Paracetamol Tablets Research Articles

Microwave planar resonator-based sensor for pharmaceutical tablet-moisture characterization based on complementary symmetric meander line-shaped structure

ABSTRACT This paper presents a microwave planar resonator-based sensor for moisture sensing application. The resonator sensor is designed utilising the Complementary Symmetric Meander Line-Shaped Resonator topology and operated in the S-band with the frequency range of 2.6–3.3 GHz. The main design criteria of this sensor are based on low manufacturing complexity and cost, ease of fabrication and integration with existing equipment, despite its high sensitivity and accuracy. When this sensor is loaded/unloaded with four different Material Under Tests with relative permittivity values varying from 2.3 to 4.3, the electromagnetic simulations were validated against experimental measurements according to the resonant notch frequency of transmission coefficient for the sensor’s material-characterisation performance. The simulated and experimental results show good agreements on the resonant frequencies and demonstrate the sensor’s high performance with a normalised sensitivity of 6%. Resonant frequencies are well correlated with material permittivity using a quadratic-polynomial regression with R 2 = 0.999. Moreover, moisture-content percentages of both dry and moist paracetamol tablets, measured by a loss-on-drying moisture analyser between 1.74% and 17.72%, have good correlation with the sensor’s resonant-frequency shift from on-line measurements. This resonator sensor has exhibited the potential for detecting moisture contents in small-sized materials in various industries.

Comparative evaluation of accuracy in near-infrared and Raman spectroscopic determinations of component concentration in packed solid mixtures under various packing densities

BackgroundPhysical characteristics of packed samples, such as packing density, influence subsequent near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectral features. This potential decrease in accuracy is a concerning issue in practical applications, such as the analysis of pharmaceutical tablets using vibrational spectroscopy. Thus, we compared the accuracy tolerances of both methods under varying packing densities. For evaluation, diffuse reflectance NIR and two different Raman measurements with laser illumination diameters of 1 and 6 mm (referred to as the WAI-1 and WAI-6 schemes, respectively) were used to analyze paracetamol tablets with packing densities of 1.1, 1.17, 1.24, and 1.29 g/cm³. ResultsIn all three measurements, increased packing density resulted in an increase in band intensity and an upward-moving baseline due to the variation in void volume (equivalent to porosity) in the tablets. The Raman spectra acquired using the WAI-6 scheme were less sensitive to packing density variations by averaging out different photon propagations over a large area during spectral acquisition. The accuracies for determining paracetamol concentration using the WAI-6 scheme did not significantly deteriorate when the packing density difference was not large, such as between 1.17 and 1.24 g/cm³ (absolute difference of 0.07 g/cm³). The WAI-6 scheme enabled more robust compositional analysis of the tablets with different packing densities. SignificanceThe WAI-6 Raman scheme provides a more robust compositional analysis of tablets under variations in packing density, making it a preferable choice for practical applications. Using the WAI-6 scheme, an additional effective strategy to minimize accuracy deterioration is further beneficial.

Characterization of extracted alpha cellulose from Manihot esculenta (cassava) peels as formulation aid for paracetamol tablet

Background: Alpha-cellulose as a pharmaceutical excipient can be employed as a binding agent in tablet formulation. Cassava peels husk are waste agricultural material and is being investigated for its α-cellulose for use in oral solid pharmaceutical formulation. Purpose: The objective of this study is to extract α-cellulose from cassava peels agro-industrial waste using a standard method, subject the extracted cassava peels cellulose and determine its phytochemical and physicochemical properties of formulated granules of paracetamol. Methods: Alpha-cellulose from cassava peel was extracted using alkali method. The fresh peels were prepared, milled into slurry and de-watered to obtain a coarse wet material, dried, milled and sieved to obtain very fine powdered particles. Phytochemical analysis and characterization of extracted α-cellulose powder were determined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron micrographs (SEM), and x-ray diffractogram (XRD) analysis of extracted cassava peel cellulose were done. Paracetamol granules was prepared by wet granulation using varying concentrations of the binders. Results: DSC and XRD results revealed a semi-crystalline material with amorphous and crystalline regions. while the SEM showed a lumpy structure and reticular shape. Pre-compression evaluations of the formulated batches of paracetamol granules showed that cassava peels cellulose (CPC) have similar flow properties with those of microcrystalline cellulose BP (MCC) and acacia BP (ACA) powders respectively. The granules have free flow properties with average angles of repose (CPC ≤ 27.60 MCC < 26.90 and ACA ≤ 25.60), compressibility index (CPC ≤ 25, MCC ≤ 23 and ACA ≤ 21.7%), Hausner’s ratio (CPC ≤ 1.32, MCC ≤ 1.31, and ACA ≤ 1.27) respectively. Conclusion: The extracted cassava peel α-cellulose was found ideal as pharmaceutical excipient binder in oral solid dosage forms.

