Paracytic Type Research Articles

English

A comparative leaf micromorphological study of Melastoma malabathricum, M. malabathricum var. alba and M. sanguineum (Melastomataceae) was carried out by scanning electron microscope. Characters such as epidermal cell shape, trichomes and stomatal type and distribution were observed. Non-glandular trichomes are present in all species examined. The stomata are all of paracytic type and dispersed randomly over the whole abaxial surface. The patterns of surface sculpturing and outer stomatal rim are unique in all the species examined. Leaf micromorphology has significant taxonomic value in the genus Melastoma and the present study has added some new taxonomic information for the genus Melastoma.

Morphological and anatomical investigations of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb.

Introduction: Micromorphological research of vegetative bodies of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb. as a source of a sum of diosmetine biozides (flavicine) with high antioxidant hepatoprotective and endothelial-protective activities. We have identified the main diagnostic signs of vegetative bodies which can be used when standard documentation on medicinal vegetable raw materials compile. Materials and Methods: The objects of the study were collected in North Caucasus (Russia) in June 2013-2014. Materials morphological study herbarium specimens were stored in the herbarium fund the Department of Botany (acronym PGFA). Materials micromorphological study were temporary slides are the root, leaf, stem and flowers. Results: The morphological results were compared with the Flora of the USSR. Anatomical characters of leaves and stems of the species were observed to be similar to the usual features of genus Vicia anatomy. All results are supported by photographs. The stomatal apparatus belongs to anomocytic and paracytic types, simple multicellular hairs. Conclusion: we would like to note that these investigations are one of the phases of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb. examination and the medicinal plant is considered to be a perspective source of flavicine. The morphological and anatomical research obtained data can be used in standard documentation for medicinal vegetable raw material compiling.

Comparative anatomy and DNA fingerprinting of two species of the genus Ceratostylis Bl. (Orchidaceae) from North-East India with their adaptive significance

Taxonomic classification of the family Orchidaceae are generally based on morphological features and the floral attributes. At this juncture, a general query arises when species with morphological variations are placed under the same genera at times. This has triggered investigations towards comparative study on anatomy and genetic polymorphism. Anatomical studies of stem and leaf was carried out for the first time in two species of Ceratostylis Bl. viz., C. himalaica Bl. and C. subulata Hk. f. which are distributed in North-East India. Anatomical features like cuticle, epidermal layer, stomata, water storage cells, mesophyll, shape and arrangement of vascular bundles of both the species were comparatively studied. Cellulose wall of water storage cells with banded thickenings were observed in C. himalaica, whereas banded and mesh like thickenings were found in C. subulata. The water storage cells were larger in C. subulata. Anisocytic and paracytic stomata were observed in C. subulata but C. himalaica possess only paracytic type. Inter- simple sequence repeats (ISSR) analysis using 17 different primers showed differential banding patterns in the DNA fingerprint of the two orchid species with commendable polymorphism which helped in differentiating the two species at genomic level. This study shows that the significant differences between the two species in relation to their morphological appearance, internal structures and genetic polymorphism throws an insight towards a better understanding of their divergent adaptation and genetic diversity which is beneficial for the conservation of these two species.

Stomatal and trichome diversity in <i>Senna</i> Mill. from Bangladesh

Foliar epidermal characters of ten species of Senna Mill. found in Bangladesh are investigated. Anisocytic, anomocytic, paracytic, tetracytic and haxacytic stomata are found across the species. Anisocytic and paracytic stomata are common in all species. In addition to anisocytic and paracytic types, anomocytic stomata are found in Senna sophera and hexacytic stomata are observed in S. auriculata. Anticlinal wall is straight in S. alata, S. hirsuta, S. occidentalis, S. siamea and S. tora, curved in S. auriculata, S. sophera and S. siamea, and undulate in S. hirsuta and S. occidentalis. Glandular trichomes are observed in S. hirsuta and S. occidentalis, while non-gladular trichomes are predominant in the remaining species.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v21i1.19264Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 21(1): 43-51, 2014 (June)

Diversity of stomata and trichomes in <i>Euphorbia</i> L. - I

Foliar epidermal features of 18 species of Euphorbia L. s.l. (Euphorbiaceae) are studied. While the anisocytic and anamocytic stomata are common in herbaceous members (Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce), the paracytic type is predominant in succulent species (Euphorbia proper). The stomatal types, index and frequency, and the types of trichomes are explored on vegetative as well as floral parts to evaluate their possible taxonomic importance.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i1.15462Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(1): 27-38, 2013 (June)

