Paracetamol Tablet Formulation Research Articles

Evaluation of the Disintegrant and Binding Properties of Avocado Seed Starch in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations

Evaluation of the Disintegrant and Binding Properties of Avocado Seed Starch in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations

Evaluation of Musa acuminata Starch as a Diluent in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations

Tablet formulation, a widely used dosage form, relies on excipients like diluents to ensure product quality. This study investigates the potential of Musa acuminata (matoke banana) starch as a diluent in paracetamol tablets. Starch was extracted from matoke bananas and formulated into three batches using wet granulation, with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% w/w. Comparative analysis was conducted with maize starch. Physiochemical properties of starch and granules, as well as tablet characteristics, were evaluated. Results indicated comparable properties between matoke and maize starches. Tablets formulated with matoke starch exhibited optimal disintegration time, hardness, friability, and weight uniformity, suggesting its potential as a cost-effective and accessible alternative diluent. Keywords: Matoke, Musa acuminate, Starch, Active pharmaceutical and ingredients.

Formulation and evaluation of paracetamol tablets by using natural binders

Formulation and evaluation of paracetamol tablets by using natural binders

Comparative Evaluation of Sweet Potato and Peas Starches as Disintegrants in the Foundation of Paracetamol Tablets

Starch is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical dosage forms such as binder, diluent, disintegrant, absorbent, glidant and sweetener. Starch also has industrial applications as a viscosifier, defoaming and emulsifying agent. However, most of the starch used for these purposes is corn starch and is obtained by importation into Uganda from other countries, which results in a lot of money being utilized in importation of the corn starch which affects the cost of the final products formulated from this starch. The purpose of this research was to determine the disintegrant properties of sweet potato and pea starches in paracetamol tablets. Sweet potatoes and peas are grown locally, hence can be used as alternative sources of starch to corn starch so that the costs of production for pharmaceutical products that require starch can be reduced. In this study, I extracted starch from peas and sweet potatoes in the laboratory and then used it as a disintegrant to formulate paracetamol tablets using the wet granulation method. From the results obtained, starch powders extracted from both peas and sweet potatoes passed the tests that make them suitable for use for pharmaceutical purposes, and the paracetamol tablets formulated using the two starches as disintegrants had the desired disintegration time. However, the results indicated that peas starch had better disintegrant properties than sweet potato starch when used as disintegrants in the formulation of paracetamol tablets. All the paracetamol tablets disintegrated before 15 minutes as recommended by the Bp specification of disintegration time of less or equal to 15 minutes for uncoated tablets. The paracetamol tablets formulated using starch from peas and sweet potatoes disintegrated within 9 minutes and 10 minutes respectively. Keywords: Disintegrant properties, Sweet potato and pea starches, Pharmaceutical products, Paracetamol tablets, Corn starch.

Effect of Musa acuminata Starch concentration on the Disintegrant Activity of Paracetamol Tablets

Today, tablets are one of the most widely used pharmaceutical dosage forms. Both active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and inactive ingredients such as disintegrants are found in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disintegrants are essential for dissolving the tablet into small particles and increasing the surface area of the API when it is exposed to gastrointestinal fluids. As a result, choosing the right type and concentration of disintegrant is often the most important aspect in determining tablet quality. Effect of Musa acuminata starch concentration on the disintegrant activity of paracetamol tablets was now researched on. Starch from unripe banana fruits was extracted with distilled water and 0.05M sodium hydroxide. Banana starch powder at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% w/w were used to formulate paracetamol tablets by direct compression. Starch powder and tablet properties were evaluated. Increase in concentration of banana starch powder from 5-15% w/w led to a decrease in disintegration time, weight variation, and an increase in friability. The tablets formulated from banana starch at all concentration were comparable to tablet properties in the standard BP 2009. The starch powder pH, true density, bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Hausner’s ratio and Carr’s index were 6.57, 1.51g/ ml, 0.55g/ml, 0.61g/ml, 32.3o , 1.11 and 9.90, respectively. The tablets exhibited disintegration time, weight variation, thickness, and friability values ranging from 0.55-0.44min, 1.66-0.59%, 4-3.39mm, 0.13- 0.55%, respectively. The tablets met acceptable Pharmacopoeia requirements at starch concentration studied. Results revealed that banana starch could be used as a disintegrant in paracetamol tablet formulation due its comparable properties with the standard BP 2009 specifications. Musa acuminata starch when used at concentration of 15% gives optimum disintegrant activity. Keywords: Musa acuminate, Starch concentration, Disintegrant, Paracetamol tablets

