, reveals the challenge of leadership in decision-making between what is urgent and what is important to achieve these goals. Finally, this quality assurance system, which is framed in an accountability paradigm, mainly from the performative and professional models, brings with it high consequences for schools, where external agencies define the standards of educational efficiency and effectiveness.

Digital accounting: innovative technologies cause a new paradigm

The article is dealing with the concept of “digital accounting", highlights its historical origins and current discourse in the contextual relationship and interdependence of accounting and information technology. Accordingly, the issues of rethinking the role and place of accounting in the digital economy, the study of changes in its semantic, methodological and conceptual principles under the influence of the growth of information potential of the digital economic space become relevant. Since the modern period is a qualitatively new stage in the development of accounting, which in all its aspects is undergoing of significant changes, it should accordingly lead to the transition to a new digital accounting paradigm.