Pharmacognostic Standardization of the Leaves and Root Bark of Caesalpinia benthamiana

Caesalpinia benthamiana (Baill.) Herend. and Zarucchi (Mezoneuron benthamianum Baill.) (Caesalpiniaceae) has been traditionally used in management of erectile dysfunction, dysentery, urethral discharges, skin diseases and wounds. Despite a long tradition of use in the treatment of various ailments, no systematic pharmacognostic standardization work has been carried out on C. benthamiana. One major obstacle in the systematic exploration of the plant may be the non-availability of authentic plant material. In the present investigation, various pharmacognostic standards for the plant have been generated including the macro and micro morphological studies, one of the WHO accepted parameters for identification of medicinal plants by way of establishing the salient diagnostic characters and constants. This was carried out on the leaves and root bark of C. benthamiana.The leaves were bipinnate, oblong, with entire margin. The apex was obtuse, and possessed a symmetric base and reticulates venation. The terminal leaves were however obovate in shape. Actinocytic and paracytic types of stomata were observed. Trichomes were uniseriate and unicellular and epidermal cells were found to be wavy. Surface data analysis revealed the stomatal index to be 1.69% to 11.11% for the upper surface and 16.94% to 28.52% for the lower surface. Veinislet number was recorded as 12.5 to 16.5 whilst the veinlet termination number was 22.25 to 35 with palisade ratio ranging between 11.25 and 13.75. The water- soluble extractive value was 9.2% and 3.7% for the leaves and root bark respectively. Whilst the alcohol-soluble extractive value for the leaves was found to be 6.7% and 2.6% for the root bark. The total ash value determinations were observed to be 5.6% for the leaves and 7.9% for the root bark. The result of this study may be useful in setting diagnostic indices for the identification and preparation of a monograph for the plant.

Epidermal Characters of Pterocactus (Opuntioideae, Cactaceae)

Stem epidermis of eight Pterocactus species was examined under light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stomata belong to the paracytic type, with two to five subsidiary cells. The size of stomata and papillae and the density of both were measured and counted under LM. Under SEM the micromorphology of papillae was studied. These characters were used to distinguish anatomically the species of Pterocactus.Las epidermis de los tallos de 8 especies de Pterocactus fueron examinadas con microscopio óptico (MO) y Microscopio Electrónico de Barrido (MEB). Los estomas corresponden al tipo paracítico, con dos a cinco células subsidiarias. El tamaño de los estomas y de las papilas, como así también la densidad de ambos fueron medidos y contados con el MO. La micromorfología de las papilas fue estudiada con MEB. Estos carácteres fueron usados para distinguir anatómicamente las especies de Pterocactus.

Pharmacognostic evaluation of leaves of certain Phyllanthus species used as a botanical source of Bhumiamalaki in Ayurveda

Today, World over, there is a great deal of interest in Ayurvedic system of medicine and thus the demand for various medicinal plants in the production of Ayurvedic medicines is ever increasing. Due to varied geographical locations where these plants grow, a great deal of adulteration or substitution is encountered in the commercial markets. Histological studies of the plant drugs are not only to study the adulterants but also are indispensable in accurate identification. Microscopic observations of the Phyllanthus species revealed the occurrence of anisocytic and paracytic type of stomata in Phyllanthus amarus , while only anisocytic type of stomata is present in P. fraternus and P. maderaspatensis. Epidermal cell walls of P. amarus and P. fraternus are wavy and straight walled epidermal walls are observed in P. maderaspatensis. In India all the above-mentioned species of Phyllanthus are called “Bhumyamalaki” and they are being used in the treatment of various liver disorders. However, all the species of Phyllanthus doesn’t have the active constituents responsible for the treatment of liver disorders. In the present investigation by using simple micro techniques accurate identification of different species of Phyllanthus has been established.

MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN VANDA TESSELLATA, AN EPIPHYTIC ORCHID FROM THE EASTERN GHATS OF INDIA

Morphological and molecular analysis of genetic variability was investigated by using SDS-PAGE and RAPD markers in Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook ex G.Don., an epiphytic orchid from eastern ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India. Plants collected from two geographical areas in Eastern Ghats show variation in their morphological and molecular characters. The stomata are paracytic type and hypostomatic in distribution. A low stomatal frequency and an extensive lignification on the inner walls of the innermost layer of velamen and on the outer walls of the exodermal cells were recorded in populations located in Nallamalai forests as compared to those of Srikakulam area in Andhra Pradesh. It is interpreted to be associated with the conservation of water. RAPD and protein profile data indicate the inter population diversity between these two sites. This can be attributed to the ecological and climatic conditions prevailing in these two reference sites of Eastern Ghats of India.

