Paracetamol-induced Nephrotoxicity Research Articles

Effects of Thymoquinone Nanoparticles on Paracetamol-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Mitigating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Rats

Abstract A common and efficient analgesic-antipyretic medication for a variety of syndromes is paracetamol (PAR). The use of PAR was associated with acute kidney injury and other side effects, and its hazardous effects were influenced by oxidative stress and inflammation. Black seed oil’s primary active ingredient, thymoquinone (TQ), has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties. A few animal models for drug-induced nephrotoxicity described promising outcomes of its renoprotective action. The main goal of this work was to evaluate TQ nanoparticles’ (TQNP) powerful renoprotective properties in a rat model of nephrotoxicity caused by PAR. Three groups of eight rats each were assigned; group one (the control group, CON) was given gavaged normal saline. Group 2 (PAR group, PAR) received 600 mg/kg of gavaged PAR diluted in regular saline. One hour after PAR delivery, group 3 (the TQNP group) received TQNP 0.5 mg/kg via oral administration. In rat kidney tissues, PAR resulted in renal damage, a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, cystatin C (CYC), myeloperoxidase, protein carbonyl (PC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and a decrease in nitric oxide and cellular antioxidants. In rats given PAR, TQNP effectively reduced renal damage, lowered serum levels of creatinine, BUN, and CYC, and improved oxidative stress (MDA, MYO, and PC) and inflammatory markers (TNFα and IFN-γ). TQNP treatment resulted in modestly dilated/congested blood vessels in the renal tissues of PAR. The TQNP’s renoprotective action is an effective preventative against PAR-induced nephrotoxicity, primarily by enhancing cellular defense mechanisms and reducing inflammatory and oxidative indicators in a rat model. However, additional research and clinical trials should be needed for testing in future studies.

Nephroprotective effect of Pterocarpus mildbraedii leaf extract in paracetamol-induced toxicity in Wistar rats: A histopathological investigation

Pterocarpus mildbraedii leaf is among the most commonly consumed leafy vegetables in west African sub-region. In South-East and South-South geopolitical zones of Nigeria, it is used for treatment of various health disorder such as headaches, pains, fever, convulsions, and respiratory disorders. This study was aimed at evaluating the possible effect of ethanol leaf extract of Pterocarpus mildbraedii on paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Twenty (20) Wistar rats weighing between 190 – 240 g were used for this study and divided into five (5) groups, each group having four (4) animals, described as follows; Group A was given distilled water only (positive control). Group B was given 700 mg/kg paracetamol with no treatment (negative control); Group C was given 700 mg/kg paracetamol and treated with 60 mg/kg of plant extract. Group D was given 700 mg/kg paracetamol and treated with 30 mg/kg of plant extract. Group E given 700 mg/kg of paracetamol and treated with 15 mg/kg of plant extract. At the end of the four (4) weeks of treatment, the kidneys were removed, weighed and sacrificed for histological examinations. Coronal sections of the kidney tissues were immersion fixed in 10 % PBS-buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. The results obtained revealed a normal cellular architecture in the groups treated with the leaf extract. Conclusively, the result suggests protective effects of ethanol extract of P. mildbraedii leaf on the paracetamol-induced toxicity on the kidney cells.

Antioxidant activities of reissantia indica willd. (mopane paddle-pod) and nephroprotective effect on paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in male wistar rats

Antioxidant activities of reissantia indica willd. (mopane paddle-pod) and nephroprotective effect on paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in male wistar rats

Renoprotective Effect of Taxifolin in Paracetamol-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Emerging Evidence from an Animal Model.

Taxifolin (TXF) is a flavonoid found abundantly in citrus/onion. Encouraging results on its renoprotective effect have been reported in a limited number of drug-induced nephrotoxicity animal models. The present study aimed to evaluate for the first time the potential renoprotective effects of TXF in a paracetamol (PAR)-induced nephrotoxicity rat model. Rats were divided into three equal groups (n = 6 animals per group). Group 1 (PAR group, PARG) received PAR diluted in normal saline by gavage (1000 mg/kg). Group 2 (TXF group, TXFG) received TXF diluted in normal saline by gavage (50 mg/kg) one hour after PAR administration. Group 3 (control group, CG) received normal saline. Twenty-four hours after PAR administration, all animals were sacrificed using high-dose anesthesia. Blood samples were collected and kidneys were removed. The serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine levels and serum malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased in the PARG. The serum glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and total glutathione levels were significantly higher in the TXFG. At the same time, the kidneys of the PARG animals demonstrated tubular epithelium swelling, distension and severe vacuolar degeneration. The kidneys of the TXFG animals showed mildly dilated/congested blood vessels. The TXF renoprotective effects are promising in preventing PAR-induced nephrotoxicity, mainly through antioxidant activity, and warrant further testing in future studies.