Paracetamol sensing with a flexible graphene paper electrode modified with MnCo2O4

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe design of new‐generation flexible sensors for medical applications has gained considerable interest in the research community in recent past years. Herein, a free‐standing flexible electrode was developed for the electrochemical determination of Paracetamol (PC). This graphene‐based paper electrode was prepared using graphene and MnCo2O4 dispersion with a mold‐casting method followed by chemical reduction. The morphology and structure of our flexible paper electrode (MnCo2O4/GP) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopy.RESULTSThe as‐prepared flexible MnCo2O4/GP showed outstanding sensing performance for PC, as compared to GP, due to the excellent electrochemical properties of MnCo2O4. The proposed sensor exhibited a wide linear range of 4.64–1000 μM for electrochemical determination of PC with a low detection limit of 1.39 μM. Furthermore, MnCo2O4/GP was successfully applied for PC syrup and tablets with good accuracy results.CONCLUSIONSFor the first time, the present study demonstrated the fabrication and utilization of MnCo2O4‐modified graphene paper to develop a flexible and sensitive electrode for monitoring PC. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

The effect of recompression and concentration of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K-30 on the quality of paracetamol tablets

The effect of recompression and concentration of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K-30 on the quality of paracetamol tablets

Cleaning validation for blister packaging machines in hospital-supplying pharmacies

ObjectiveTo ensure quality-assured care for patients, validation of a cleaning process for blister machines is essential. Due to the high operating costs of maintaining high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which is...

The effect of sparkling water on the systemic pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in older adults

Paracetamol absorption kinetics show considerable variability in older adults, complicating the development of effective dosing regimens in the advanced-age population. In previous research, sparkling water has been shown to influence absorption-related processes. This study aimed to apply these findings to older adults and investigate the impact of sparkling water on absorption-related variability and early exposure. To this end, fourteen volunteers, with a median age of 72.5, were enrolled in a small-scale, randomised, controlled clinical trial with a cross-over design. A single immediate-release 500 mg paracetamol tablet was administered with sparkling or still water. Venous blood samples were collected regularly over 8 hours and analysed using HPLC-UV. Reduced variability of absorption-related parameters and a trend towards higher early exposure were observed in the sparkling water group, as demonstrated by a 1.6-fold increased AUC0-30min, a 2-fold reduced geometric coefficient of variation (GCV) for AUC0-30min, and a reduced median [interquartile range] Tmax of 25.0 [20.0–30.0] min compared to 30.0 [25.0–45.0] min. Based on our findings, sparkling water as a real-life dosing condition might improve paracetamol absorption kinetics and early exposure in the advanced-age population.

Characterization of Acid Hydrolyzed Taro Boloso-I (Colocasia esculenta Cultivar) Starch as a Diluent in Direct Compression of Tablets.

Corn, wheat, rice, potato, and cassava starches have been widely used as pharmaceutical excipients. However, the search for cost-effective local starch alternatives is necessary due to the availability and usage constraints. In Ethiopia, various plant species, including Taro Boloso-I, have been explored as potential sources of pharmaceutical starch. It is a variety of Colocasia esculenta with a high tuber yield and high starch content. However, the native starch requires modifications to enhance its functionality. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the native starch through acid modification and evaluate its performance as a direct compressible tablet excipient. The native starch was treated with a 6% w/v HCl solution for 192 hours, resulting in acid-modified Taro Boloso-I starch, which was then evaluated for suitability for direct compression. XRD patterns of both the native and modified starch showed characteristic A-type crystals, with significantly higher relative crystallinity observed in the latter. Additionally, the acid-modified starch exhibited a lower moisture content and improved flow properties. The compaction study also demonstrated its improved compactibility (tensile strength: 16.82 kg/cm2), surpassing both the native starch (13.17) and Starch 1500® (11.2). The modified starch also showed a lower lubricant sensitivity compared to the native starch and Starch 1500®. Furthermore, paracetamol tablets made with the modified starch exhibited higher mechanical strength and lower friability in all paracetamol concentrations. It incorporated up to 40% paracetamol while maintaining acceptable tablet characteristics, whereas the native starch and Starch 1500® were limited to 30% (w/w). Based on these findings, the modified starch showed promise as an alternative direct compressible excipient in tablet manufacturing.