Comparative anatomical features of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce and Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC (Mimosaceae)

A comparative study of the leaflets of two domestic species of Prosopis is reported. Both the species, Prosopis cineraria and Prosopis juliflora, have been reported to possess antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and the most concerning anticancer properties. In view of its medicinal importance and taxonomic confusion, the individual morphological and histological characteristics of these two species have been described through certain parameters such as structural profile of the leaflets, stomatal morphology, venation pattern, petiolule and vascular system of the rachis. Evaluation of the fresh and anatomical sections of the leaves of both species was carried out to determine its macro- and microscopical (histological) characters. The studies indicated the presence of bipinnately compound leaf, an entire margin, apiculate apex, obtuse base, reticulate venation, thick and straight anticlinal walled epidermal cells, prismatic type of calcium oxalate crystals in the mesophyll tissue, dense deposition of tannin content and paracytic type stomata in the P. cineraria, whereas P. juliflora has a bipinnately compound leaf with an entire margin, blunt apex, round base, reticulate venation, thick and straight walled epidermal cells, large mucilage cavities in the mesophyll tissue and paracytic type stomata. The above findings provided referential information for identification of the species P. cineraria and P. juliflora. Key words: Prosopis cineraria, Prosopis juliflora, sacred tree, Vanni

Studies on leaf epidermal micromorphology, wood element characters and phytochemical screening of three medicinal plants of Convolvulaceae

The scientific evaluation of ethnomedicinally important plants is now being done thoroughly covering various aspects of study like efficacy of the crude drugs, chemistry of active principles, different pharmacognostic parameters, etc. The use of micromorphology and anatomy is now a recognised tool in the field of plant systematics. Therefore, in this investigation the micromorphology of leaf epidermis, stem xylem element characters and phytochemical screening of three ethnomedicinally important members of the family Convolvulaceae namely Evolvulus alsinoides, Evolvulus nummularius and Ipomoea cairica have been studied. The epidermal cells are found to be irregular in shape and the outlines of the cells are wavy in every species. Stomata are amphistomatic and mainly of paracytic type except in Evolvulus nummularius. Trichomes are glandular and non-glandular, unicellular or multicellular, straight or curved. The range of stomatal index varies from 11.40 to 20.00. Palisade ratio ranges from 6.2 to 9.8. The vessel element length ranges from 60.71 um to 357.10 um and the diameter varies from 21.78 um to 66.06 um. Perforation plate is simple and transverse or obliquely placed. Fibres are typical libriform, very long and diameter ranges from 10.71 um to 16.78 um. In every case, tracheids are long with spiral to condensed spiral type of sidewall thickening and diameter is from 07.14 um to 16.07 um. The active compounds are identified by the chemical colour reaction tests belonging to the phytochemical groups of amino acids, alkaloids, reducing sugars, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and triterpenoids, tannins, etc. The findings will be a useful marker for identification of the crude drugs obtained from the selected taxa. The purpose of the study is to know the leaf epidermal micromorphology, wood element characters and phytochemical screening of three ethnomedicinally important plants of the family Convolvulaceae as it has not been properly worked out. These micromorphological features and phytochemical screening will be very helpful in proper identification of respective crude drugs obtained from these three members of Convolvulaceae and also be used in detection of drug adulterants. Thus, it will be a tool in maintaining the quality of the drug obtained from these three plant species.

Leaf epidermal micromorphology ofCercis(Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae)

The micromorphology of leaf epidermal cells and stomata of all eight species and one form (11 samples) of Cercis were observed by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Both the adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells are polygonal or irregular in shape; the anticlinal walls are straight and arched or undulate. Two types of stomata, which occur only on the abaxial surface of the leaves, are found in the genus. The atypical paracytic type is present in only one species, Cercis chingii, and the anomocytic type is present in all other species. Interspecific differences are minor in the genus with regard to leaf epidermal characters, except for C. chingii, which is characterized by atypical paracytic-type stomata, a two-lipped outer stomatal rim, the highest stomatal density and undulate and densely pitted anticlinal walls in the adaxial epidermis.