Prunus laurocerasus L. Extracts Prevent Paracetamolinduced Nephrotoxicity by Regulating Antioxidant Status: An Experimental Animal Model

Paracetamol is a popular analgesic drug and its overdose may cause toxicity in the kidney. Prunus laurocerasus L. (PL) is an important folklore medicinal plant that has antioxidant properties. This study explores effects of PL fruit water and ethanol-water extracts administrations on oxidative stress in paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity. For this purpose, 30 rats were divided into 5 groups: control, negative control (2 g/kg paracetamol), PL fruit water extract (400 mg/kg PLW+ 2 g/kg paracetamol), PL fruit ethanol-water extract (400 mg/kg PLEW+ 2 g/kg paracetamol) and positive control (150 mg/kg NAC+ 2 g/kg paracetamol). 24 hours after the paracetamol induction, animals were sacrificed and oxidative parameters were analyzed spectrophotometrically in kidney tissue. PLW and PLEW extracts decreased MDA and NOx levels and increased SOD and CAT activities in paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity. PL fruit extracts can restore the oxidative changes caused by paracetamol.

Nephroprotective effect of the hydromethanolic extract and fractions of Viola serpens Wall. Histological and hematological evidence

The current study was planned to examine the nephroprotective effect of the crude extract and its various fractions of Viola serpense Wall against paracetamol-induced toxicity in rabbits. The serum creatinine levels of all fractions, as well as the crude extract, were found to have a greater effect. The effect on urine urea by the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fraction in high doses (300 mg/kg b.wt.) and crude extract and chloroform in low doses (150 mg/kg bwts.) were comparatively more effective and comparable to silymarin. The creatinine clearance of the fractions except for chloroform, aqueous at 300 mg/kg and the hydro-methanolic extracts at both doses were highly significant. The histological structures of kidneys in crude extract and chloroform-treated groups showed more improvement at the lower doses. The fractions n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanolic exhibited an inverse dose relationship in the histology of the kidney. However, the aqueous fraction showed a dose-dependent nephroprotective effect. Finally, the crude extract and fractions significantly improved paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits.

Paracetamol-induced acute kidney injury in the absence of acute liver injury: a retrospective cohort study

Paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in the absence of hepatotoxicity is only described in a few studies. The aim of this retrospective cohort study with data from the Capital Region of Denmark 2010-2017, was to examine the incidence of possible paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in absence of hepatotoxicity. Only one out of 5,827 admissions (0.02%) included in the study developed clinically relevant acute kidney injury (AKI) that could be attributed to paracetamol in absence of acute liver injury. This study demonstrates that clinically relevant AKI due to paracetamol overdose rarely occurs without concomitant hepatic injury when excluding other prerenal, renal, and postrenal causes of renal dysfunction, NAC interference and chronic kidney injury.

Ameliorating Effects of Solanum anomalum Thonn. Ex. Schumach Fruit Extracts on Paracetamol-induced Kidney Injuries and Haemato-biochemical Indices in Rats

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a widely used non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic drug that is safe at therapeutic doses but toxic to the liver and kidneys in overdose. Although the risk of paracetamol-induced liver injury is much higher than in the kidneys, incidents of kidney damage by paracetamol should not be ignored, given the enormous cost of treating kidney diseases, particularly in resource-challenged developing nations. In an onerous quest for a cheaper and readily available antidote, this study examined the effect of Solanum anomalum fruit extract on paracetamol-induced kidney injuries and haemato-biochemical indices in rats. Twenty-five mature albino rats of both sexes were used, divided into five groups of five rats per group. Group 1 (normal control) rats were given distilled water (10ml/kg) for 8 days, group 2 (negative control) given distilled water (10 ml/kg) for 8 days, group 3 (positive control) given 100 mg/kg Silymarin for 8 days, group 4 given 452 mg/kg of S. anomalum fruit extract for 8 days, and group 5 given 678 mg/kg of S. anomalum fruit extract for 8 days. Thereafter, 2.0 g/kg of paracetamol was administered to groups 2-5 orally on the 8th day. Rats in group 2 showed significant increases in urea, creatinine, sodium ion, total WBCs, decrease in PCV, Hb concentration and RBCs. Administration of Solanum anomalum fruit extract significantly reversed most of these biomarkers. Histopathology of the kidneys also points to the mitigating effect of Solanum anomalum fruit against paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity.

Acetaminophen-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Suppression of Apoptosis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Using Boric Acid.

Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the popular and safe pain medications worldwide. However, due its wide availability, it is frequently implicated in intentional or unintentional overdoses where it can cause severe liver injury and even acute liver failure. Boron is a bioactive trace element, found naturally as boric acid (BA) and borate. In this study, the effects of boric acid on the acute renal toxicity induced by APAP in rats were researched in comparison with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). In the study, 7 groups were formed and 2g/kg dose of paracetamol per rat was prepared by suspending in 1% Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) solution of phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Boric acid dissolved in saline was administered to experimental animals by gavage at doses of 50, 100, and 200mg/kg. In this study, ER stress and apoptosis formed by paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity were investigated. This purpose determined iNOS, PERK, ATF6, NFkB p53, caspases 3, 12, bcl-2, and bcl-xL gene mRNA expression kidney tissue. Also, the levels of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), Cysteine (Cys), and IL-18 levels, which are mentioned today as kidney damage markers were compared with BUN and creatine levels. The effect of boron on kidney damage was determined by histopathologic. Data were statistically analyzed by using SPSS-20 ANOVA and stated as means and standard deviation. According to the data obtained in our study, we believe that boric acid has a protective effect on the negative effects of paracetamol on the kidney. We believe that our study will provide useful data to the literature on the possibility of a supplement to be used as an active compound in paracetamol for the prophylaxis of boric acid and it can also be converted into a useful product.

Protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Stachys pilifera on paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in female rats.

Background and purpose:Stachys pilifera is used in traditional medicine due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. The goal of this study was to examine the renoprotective activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of S. pilifera on paracetamol (PCM)-induced nephrotoxicity.Experimental approach:The Wistar female rats were randomly divided into four groups including control, PCM, S. pilifera hydroalcoholic extract (SPE), and PCM + SPE. The animals received SPE (500 mg/kg) for one week and PCM (3 g/kg) on the 6th day orally. Kidney function tests and oxidant/antioxidant markers were determined in serum and tissue homogenate, respectively. Protein and mRNA levels of TNF-α, as well as hematoxylin and eosin staining, were assessed in the kidney tissue.Findings/Results:Treatment with SPE in the PCM group significantly decreased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine against the merely PCM rats (P < 0.05). The amount of nitric oxide metabolite and superoxide dismutase activity in the group receiving SPE showed a significant increase compared to PCM rats (P < 0.05). A significant difference in TNF-α levels between the groups was not observed. Histological changes were improved in the rats treated with SPE.Conclusion and implications:Totally, our findings showed that SPE can inhibit PCM nephrotoxicity by enhancing kidney function markers, antioxidant status, and histological changes. Though, more researches are required to estimate the possible mechanism of SPE.

Nefroprotective Effect of Gynura procumbens Extract Against Paracetamol Toxicity in Rats

ABSTRACT&#x0D; Excessive doses of paracetamol have the potential to cause acute kidney injury and even death. Gynura procumbens has been traditionally used as folk-medicine for kidney disease. This study aimed to examine the nephroprotective effect of Gynura procumbens leaf extract against paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Twenty-five male wistar rats (150-200 g) were divided into 5 groups. Healthy control group, placebo group, and 3 extract treatment groups that received either 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg dose. The placebo (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) or extract was given 4 consecutive days prior to paracetamol (2400 mg/kg) administration on day 5. Blood samples were withdrawn before treatment initiated (day 0), after treatment before paracetamol administration (day 5) and 24-hour after paracetamol administration (day 6). Blood samples were analyzed to obtain urea and creatinine levels. In addition, histopathological analysis was performed on the renal tissue. Paracetamol administration was shown to significantly increase the urea and creatinine levels, and the extract at 300 mg/kg dose was able to significantly prevent the elevation of the renal biomarkers. The histopathological analysis also revealed a significant reduction in renal histopathological injury in 300 mg/kg extract group. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of the Gynura procumbens at a dose of 300 mg/kg has a good protective effect on kidney function and tissue structure.&#x0D; Key words: Gynura procumbens, nephroprotective, paracetamol

Studies on Nephroprotective Effect of Methanolic and Aqueous Extract of Bark of Pithecellobium Dulce Roxb. in Rats