Role of electron transfer between bare electrode and benzoguanamine to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for drugs: Theoretical and electrochemical approach

Herein, a poly(benzoguanamine) (BNZ) modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) was applied for the electroanalysis of paracetamol (PA) in PA tablet and human urine. Theoretical evaluation of the quantum chemical parameters of benzoguanamine (BZ) via density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that it is a reactive monomer with a tendency for back bond formation with the bare carbon paste electrode (BCPE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of BCPE and BNZ modified CPE (BNZ/CPE) show that the BNZ films were deposited on the bare electrode in layers. Results of the electrochemical characterization of these electrodes in 1 mM K4[Fe(CN)6] revealed that the BNZ/CPE has a higher electrocatalytic activity towards K4[Fe(CN)6] oxidation than BCPE. The limit of detection (LOD) of PA at the BNZ/CPE was estimated as 13.2 nM over a linear dynamic range (LDR) of 0.05–0.45 μM. Also, the proposed sensor offered PA recoveries of 99.2–100.4 % and 98.4–100.8 % in PA tablet solution and human urine sample, respectively. The BNZ/CPE showed remarkable shelf-life by retaining 97.4 % of its initial current response after 21 days of application for PA electroanalysis at 7 days interval. Notably, this study is the first attempt at the application of the BNZ/CPE for PA electroanalysis.

Evaluation of the Disintegrant and Binding Properties of Avocado Seed Starch in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations

Evaluation of the Disintegrant and Binding Properties of Avocado Seed Starch in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations

Physical and Chemical Evaluation of Different Brands of Paracetamol Tablets

Paracetamol is considered as one of the most Over-The-Counter (OTC) analgesic and antipyretic drug used. Therefore, assessment of its chemical content as well as physical tests is important to ensure its therapeutic effectiveness. This work included evaluation of three different brands of paracetamol tablets collected from different community pharmacies in Tripoli-Libya as a part of post-marketing evaluation. The physical tests included weight variation, hardness, disintegration, where chemical test included content uniformity of each brand. Physical tests were varying due to different considerations of manufacturing. Test for content of each product showed that the (A) product was of highest percentage content followed by (B)Panadol with small difference where Panadol from (C) had the lowest value; 92%. The results showed the failure of code (C) drug to comply with pharmacopoeia standards for uniformity of contents.

Evaluation of Musa acuminata Starch as a Diluent in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations

Tablet formulation, a widely used dosage form, relies on excipients like diluents to ensure product quality. This study investigates the potential of Musa acuminata (matoke banana) starch as a diluent in paracetamol tablets. Starch was extracted from matoke bananas and formulated into three batches using wet granulation, with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% w/w. Comparative analysis was conducted with maize starch. Physiochemical properties of starch and granules, as well as tablet characteristics, were evaluated. Results indicated comparable properties between matoke and maize starches. Tablets formulated with matoke starch exhibited optimal disintegration time, hardness, friability, and weight uniformity, suggesting its potential as a cost-effective and accessible alternative diluent. Keywords: Matoke, Musa acuminate, Starch, Active pharmaceutical and ingredients.

Analytical Method Development and Validation Of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method For Assay and Related Substances of Paracetamol and Caffeine Effervescent Tablets: Review

he ongoing, interdependent tasks related to the departments of research and development, quality control, and quality assurance are the creation and validation of analytical methods. Analytical methods are essential for risk management and equivalency assessments. It aids in the development of acceptability standards unique to a product and the consistency of outcomes. Validations establish whether the analytical process is appropriate for the goal for which it was designed. A review of the literature indicates that paracetamol and caffeine can be determined individually or in combination with other medications using analytical techniques based on UV spectroscopy, RP-HPLC, and HPTLC. The parameters were checked for correctness, precision, robustness, and other aspects of analytical validation in accordance with ICH guidelines. The discovered techniques can be applied to the bulk and tablet dosage form analysis of paracetamol and caffeine in effervescent form since they are straight forward, sensitive, and repeatable. The review also outlines the applicability and constraints of numerous published analytical techniques for paracetamol and caffeine analysis. Stability studies have to be conducted on time and in compliance with the standards issued by the World Health Organization, International Conference of Harmonization, and other bodies. The capacity of a pharmaceutical product to meet the physical, chemical, microbiological, toxicological, protective, and informational requirements of a specific formulation in a particular container-closure system is known as its stability. It also ensures that a pharmaceutical product's effectiveness, safety, and performance will be maintained for the duration of its shelf life, which is seen as a need for approval and acceptability. The requirement for ongoing quality and purity monitoring of medications and products gave rise to various stability test techniques. This review covers the various drug substance stability categories as well as the applicability of various techniques for drug substances that are stable, the applicability of various methods used to test the pharmaceutical product's stability, guidelines released to test the pharmaceutical product's stability, protocols for stability testing that outline the essential elements of a well-managed and regulated stability test, and other aspects of stability are all covered in this review. The researcher working on paracetamol and caffeine in effervescent form will greatly benefit from this thorough review study.