Modification of purple sweet potato starch (Ipomoea batatas L. Poir) with pragelatination and acetylation methods as disintegrant of paracetamol tablets

Background: Starch of sweet potatoes is one of the ingredients that has many benefits, including in the pharmaceutical field, especially as a pharmaceutical excipient in pharmaceutical formulations. But it has poor flow properties. Objective: The objective of the study is to isolate, characterise, modify and formulate the starch of Purple sweet potatoes (I. batatas L.Poir) into tablet dosage forms. Method: purple sweet potato starch obtained from the isolation, then modified to improve its flow properties. Modifications made were by pregelatination and acetylation. after obtaining starch that meets the standards in the pharmacopoeia, then starch is used as a disintegrant in the formulation of paracetamol tablets with a concentration of 15%. Result: The physicochemical characteristics of starch isolated from purple sweet potatoes are considered to meet the requirements of pharmaceutical excipients required in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients sixth edition and the United States Pharmacopeia 32nd edition. Conclusion: The starch from purple sweet potato has the potential as an alternative disintegrant for tablet formulation, but the amount used needs to be reduced so as not to produce brittle tablets.

The The Effect Of Uncontrolled Addition Of Gelatin In Paracetamol Tablet Formulation And The Evaluation

Acetaminophen is a pain-relieving (analgesic) and fever-treating (antipyretic) medication that can be obtained over-the-counter. Wet granulation evaluation of granule among others flow time, angle of repose, tapped density tableting evaluation tablet among others weight uniformity, friability, disintegration time tablet flow time evaluation test was 0.16 with an angle of repose 51.78 tapped density of 30%. Tablet manufacturing process, tablet was damaged during the initial printing, namely capping. The tablet evaluation test obtained weight uniformity 248mg, friability 3.22%, disintegration time 1 minute, dissolution results at 60th minutes is 2.2817. The formulation of paracetamol tablets made by the researchers did not meet the specifications for marketability, where the discrepancy in tablet specifications occurred in the physical and chemical properties of the tablets.

Evaluation of the Binding Property of Irvingia Gabonesis Gum in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations Produced using Two Different Disintegrants

Paracetamol is mainly used as analgesic and antipyretic drug. This study was conducted to evaluate the binding property of Irvingia gabonensis gum (IGG) in paracetamol tablet formulations in the presence of either maize starch or microcrystalline cellulose as disintegrant. IGG was isolated by acetone precipitation of the filtrate from the maceration of the powdered seeds of Irvingia gabonensis (Irvingiaceae) in distilled water for 24 h. Paracetamol granules were prepared using the wet granulation method. They were produced by using various concentration of IGG as binder, maize starch or microcrystalline cellulose as disintegrants and lactose as filler. The different formulations of paracetamol granules were mixed with magnesium stearate and talc and compressed into the respective tablets. The tablets were evaluated based on uniformity of weight, tablet hardness, friability, disintegration time and in vitro drug release. The tablet hardness for the paracetamol tablet formulations ranged from 2.27±0.09 to 8.00±0.54 Kgf. The friability values ranged from 0.21 ± 0.04 to 3.40±0.10%. The disintegration time ranged from 3.00±0.10 to 23±0.50 min. Tablets from all the formulations released up to 70% of their paracetamol contents within 25 min. For all the formulations, as the binder concentration increased the rate of drug release decreased. For tablets prepared using IGG as binder; formulations that contain microcrystalline cellulose as disintegrant had better release profile than those prepared using maize starch as disintegrant. The study shows that IGG have good binding property. Paracetamol tablets formulated using IGG as binder have comparable hardness value but lower disintegration time than those formulated using maize starch mucilage as binder.

Evaluation of the Binding Property of Irvingia Gabonesis Gum in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations Produced using Two Different Disintegrants

Evaluation of the Binding Property of Irvingia Gabonesis Gum in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations Produced using Two Different Disintegrants

Assessment of compressional, mechanical and release properties of terminalia randii gum in paracetamol tablet formulation

Assessment of compressional, mechanical and release properties of terminalia randii gum in paracetamol tablet formulation

Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Ficus vasta Gum as a Binder in Tablet Formulation.

