Papua Indonesia Research Articles

Gender differences in the perceived impacts of coastal management and conservation

Gender influences the ways that people are involved in and rely on coastal resources and spaces. However, a limited understanding of gender differences in this context hinders the equity and effectiveness of coastal management and conservation. Drawing on data collected through purposive sampling from 3063 people in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Indonesia, Kenya, and Madagascar, we explored how men and women perceived the effects of coastal management and conservation on human well-being. We found significant gender differences in perceptions of the presence of impacts, whereby 37% of women and 46% of men perceived individual-level impacts, while 47% of women and 54% of men perceived community-level impacts. When asked about the degree and direction of impacts, the responses were not significantly different by gender. When describing the types of impacts, women and men articulated these differently, particularly impacts related to economic, governance, and health aspects of well-being. These findings highlight pathways for developing more equitable and gender-responsive coastal management and conservation initiatives aimed at safeguarding biodiversity, sustaining fisheries, and supporting the well-being of all those who depend on the marine environment.

Human Rights Issue in Papua: A Systematic Literature Review

The issue of human rights in Papua has received considerable scholarly attention in recent years. Therefore, this study uses the comprehensive Scopus database to evaluate global trends in publications related to human rights in Papua. Through bibliometric analysis, the study covers the period from 1981 to 2023. The data was visualised and analysed using VOSviewer software. The results showed that international publications on human rights in Papua covered various topics such as Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, indigenous peoples, West Papua, violence, human rights, geopolitics, foreign policy, investigative journalism, indigenous peoples and local communities, collaborative journalism, pregnant women, separatism and malaria. Australia emerged as the leading country of publication, with many authors associated with its institutions. The classification of human rights issues in this study is divided into three dimensions, namely: a) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; b) International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; c) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Epidemiology of cervical cancer and HPV infection in Asia and Oceania.

Cancer will continue to be a major source of morbidity and mortality globally during the foreseeable future. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancer is now a serious problem in both women and men. The most common HPV-related cancer is cervical cancer in females and oropharyngeal cancer in males. Eastern Africa has a high age-standardized incidence of HPV-related cancers, followed in order by Southern Africa, Central Africa, and then the rest of Africa. Among Asian and Oceania countries, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Indonesia, Maldives, and Myanmar have extremely high age-standardized incidences and mortality. Oropharyngeal cancer is less common than cervical cancer, but the age-standardized incidence, for both females and males, is higher in Western Europe, Northern Europe, North America, and Australia/New Zealand. Oropharyngeal cancer incidence rates differ significantly from the rates of cervical cancer within the same countries. In Asia and Oceania, the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer is particularly high among females in Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Australia, and it is highest among males in Bangladesh, New Caledonia, Australia, and French Polynesia. To a certain extent, cervical cancer can be reduced through the development of cervical screening programs and improvements in screening uptake. On the other hand, for oropharyngeal cancer, as of yet, no effective means of cancer screening has been established. Widespread uptake of HPV vaccine will contribute to the reduction of HPV-related cancers in Asia and Oceania, but also in the rest of the world.

Insights from 20 years of mammal population research in Indonesia

Abstract Mammal populations are declining in biodiverse tropical regions. Global analyses have identified Indonesia as a hotspot of vertebrate decline, although relatively few data are available to substantiate these claims. We reviewed research articles published during 2000–2020 on 104 medium-sized to large terrestrial mammal species found in Indonesia to help inform conservation management and future research. We identified 308 peer-reviewed studies published in English or Bahasa Indonesia, with an increase in publication rate (articles published per year) over time. Studies of species distributions dominated the literature, followed by publications on abundance, species diversity and combinations of these topics. Most publications concerned single-species studies conducted at a single location and a single point in time. We identify four key issues that should be addressed by future research and conservation efforts: (1) disproportionate focus on a small number of species; (2) geographical bias towards west Indonesia (Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java–Bali), with few published studies from central (Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara and Maluku) and east (Papua) Indonesia; (3) limitations to survey design, sampling effort and data analysis; and (4) lack of long-term wildlife population studies. We also note challenges local researchers face in publishing their studies in international journals because of language barriers and costs. Greater use of existing biodiversity data and continued capacity building for local researchers, particularly those in central and east Indonesia, are critical to effectively guide future wildlife monitoring and improve the conservation status of Indonesian mammals.

Carotenoids in red fruit (Pandanusconoideus Lam.) have a potential role as an anti‑pigmentation agent (Review).