Medication Lubricants for Oral Delivery of Drugs: Oral Processing Reduces Thickness, Changes Characteristics, and Improves Dissolution Profile.

Swallowing oral solid dosage forms is challenging for those who have medication swallowing difficulties, including patients with dysphagia. One option is to mix the drug (whole or crushed) with a thick vehicle (medication lubricant). Previous in vitro studies consistently suggest that thick vehicles could impact the dissolution of solid dosage forms, potentially influencing their therapeutic effectiveness, but do not account for changes that happen during oral processing and swallowing. This study aims to investigate the potential impact of medication lubricants on drug release and examine the effect of oral processing. In vitro dissolution of whole and crushed paracetamol tablets mixed with five commercially available medication lubricants (two IDDSI level 2, two IDDSI level 3, and one IDDSI level 4) were tested with and without oral processing; a medication lubricant with/without paracetamol was placed in the mouth (five healthy volunteers), prepared for swallowing, but then expectorated and assessed for physical characteristics and drug release. Medication lubricants, both alone and mixed with crushed paracetamol tablets, showed a significant decrease in viscosity after oral processing. Without oral processing, IDDSI level 3 and 4 lubricants significantly delayed the dissolution of paracetamol tablets. After oral processing, particularly with crushed tablets, there was a substantial increase in the dissolution rate. These findings suggest that dissolution testing overestimates the impact of medication lubricants on drug dissolution. Therefore, using in vitro dissolution tests to predict the dissolution rate of medications mixed with thick vehicles is discouraged. It is essential to consider ways to incorporate the effects of the oral environment and oral processing on thick vehicles used for oral medication administration.

Carbon Nanotube Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes for on‐line and off‐line in vitro Therapeutic Equivalence Assessment of Paracetamol Tablets

AbstractIn vitro bioequivalence assessment of paracetamol tablets was carried out by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and amperometry using a multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/MWCNT). For the DPV developed method, samples were collected from the USP paddle apparatus, while amperometric measurements were carried out in situ. The DPV method was validated in three supporting electrolytes (per in vitro bioequivalence guidelines) by measuring the recovery from standard solutions and paracetamol tablet solutions, while precision was evaluated through the RSD (n=6). In HCl pH 1.2 solution the LOD and LOQ were 48 nM and 160 nM, respectively and the linear range was between 0.18–2.2 μM. In acetate buffer pH 4.5 the LOD and LOQ were 15 nM and 51 nM, respectively and the linear range was between 88 nM–880 nM. And in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 the LOD and LOQ were 4.6 nM and 15 nM, respectively and the linear range was between 88 nM–880 nM. Recovery values were between 95 and 105 % and precision values were less than 5 %. Results showed that both methods were effectively applied for the analysis of samples.

TRABECULECTOMY IN CLOSED ANGLE UVEITIS GLAUCOMA A CASE REPORT

Introduction : Glaucoma uveitis is caused by increased outflow resistance, which distorts the balance between water production and outflow. Trabeculectomy is better than LPI in controlling IOP in glaucoma uveitis
 Case Illustration : Male patient aged 45 years, came to the Eye Polyclinic at Serui Hospital with complaints of very painful right eye since 2 weeks ago, the patient also complained of being unable to see at all, red eyes, headache, stiff neck, nausea and vomiting. Ophthalmological examination reveal right eye vision no light perception (NLP), palpebral edema, spasm, conjunctival hyperemia, corneal edema, shallow anterior chamber angle, iris-corneal contact, negative pupillary reflex, total pupillary block, negative fundus reflex, schiotz IOP 81 mmHg.
 Discussion : The patient diagnosed as right eye acute glaucoma and treated with acetazolamide, timolol maleate eye drops, potassium aspar tablets, prednisolone acetate drops, diclofenac sodium drops in the right eye, paracetamol tablets, re-evaluate in 2 hours. The patient chose to be referred to a hospital in Surabaya. The patient came back with the same complaint and was treated the same as before, right eye surgery trabeculectomy + peripheral iridectomy with releaseable suture flap limbal base with controlled IOP results, releaseable suture sutures were removed in 2 weeks. Trabeculectomy of the uveitic eye is generally less successful because of accelerated wound healing by the postoperative fibrinous and cellular response. Antimetabolites such as 5FU and Mitomycin C are used to enhance the success of trabeculectomy in uveitis eyes (5FU, MMC). 95% success (IOP less than 21 mm Hg with 1 or no treatment) was achieved with MMC augmented trabeculectomy.
 Conclusion : Increased IOP due to pupillary block causes acute glaucoma with signs of high IOP, middilated pupils, decreased pupillary reflexes, and irregular shape, corneal epithelial edema, episcleral and conjunctival vascular congestion, shallow anterior chamber, small number of flares and cells.