Binders are ingredients used in tablet granulation process for tablet cohesiveness which confirms that the tablet remains intact after compression. Natural gums have been employed as disintegrants, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, and binders in tablets. Even though Ficus vasta gum is claimed as a possible pharmaceutical excipient by some phytochemical studies, literature is scanty on its efficacy as a tablet binder. The purpose of this study was to isolate, characterize, and comparatively evaluate Ficus vasta gum as a potential binder in tablet formulation. Gum was extracted from Ficus vasta tree, characterized for physicochemical properties, and applied as a binder in paracetamol granule and tablet formulation. Granules were prepared using 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% w/w concentration of the gum and standard binders (polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 and Starch@1500) by wet granulation. The formulated tablets were then evaluated for tablet quality parameters, and comparison between the test and standard binders was done by ANOVA. The dried crude gum yielded 50.63% (w/w) of a brownish yellow purified gum. The angle of repose, Carr's index, and the Hausner ratio all complied with the pharmacopoeial recommendations. The gum is compatible with the model drug, paracetamol. The paracetamol granules prepared with Ficus gum binder demonstrated an optimum size range and size distribution with substantial flow and compressibility properties. Ficus gum binder demonstrated significantly higher disintegration time and strength properties than that of similar concentrations of Starch@1500 but lower than polyvinylpyrrolidone (p < 0.05). Ficus gum has better binding properties than starch but lower than polyvinylpyrrolidone. Hence, Ficus vasta gum can be used as an alternative tablet binder in tablet manufacturing.

Characterization of Avocado (Persea americana) Seed Starch - Physicochemical and Powder Properties

Introduction: Starch is a biopolymer commonly used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations due to its biocompatibility, inertness, biodegradability, availability and affordability. Purpose: The study aimed to extract and characterize the starch isolated from avocado (Persea americana) seeds and investigate its disintegrant and binder properties in paracetamol tablet formulations. Methods: Starch was extracted from avocado seed using standard methods and then subjected to some phytochemical, physicochemical and bulk powder properties analyses. High-resolution analyses using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffractometry (XRD) were also carried out on the extracted starch powder. Results: Starch extraction yield was 19.61% and the starch was light-brown in colour, odourless, tasteless and smooth in texture. The starch showed a melting point range of 102-114°C and moisture content of 22.7%. It also exhibited a hydration capacity of 2.76 g/g and swelling and moisture sorption capacities of 46.43 and 115.34%, respectively. The starch powder was cohesive with poor flow properties but the DSC, FTIR, SEM and XRD results showed a semi-crystalline powder composed of fluffy discrete particles. Conclusion: The starch isolated from P. americana seeds exhibited good swelling, hydration and moisture sorption capacities, making it a good candidate as a tablet disintegrant. Keywords: Avocado, starch, physicochemical, high-resolution, analyses

Comparative Evaluation of the Disintegrant Properties of Starches from Three Cultivars of Dioscorea rotundata (Poir)

Poir starches from three cultivars (Lagos, Giwa, and Sule) were evaluated asexo-disintegrants (5 and 10%w/w) in paracetamol tablet formulations to determine whether the similarity in their physicochemical and material properties translates to performance in tablet formulation. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation and were evaluated for compressional properties (Heckel equation), mechanical strength (crushing strength and friability), and drug release (disintegration and dissolution times). Plastic deformation occurred in all tablets with rank order for the onset of plastic deformation Lagos&amp;gt;Giwa&amp;gt;Sule. An increase in the concentration of disintegrants in the tablets led to a decrease in mean yield pressure, total relative precompression density, and relative density at low pressure, but an increase in relative density at zero pressure. The crushing strength and disintegration times of the tablets were dependent on the disintegrants' concentration. All tablets passed the disintegration test (≤15min) with tablets containing the Sule cultivar producing the fastest disintegration (p&amp;lt;0.05). Tablets containing 10% of the Sule cultivar had the fastest release of paracetamol (t80=32.1min), though it failed the compendial standard for immediate release tablets (t80≤30min). Starches from the three cultivars despite their similar physicochemical and material properties exhibited different disintegrant properties and could find different applications as excipients in tablet formulations.