Morphoanatomical study of the leaves of Ocotea duckei Vattimo (Lauraceae-Lauroideae)

Ocotea duckei Vattimo is a plant native of Northeastern Brazil and popularly know as Louro-de-cheiro. It is rich in alkaloids, lignans and essential oils. One of the most important constituents found in Ocotea duckei is yangambin, a furofuran lignan having significant pharmacological activities: as platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, protective against cardiovascular collapse and anaphylactic shock, anti-allergic, analgesic, anti-convulsivant and as depressant of central nervous system. A morphoanatomical study of the leaves of O. duckei was carried out in order to contribute to separate its from the other species of the genus Ocotea, which would be helpful in its identification. The morphological study was done with stereomicroscope and by field observations. The anatomical studies were made by paradermic and transversal sections of leaves (blade and petiole), cleared and stained with Astrablue and basic Fuchsine. The leaves are alternate, leathery, elliptic to oblong, glabrous, acute to acuminate at the apex, and acute and lightly attenuate at the base. The main anatomical features are the epidermis unistratified, the hypostomatic leaves with stomata of the paracytic type, mesophyll is dorsiventral with secretories cells in the parenchyma and collateral vascular bundles.

Morfo-anatomia foliar de Ocotea gardneri (Meisn.) Mez (Lauraceae-Lauroideae)

Ocotea gardneri (Meisn.) Mez e uma especie arborea, encontrada no nordeste brasileiro, principalmente nos estados da Paraiba e Pernambuco, conhecida por louro-branco e louro-babao. Neste trabalho realizou-se morfodiagnoses (macroscopica e microscopica) de folhas de O. gardneri, com o objetivo de fornecer subsidios a sua caracterizacao e identificacao. Para a morfologia externa, analisaram-se amostras frescas e conservadas em alcool (70o), com auxilio de estereomicroscopio, e observacoes de campo. Realizaram-se seccoes transversais em lâminas foliares e peciolos, e secoes paradermicas nas duas faces de lâminas foliares. Ocotea gardneri possui folhas elipticas a oval-elipticas, margem inteira, levemente ondeada, apice agudo e base arredondada. A lâmina foliar e hipoestomatica com estomatos do tipo paracitico; a epiderme e uniestratificada, com celulas de paredes retas e espessadas; o mesofilo e isobilateral, aqui referido pela primeira vez para uma especie de Lauraceae, com celulas e ductos secretores evidentes e feixes vasculares colaterais envolvidos pela bainha esclerenquimatica. Este conjunto de caracteres aliado a morfologia foliar, permitiram o estabelecimento de parâmetros que possibilitarao a caracterizacao de folhas de Ocotea gardneri em testes de autenticidade, bem como auxiliarao em estudos da taxonomia da especie estudada.

Morphological characters of leaf epidermis in schisandraceae and their systematic significance

The leaf epidermis of 23 species belonging to 2 genera within Schisandraceae was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Many characters of the leaf epidermis in Schisandraceae, such as shape of epidermal cells, type of stomata, and cuticular ornamentation, are usually constant within species and thus helpful for elucidating the relationship between and within genera. Leaf epidermal cells are usually irregular or polygonal in shape. The patterns of anticlinal walls are straight, sinuolate, sinuous or sinuate. The stomatal apparatus belong to paracytic or laterocytic type and the latter is subdivided into various subtypes based on the number and arrangement of subsidiary cells. Under scanning electron microscopy observation, the cuticular membrane is often striated, sometimes squamulate or granular; the inner margin of the outer stomatal rim is nearly smooth or denticulate. Evidences from shape of epidermal cells, patterns of cuticular intrusions between the ends of each guard cell of a pair and distribution of stomatal apparatuses support the viewpoint thatKadsura is more primitive thanSchisandra. Study on leaf epidermis also shows thatKadsura interior deserves the rank of a distinct species and the treatment of the evergreen groups, includingS. propinqua andS. plena, as distinct from the deciduous species of the genus is quite natural.

Morphological analysis of selected clones of Populus ciliata × Populus maximowiczii hybrid

While studying the morphology of Populus ciliata × P. maximowiczii hybrid it was found that the growth potential was maximum in clone CM2 4-15/91 with height and diameter of 2.11 m and 1.70 cm respectively. Average leaf blade length was 1.9 times compared to average maximum leaf width and average nerve length was 5 times to average petiole length in the clones studied. Average stomatal density was found around 240 stomata mm-2 with average stomatal length was 1.6 times than the average stomatal width. The stomata was found to be elliptic shaped and paracytic type with elaborate stranded patterns found emanating from stomata. The details of qualitative morphological variability found in the clones are presented in detail in this paper.