Melasma is a persistent condition characterized by excessive melanin production in the skin. The management of melasma necessitates a protracted treatment duration, which is associated with diminished levels of patient satisfaction. One effective strategy for mitigating occurrence of melasma is consumption of nutricosmetics with depigmentation properties. The present review aimed to investigate the potential of red fruit as a depigmentation agent. Carotenoids serve a crucial role in human nutrition as a precursor to vitamin A. Carotenoids serve as scavengers of reactive oxygen species generated by ultraviolet radiation. Carotenoids promote skin health. Red fruit, a fruit originating from Papua (Indonesia) has anti-pigmentation properties associated with its ability to block melanogenesis through various protein pathways such as PKA, ERK, and AKT signaling pathways. The consumption of food rich in carotenoids, such as red fruit, has advantageous properties to reduce hyperpigmentation and skin brightening.

An Urban Political from the "End of the World": Dock Nine and its Technical Epistles

ABSTRACT: This essay explores some resonances between the measures taken by the intensely subjugated residents of an urban district in Jayapura, West Papua (Indonesia) and notions of the "technical" examined by multiple strands in philosophies of media/computation, as well as Black thought. It explores some of the collective orientations and practices deployed to address a context of intensive subjugation, emphasizing these practices as modes of technicity applied to sustaining ways of acting in concert in a situation that continually undermines social coherence and intimacy. This exploration aims to further an understanding of a Black urban politics; to encompass the orientations and practices of "resistance" as technical operations to mitigate the experiences of capture and foster a sense of indeterminacy in the dispositions of ongoing colonial rule.

Advances in Sago Palm Research: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Findings

The sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) is an indigenous plant in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. It provides substantial needs to the locals, especially through the starch it produces in its trunk. Exhibiting remarkable adaptability, this palm can thrive in challenging environments like swamps and peat soils. This paper provides an overview of the molecular methods previously utilised to decipher the genes responsible conferring the characteristics of sago palm molecular techniques employed to investigate M. sagu molecular properties include molecular markers, genome walking, rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Additionally, this article presents other molecular techniques that can be applied to M. sagu for future crop breeding.

Predictive maintenance on ball mill liner using 3D scanner and its analysis in the mining industry of Papua Indonesia

In the mining industry, the primary production process entails transforming large ore deposits into valuable concentrates. To get minerals from large ores, a grinding machine is needed to reduce the size of the ore, and then the minerals can be extracted. The ball mill is an important part of the grinder in the mining industry. Maintenance is required for the machine to continue to work effectively and optimally. One method of preventing ball mill failures and minimizing company losses on a large scale is to predict the life of ball mill liners or predictive maintenance. Using a 3D laser scan, it is possible to determine the ball mill liner's wear and tear. On the basis of liner wear analysis, this information can then be used to generate a liner replacement schedule or estimate the remaining life of the ball mill liner or relining and lifetime forecast. This study aims to compare the 3D laser scan method and ultrasonic testing method in terms of liner wear analysis and forecasting. This study also demonstrates that the laser scanning method will be more effective and efficient than ultrasonic testing.

Factors Affecting MSMEs in Using QRIS and Electronic Data Capture (EDC) as a Cashless Payment Method: Evidence from Sorong City, Southwest Papua

Rapid progress has been made in the development of cashless payment systems. As can be seen from the positive level of public acceptance of this payment method development standard, moreover this trend has become necessary for rural communities. QRIS and debit card payment via EDC are the non-cash methods that MSMEs players in Sorong city utilize the most frequently. Sorong city is quite developed province of Southwest Papua Indonesia, which is well regarded as a commercial and industrial hub. According to reports as of January 2022, the use of QRIS by merchants in the Sorong city itself has not met the target set by Bank Indonesia. This research aims to examine the variables that affect MSMEs players decision to use QRIS and EDC for cashless transactions. In this quantitative research, the variables predictor used are the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by Davis, with are perceived risk as X1, perceived ease of use as X2, and perceived usefulness as X3. Convenience sampling was the sampling technique utilized, with questionnaires distributed to the 60 MSMEs players throughout Sorong city. Multiple linear regression analysis is used to determine the significance relationship between predictor variables and response variable. The findings demonstrate that there is significant relationship between perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness on the decision of MSMEs players to use QRIS and EDC for cashless payments in their businesses, while the usage decision not significantly affected by the variable of perceived risk. The research's empirical evidences are expected to increase local business literacy and provide a reference for the government and policymakers who make rules about cashless payment systems.