A Directly Compressible Pregelatinised Sago Starch: A New Excipient in the Pharmaceutical Tablet Formulations.

An excipient intended for direct compression in pharmaceutical tableting must show important features of flowability and compactibility. This study investigated pregelatinised sago starch as an excipient for direct compression tablets. Pregelatinised sago starch was prepared and characterised. Its powder bulk properties and performance in the tablet formulations with paracetamol as a model drug were compared against two commercial, directly compressible excipients, namely Avicel® PH 101 and Spress® B820. The results showed that pregelatinisation did not affect the chemical structure of sago starch, but its degree of crystallinity reduced, and X-ray diffraction pattern changed from C-type to A-type. Powder bulk properties of pregelatinised sago starch and Spress® B820 were comparable, exhibiting better flowability but lower compactibility than Avicel® PH 101. In the formulation of paracetamol tablets, pregelatinised sago starch and Spress® B820 performed equally well, followed by Avicel® PH 101 as indicated in Formulations 3, 2 and 1, respectively.

Formulation and Evaluation of Paracetamol Tablets using Coconut Oil as a Binder

Tablets are the medicament with suitable excipients. It comprises a mixture of active substances and excipients, usually pressed or compacted from a powder into a solid dose. The aim of this study was to formulate paracetamol tablets using Coconut oil as a binder in different concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%) and evaluate them with basic parameters. The granules manufactured using the binder had good flow property and compressibility. There are various examples of binders that can be used for tablet formulation. Here the efforts were made to formulate the paracetamol tablets by using coconut oil to check whether the tablet can be formulated and the other evaluation parameters for tablets, thereafter. Using coconut oil as a binder in the end gave satisfactory result as we could formulate a tablet with effective concentration of coconut oil with 1%.Theformulated tablets thereafter were evaluated for the characterization for granules to check such as flow property, bulk density, tap density etc.as well as the tablets were also evaluated for disintegration and dissolution as well.&#x0D; Keywords: Paracetamol, Binder, Dry granulation, Excipients, Direct compression, Disintegration, Dissolution

Intra and Extra-granular Disintegrant Properties of Modified Underutilised Red Lima Bean Starch in Paracetamol Tablet Formulation

Red lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus Linn) Family Fabaceae, has been modified by succinylation and annealing, and used as intra- and extra-granular disintegrants at concentrations of 5 and 10 %w/w in paracetamol tablet formulation in comparison with corn starch BP. The starches were characterised using FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, proximate analysis, physicochemical and functional properties. FT-IR spectrometry revealed characteristic peaks at 1575.53 and 1713.99 cm-1 for the succinylated starch while the annealed showed no significant difference from the native starch. Modifications did not alter the ovoid shape of the native starch but reduced the particle size. Succinylation improved water absorption capacity, solubility and swelling of lima bean starch but annealing reduced the parameters. Tablets with disintegrants of lima bean starches generally had higher crushing strengths and lower friability than tablets with corn starch. Modifications reduced the disintegration time of the tablets when the starches were incorporated intra-granularly, which suggested particle-particle bond interruption and destruction of hydrogen bonds as mechanism of disintegration. Tablets containing 10 %w/w succinylated red lima bean starch incorporated intra-granularly had the highest disintegration efficiency ratio, DER, indicating a great balance between mechanical and disintegration properties. Modified red lima bean starches incorporated intra-granularly into paracetamol tablets led to faster disintegration and could efficiently substitute corn starch as disintegrant.

Optimization of the Extragranular Excipient Composition of Paracetamol Tablet formulation using the Quality by Design Approach

The purpose of this study is to optimize the composition of extragranular excipients (EGE) and mixing time of granules with EGE of paracetamol tablet formulation using Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. The effect of the composition of EGE and the mixing time of granules with EGE on granule and tableting properties of paracetamol tablet formulation was investigated using a combined model of mixture and process factors (Design-Expert 12). A total of 18 tablet formulations were manufactured by wet granulation using varying compositions of EGE and varying mixing time. Granule and tablet properties of each formulation were evaluated as response variables for the design, data generated were fitted into models and analysed to generate a design space that was used for optimization studies. The proposed EGE composition as predicted by the design was confirmed and validated after preparation and evaluation of the granule and tablet properties. The optimized composition for the EGE that yielded granules and tablets of desirable characteristics was found to be maize starch (5 %), talc (4.9 %) and magnesium stearate (0.1 %) with a mixing time of 2 min. The tablets produced with the optimized composition had better mechanical strength and disintegration time than the formulation prepared using an existing formula of maize starch (7.8 %), talc (2 %) and magnesium stearate (0.2 %) that were obtained using the One Variable at a Time (OVAT) approach. This study confirmed the relevance of quality by design in development of pharmaceutical formulations.