TRABECULECTOMY IN CLOSED ANGLE UVEITIS GLAUCOMA A CASE REPORT

Introduction : Glaucoma uveitis is caused by increased outflow resistance, which distorts the balance between water production and outflow. Trabeculectomy is better than LPI in controlling IOP in glaucoma uveitis
 Case Illustration : Male patient aged 45 years, came to the Eye Polyclinic at Serui Hospital with complaints of very painful right eye since 2 weeks ago, the patient also complained of being unable to see at all, red eyes, headache, stiff neck, nausea and vomiting. Ophthalmological examination reveal right eye vision no light perception (NLP), palpebral edema, spasm, conjunctival hyperemia, corneal edema, shallow anterior chamber angle, iris-corneal contact, negative pupillary reflex, total pupillary block, negative fundus reflex, schiotz IOP 81 mmHg.
 Discussion : The patient diagnosed as right eye acute glaucoma and treated with acetazolamide, timolol maleate eye drops, potassium aspar tablets, prednisolone acetate drops, diclofenac sodium drops in the right eye, paracetamol tablets, re-evaluate in 2 hours. The patient chose to be referred to a hospital in Surabaya. The patient came back with the same complaint and was treated the same as before, right eye surgery trabeculectomy + peripheral iridectomy with releaseable suture flap limbal base with controlled IOP results, releaseable suture sutures were removed in 2 weeks. Trabeculectomy of the uveitic eye is generally less successful because of accelerated wound healing by the postoperative fibrinous and cellular response. Antimetabolites such as 5FU and Mitomycin C are used to enhance the success of trabeculectomy in uveitis eyes (5FU, MMC). 95% success (IOP less than 21 mm Hg with 1 or no treatment) was achieved with MMC augmented trabeculectomy.
 Conclusion : Increased IOP due to pupillary block causes acute glaucoma with signs of high IOP, middilated pupils, decreased pupillary reflexes, and irregular shape, corneal epithelial edema, episcleral and conjunctival vascular congestion, shallow anterior chamber, small number of flares and cells.

Amperometric Method for Detecting Paracetamol using a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Vanadium(V) Oxide

AbstractThis new and simple amperometric method takes advantage of the electroactivity of V2O5 in the oxidation of paracetamol (PCM) on a carbon paste electrode (CPE). With the modified electrode (VOX/CPE) the anode peak current for PCM was more than 100 % than that of the unmodified electrode. The electrode surface was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The amperograms were measured at +0.70 V (vs Ag/AgCl), and the calibration curve indicated a detection limit of 0.06 μmol/L and a sensitivity of 1.93 μA/μM cm2. The modified electrode was used in the detection of solid drugs such as PCM tablets and children's syrup with acceptable results.

Physicochemical quality assessment of various brands of paracetamol tablets sold in Freetown Municipality

Paracetamol is a widely used over-the-counter drug for managing fever and pain, but its quality may vary among different brands, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where counterfeit and substandard medicines are prevalent. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of fifteen brands of 500 mg paracetamol tablets sold in various pharmacies in Freetown, Sierra Leone using identification tests, friability tests, assay, dissolution tests, and mass variation.The results showed that three brands were not registered with the Pharmacy Board of Sierra Leone, and two brands did not meet the requirement for labelling (no manufacturing date). All the brands met the requirement for mass variation, friability tests and assays. The percentage assay of the different brands ranged from 96.17 %w/w to 101.97 %w/w. However, two brands did not meet the specification for dissolution, with P012 releasing about 21.23 % ± 5.76 of the drug within 45min.Most of the paracetamol brands evaluated met the physicochemical test specification. However, two brands failed the dissolution test, two brands did not meet the labelling requirement and three brands were identified as unregistered products with the National Medicines Regulatory Authority in Sierra Leone. This study underscores the necessity of enhancing monitoring and post-market surveillance of pharmaceuticals in Sierra Leone to ensure they comply with regulatory requirements.

Characterisation Study on Different Brands of Paracetamol Tablet Available in Market

Characterisation Study on Different Brands of Paracetamol Tablet Available in Market