Kidney failure is a major problem of worldwide proportions. Kidney injury is a sudden loss of kidney function resulting in the accretion of waste materials such as creatinine and urea in the body. There are various agents that exert nephrotoxic effects through distinctive morbific defence mechanisms. Gentamicin, cisplatin and paracetamol are among common nephrotoxicity agents. In recent years, natural compounds are being expanded used in the treatment of kidney diseases. With this backdrop the study has been designed with the aim to studies on nephroprotective effect of methanolic and aqueous extract of bark of Pithecellobium Dulce Roxb. in rats. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of bark of P. Dulce was studied for nephroprotective effect in female Wistar rats against cisplatin, gentamicin and paracetamol induced nephrotoxicity, by estimating serum creatinine, blood urea and serum albumin levels. The dried bark of P. Dulce, Roxb (Leguminosae), contains tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, beta-sitosterol and saponin glycoside. Treatments with the methanolic and aqueous extracts could significantly (P is less than 0.001) reduce the elevated serum levels of creatinine, blood urea and serum albumin. P. Dulce bark extracts significantly prevented the physical, biochemical, histological and structural changes induced by cisplatin, gentamicin and paracetamol in the kidney. The present study reports with the exploration of P. Dulce bark extracts possessed implicit nephroprotective activity. This activity may be attributed due to the abundant phytoconstituents of the plant extracts.

Role of Pomegranate Peel Extract and N-Acetyl cysteine supplementation on Paracetamol-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Adult Male Albino Rats

Role of Pomegranate Peel Extract and N-Acetyl cysteine supplementation on Paracetamol-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Adult Male Albino Rats

Peptides from Liza aurata: Natural Source Attenuate Paracetamol Induced Nephrotoxicity by Modulation of the Inflammatory Response and DNA Damage

Peptides from Liza aurata: Natural Source Attenuate Paracetamol Induced Nephrotoxicity by Modulation of the Inflammatory Response and DNA Damage

Nephroprotective activity of Annona Squamosa leaves against paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: in vitro and in vivo experiments

BackgroundParacetamol (PCM), being extensively adapted analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug all over the world, beyond therapeutic dosages, the oxidative stress-involved nephrotoxicity has been evidenced. However, herbal plants are the windfall for the humankind providing solution for most of the wellness breakdowns. Annona squamosa (AS) is one of such plants with enormous therapeutic and nutraceutical potencies. The main aspiration of the current investigation is to evaluate the nephroprotective ability of ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa (EEAS) leaves against paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity using in vitro human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells and in vivo experiments in Wistar rats through biochemical parameters, oxidative parameters, and histopathological findings.ResultsWhen HEK-293 cells were incubated with PCM, an increased cell death associated with alterations in the morphology of normal cells was observed. At variable concentrations, HEK-293 cells co-treated with PCM and EEAS extracts gave a significant improvement in cell growth on comparing with PCM treatment showing cytoprotective feature of EEAS with an IC50 28.75 μg/mL. In vivo nephroprotective property was assessed from the amount of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) along with creatinine and uric acid which were reduced (P < 0.001) within serum and compact levels of glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase which were termed as GSH, CAT, and SOD, respectively, were increased (P < 0.001) in kidney tissue homogenate in the treated groups than the PCM alone group. Results were additionally supported by histopathological observations.ConclusionThe results exhibited that EEAS has impending benefits against PCM-induced nephrotoxicity through in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Nephroprotective property of Trifolium repens leaf extract against paracetamol-induced kidney damage in mice.

Paracetamol-induced toxicity is one of the major drawbacks in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. The present study was performed to find out the impacts of phenolic compounds in the Trifolium repens (white clover) leaves (TR) against the paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. The extract was administered orally to mice in different doses (1, 2, and 3mL having a dry mass of 11.0mg/mL) along with paracetamol (300mg/kg) alone or in combination. Kidney histology, serum renal function tests, serum electrolytes, reduced glutathione, and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. Paracetamol significantly affected kidney weight, renal profile biochemistry, serum electrolytes, reduced glutathione, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (as lipid peroxidation) in mice. The amount of total phenolic compounds identified in the extract was 8.89mg/g, representing 80.8% of the extract. The simultaneous administration of the TR extract leads to the normalization of all those parameters, which were deviated due to paracetamol ingestion. Kidney histological examination showed that nephrotoxicity was induced due to paracetamol, while the extract rich in phenolic compounds acts as therapeutic agents. The administration of extract also normalized the reduced glutathione from 0.837 to 2.21 of the paracetamol and paracetamol with 3-mL extract, respectively. Lipid peroxidation in the kidney was significantly (p < 0.05) declined by the extract (0.435µmol/g) as compared to PC (3.96µmol/g). In conclusion, TR extract possesses active beneficial phenolic compounds with nephroprotective function.