Disintegration, Hardness and Dissolution Profiles of Paracetamol Tablets Formulated using Sucrose and Formaldehyde Cross-Linked Starches

Background: Native starches have some limitations such as the inability to withstand some processing conditions, poor flow, packing and compressibility. Cross-linking of starch is one of the methods used to overcome these drawbacks to obtain derivatives with better and desirable properties. This study is aimed at assessing the utilisabilty of sucrose and formaldehyde cross-linked starches obtained from Zea mays, Triticum aestivum, and Oriza sativa as an excipient for paracetamol tablet formulation. The formulated tablets were evaluated for hardness, disintegration and drug release rate.&#x0D; Results: The formulated tablets had hardness in the range of 4.35 – 6.37 Kgf. Tablets produced from the native starches had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower disintegration time compared to their respective cross-linked starches. The disintegration time of the tablets from the cross-linked starches was in the following order, modified rice starch tablets &gt; modified maize starch tablets &gt; modified wheat starch tablets. The optimal batches containing the modified starches released over 90% of the drug within 40 min.&#x0D; Conclusion: Sucrose and formaldehyde cross-linked starches obtained from Zea mays, Triticum aestivum, and Oriza sativa could serve as possible excipients for paracetamol tablets formulation.

Utilization of Pectin from Okra as Binding Agent in Immediate Release Tablets.

Polymeric materials from plants continue to be of interest to pharmaceutical scientists as potential binders in immediate release tablets due to availability, sustainability, and constant supply to feed local pharmaceutical industries. Paracetamol tablet formulations were utilized in investigating the potential binding characteristics of pectin harnessed from various okra genotypes (PC1-PC5) in Ghana. The pectin yields from the different genotypes ranged from 6.12 to 18.84%w/w. The pH of extracted pectin ranged from 6.39 to 6.92, and it had good swelling indices and a low moisture content. Pectin extracted from all genotypes were evaluated as binders (10, 15, and 20%w/v) and compared to tragacanth BP. All formulated tablets (F1-F18) passed the weight uniformity, drug content, hardness, and friability tests. Based on their crushing strength, tablets prepared with pectin from the various genotypes were relatively harder (P ≤ 0.05) than tablets prepared with tragacanth BP. Tablets prepared with pectins as binders at 10%w/v and 15%w/v passed the disintegration and dissolution tests with the exception of PC4 at 15%w/v. Incorporation of pectin from all genotypes (excluding PC5) as a binder at concentrations above 15%w/v (F13, F16, F14, and F15) produced tablets which failed the disintegration test and showed poor dissolution profiles. Thus, pectin from these genotypes can be industrially commodified as binders in immediate release tablets using varying concentrations.

An Evaluation of &lt;i&gt;Dictyophora indusiata&lt;/i&gt; Mucilage as a Binder in Tablet Formulations

Dictyophora indusiata known as bamboo mushroom is an edible mushroom in Genus Dictyophora, Family Phallaceae that could produce highly viscous mucilage encased in the peridium. The viscous mucilage is clear-colorless hydrocolloid with high viscosity and high adhesive nature which made it possible to be developed into pharmaceutical excipients. This research work aimed at the application of the mucilage as a tablet binder. The mucilage was prepared as redispersible powder by lyphilization before used. The dried mucilage could be effectively used as a binder in paracetamol tablet formulations both as dry and wet binder. Increasing of the dried mucilage amount caused the stronger tablet with higher disintegration time. The optimum concentrations of the dried mucilage in tablet formulations were 2.0% w/w as dry binder and 1.0% w/w as wet binder. The obtained tablets revealed low friability and fast disintegration time. The drug dissolution was conformable to USP37 standard and comparable to that of commercial product. Accordingly, the Dictyophora indusiata mucilage could be functionally used as a tablet binder