The taxonomic significance of leaf micromorphology in the genus Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae)

Abstract Leaf micromorphological features of both the Old and New World representatives of Eugenia L. have been studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The leaves are hypostomatic and, in the majority of species, the stomata are raised above the epidermis. Trichomes are usually present on the abaxial surface of the New World species. The patterns of abaxial surface sculpturing and arrangement of outer stomatal rims are unique in the New World species. The majority of the Old World species showed different anticlinal wall patterns on the adaxial and abaxial epidermises. In the majority of the New World species the anticlinal wall patterns are more or less the same except in E. axillaris . The paracytic type of stomata, with a non-prominent T-piece cutinization at the poles of the guard cells, is a characteristic feature of the New World species. The taxonomic significance of these features in identification and elucidation of species from both areas is discussed.

Principles of comparative stomatographic studies of flowering plants

Baranova, M. (V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Prof. Popov Str. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia. Principles of comparative stomatographic studies of flowering plants. Bot. Rev.58(1): 49–99, 1992.—Numerous unsolved taxonomic problems have caused systematists to go beyond the traditional methods of herbarium taxonomists and begin to utilize laboratory disciplines such as cytology, palynology, chemotaxonomy, and anatomy. The anatomy of wood and of leaves, among other things, have been used to provide data for systematic studies. The study of the morphology and ontogeny of the stomatal complex in leaves has been one fruitful area for research. The reader is warned that the taxonomic value of such leaf epidermal characters is very different in different taxa just as is true for traditional morphological characters. The terminology used for describing stomates and the whole stomatal complex or apparatus, as it has developed since the time of Vesque (1889) is given. The classifications of Vesque and Metcalfe and Chalk for angiosperms, and that of Florin for gymnosperms are given in detail. The problems inherent in including the ontogenetic development of the stomatal complex in the description and terminology of types are discussed. It is concluded that morphological classification of stomates is best based on their appearance in the mature leaf, excluding any attempt to include ontogeny as well. Fourteen morphological types of stomates are now recognized: anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic, actinocytic, encyclocytic (cyclocytic), tetracytic, pericytic, desmocytic, polocytic, staurocytic, hemiparacytic, laterocytic, and stephanocytic. Other kinds seen in the literature are subtypes of these. In actuality, intermediates between these types exist in nature, and it is not always easy to distinguish these types. Nonetheless, stomatal types and their ontogenies have been used with success in the resolution of many taxonomic problems. The author outlines the many difficulties encountered in the utilization of such data. Even so, examples from the Celastraceae, Chloranthaceae, Polemoniaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Boraginaceae, Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, other dicotyledonous families, and some monocotyledonous families are given. The paracytic stomatotype is regarded as probably primitive in both dicotyledons and monocotyledons. Other types of stomates have repeatedly been derived from the paracytic type, so that the presence of similar advanced stomatotypes is not a sure indication of close relationship.

Stomatal types in the Umbelliferae and their taxonomic value Tribe Apiaea, subtribe Foeniculinae

AbstractStomatal types of 65 species representing 32 genera of the subtribe Foeniculinae have been investigated, the material origined from the territory of the USSR and some other regions of Asia and Europe. Anomocytic, hemiparacytic, diacytic, paracytic and anisocytic types have been registered. Predominant types in many genera were anomocytic or anomocytic along with hemiparacytic, rarely a mixture of hemiparacytic and anisocytic; some genera had significant number (sometimes predominance) of diacytic and paracytic types. The genera Kadenia and Macrosciadium were found to be extremely variable as concerns stomatal types.

Stomatal types as a taxonomical character in the Umbelliferae: Tribe Apieae, Subtribe Apiinae

AbstractMorphological types of stomata, occurrence of stomata on abaxial and adaxial sides of the leaf, and forms of anticlinal walls of epidermal cells have been investigated in 126 species distributed among 33 genera of the subtribe Apiinae. Anomocytic, hemiparacytic, diacytic and paracytic types of stomata have been revealed. There were two groups of species – in the first group stomata with two surrounding cells (diacytic and paracytic) dominated, in the second group there were few (less than 20%) or no stomata of these types. As a rule, all the species of any genus belonged to one of these groups.