Ratlarda parasetamol ile indüklenen nefrotoksisite modelinde eser elementler ve antioksidan kapasite üzerine borun etkisinin araştırılması

In this study, the effect of boron on the trace element and antioxidant capacity in paracetamol induced nephrotoxicity model was investigated. The main hypothesis on which the study is based has a unique value in terms of showing whether the antioxidant activity of boron has an effect on the trace elements and antioxidant capacity in our body. In the study, 56 albino Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups: Group 1 (Control); Group 2 (Paracetamol); Group 3 (Paracetamol + 50 mg/kg boron); Group 4 (Paracetamol + 100 mg/kg boron); Group 5 (Paracetamol + 200 mg/kg boron); Group 6 (Paracetamol + 140 mg/kg NAC); Group 7 (200 mg/kg boron). At the end of the research, tissue samples taken from rats were used for trace element analysis (Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), catalase activity (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) analyses. Likewise, blood samples taken from the hearts of rats were examined for creatinine blood urea nitrogen (BUN) analyses. As a result of the findings, this study suggests that the boron may have antioxidant properties and may have a protective effect on trace elements and antioxidant capacity in paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity.

English

This study was aimed to investigate the protective, ameliorative and preventive effects of aqueous Date fruit extract on paracetamol induced nephrotoxicity in wistar rats. A total of 30 male albino wistar rats were used for this study. Rats were randomly divided into five groups containing 6 animals each. Treatments were given daily for fourteen days. The animals in the control group (Group I) did not receive any treatment, while those in group 2 received paracetamol (2 g/kg/day). Group 3 were pretreated with aqueous date fruit extract (400 mg/kg/day) for a week before paracetamol administration. Rats in group 4 received paracetamol (2 g/kg/day) for a week before treatment with aqueous date palm extract (400 mg/kg). Group 5 was administered paracetamol (2 g/kg/day) in concurrent with 400 mg/kg aqueous date fruit extract. Exposure of rats with a nephrotoxic dose of paracetamol disturbed the kidney function tests; blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SC) levels increased significantly (P&gt;0.05). The protective use of aqueous date fruit extract on paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity resulted in a significant improvement in most evaluated parameters. &nbsp; Key words: Date fruit, paracetamol, wistar rats, kidney.

Paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats: the protective role of Nigella sativa

Context Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) (NS) is traditionally used to treat many conditions such as inflammation.Objective This study evaluates the effects of NS seeds ethanol extract in paracetamol-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats.Materials and methods Forty-eight female Wistar Albino rats were divided into eight groups: I = sham; II = sham + 1000 mg/kg NS; III = sham + 140 mg/kg (N-acetyl cysteine) NAC; IV = 2 g/kg paracetamol; V = 2 g/kg paracetamol + 140 mg/kg NAC; VI, VII and VIII = 2 g/kg paracetamol + 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg NS, respectively. Paracetamol administration (oral) was carried out 1 h after NS and NAC administrations (oral), and all animals were sacrificed 24 h later.Results Paracetamol administration significantly increased serum urea (88.05 U/L) and creatinine (0.80 U/L) when compared with the sham group (49.80 and 0.31 U/L, respectively). However, serum urea level was reduced to 65.60, 56.00 and 54.18 U/L, with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses of the extract, respectively. Also, serum creatinine level was reduced to 0.64, 0.57 and 0.52 U/L with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses of the extract, respectively. NS administration increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione, and decreased malondialdehyde levels in the kidneys. Kidney histopathological examinations showed that NS administration antagonized paracetamol-induced kidney pathological damage.Discussion and conclusions The results suggest NS has a significant nephroprotective activity on paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity. It may be suggested that the antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects of NS ethanolic extract originated from different compounds of its black seeds.

The protective effects of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds in paracetamol induced nephrotoxicity in male wistar rats.

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development of drug induced nephrotoxicity. The study aimed to determine the nephroprotective and ameliorative effects of Carica papaya seed extract in paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. To carry out phytochemical screening of Carica papaya, measure serum urea, creatinine and uric acid and describe the histopathological status of the kidneys in the treated and untreated groups. Phytochemical screening of the extract was done. Thirty two adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n= 8 in each group). Group A (control) animals received normal saline for seven days, group B (paracetamol group) received normal saline, and paracetamol single dose on the 8th day. Group C received Carica papaya extract (CPE) 500 mg/kg, and paracetamol on the 8th day, while group D, rats were pretreated with CPE 750 mg/kg/day,and paracetamol administration on the 8th day. Samples of kidney tissue were removed for histopathological examination. Screening of Carica papaya showed presence of nephroprotective pytochemicals. Paracetamol administration resulted in significant elevation of renal function markers. CPE ameliorated the effect of paracetamol by reducing the markers as well as reversing the paracetamol-induced changes in kidney architecture. Carica papaya contains nephroprotective phytochemicals and may be useful in preventing kidney damage induced by paracetamol.