A new Plasmodium vivax reference genome for South American isolates

BackgroundPlasmodium vivax is the second most important cause of human malaria worldwide, and accounts for the majority of malaria cases in South America. A high-quality reference genome exists for Papua Indonesia (PvP01) and Thailand (PvW1), but is lacking for South America. A reference genome specifically for South America would be beneficial though, as P. vivax is a genetically diverse parasite with geographical clustering.ResultsThis study presents a new high-quality assembly of a South American P. vivax isolate, referred to as PvPAM (P. vivax Peruvian AMazon). The genome was obtained from a low input patient sample from the Peruvian Amazon and sequenced using PacBio technology, resulting in a highly complete assembly with 6497 functional genes. Telomeric ends were present in 17 out of 28 chromosomal ends, and additional (sub)telomeric regions are present in 12 unassigned contigs. A comparison of multigene families between PvPAM and the PvP01 genome revealed remarkable variation in vir genes, and the presence of merozoite surface proteins (MSP) 3.6 and 3.7. Three dhfr and dhps drug resistance associated mutations are present in PvPAM, similar to those found in other Peruvian isolates. Mapping of publicly available South American whole genome sequencing (WGS) data to PvPAM resulted in significantly fewer variants and truncated reads compared to the use of PvP01 or PvW1 as reference genomes. To minimize the number of core genome variants in non-South American samples, PvW1 is most suited for Southeast Asian isolates, both PvPAM and PvW1 are suited for South Asian isolates, and PvPAM is recommended for African isolates. Interestingly, non-South American samples still contained the least subtelomeric variants when mapped to PvPAM, indicating high quality of the PvPAM subtelomeric regions.ConclusionsOur findings show that the PvPAM reference genome more accurately represents South American P. vivax isolates in comparison to PvP01 and PvW1. In addition, PvPAM has a high level of completeness, and contains a similar number of annotated genes as PvP01 or PvW1. The PvPAM genome therefore will be a valuable resource to improve future genomic analyses on P. vivax isolates from the South American continent.

Viral Load and CD4+ Markers as Determinants of Tuberculosis Coinfection Among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Papua Indonesia.

Tuberculosis (TB) infection causes mortality among People Living with HIV (PLHIV), so the treatment of TB-HIV coinfection is crucial. The study aimed to identify the determinants contributing to TB coinfection among PLHIV in Papua. It is a descriptive-analytic study with a cross-sectional design involving 188 PLHIV at the four hospitals in Papua. CD4+ was carried out using CD4+ counter and viral load using the qPCR technique. A logistic regression test and R statistic with a significance level of 0.05 were used to analyze the determinants of TB coinfection among PLHIV. PLHIV having CD4+ count of fewer than 350 cells/mm3 had a 17.8 times higher risk for TB-HIV coinfection, P-value = 0.0. In addition, a viral load of more than 10 000 copies/ml will be 12.1 times more likely to be co-infected with TB-HIV compared to those who have a viral load of fewer than 10 000 copies/ml, P-value = 0.0. CD4+ markers and viral load are factors that play a role in TB coinfection among PLHIV in Papua Province.

Conservation-based mangrove forest management strategy in wosi Manokwari west Papua Indonesia

Degradation of mangrove forests in the Wosi region has negative consequences, including the loss of mangrove forest land and the disruption of marine biota and natural resources in the Doreri Bay region of Manokwari, West Papua. Sustainable tourism that does not harm the environment and ensures a reasonable standard of living for the local people can only be achieved if Mangrove Forest Areas are developed with an ecologically responsible philosophy. The researchers in this study set out to learn more about community involvement in mangrove area management programs and to develop a strategy for the care of tourist attraction artifacts in the mangrove area of Wosi, Manokwari district. Observational methods and case studies formed the basis of the investigation. The goal of this method of observation is to use a quantitatively descriptive approach to examine the interplay between economic, social, and population policies and environmental factors like the Wosi Mangrove Forest. Experts provide their insights on how Indonesia's Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) has implemented its protected forest rules. But this is not the case for the people who make their homes in the Wosi Mangrove Forest. Both the data on sustainable mangrove forest management policies and the policies themselves were subjected to a SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis confirmed the importance of community participation in mangrove forest management for the promotion of educational tourism. Karang Taruna Caring for Waste Manokwari is in charge of organizing this educational tour. The Wosi mangrove forest region is hoped to benefit from this method.

APPLICATION MULTIPLEX PCR FOR EARLY DETECTION ESCHERICHIA COLI CONTAMINATION IN SOME DRINKING WATER RESOURCES IN ABEPURA, PAPUA INDONESIA

Abstract Microbial detection takes a long time to produce positive results, so a quicker detection method was chosen. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) identified bacterial strains in less than 24 hours, detects E.coli specifically, and is faster than traditional methods. The goal of this study was to use m-PCR to detect early pathogenic E.coli bacteria in several drinking water sources in the Abepura district of Papua Indonesia as a parameter of pollution and water quality. The Chelex100 and microwave combination method was used to extract DNA. The first round of testing was done at four different concentrations: 0.125, 0.250, 0.375, and 0.500 M. The purity of the extracted DNA was good, ranging from 1.80 to 1.94. The optimum primer concentration for multiplexing applications is 0.25 uM for lt primer; 0.125 uM for stx2 and eae primer, with an annealing temperature of 55oC. m-PCR has been shown to quickly detect pathogenic E. coli in water samples. In the PCR process, E.coli DNA template was obtained with high purity (1.80-1.94) and concentration (576.9-4301.6 ng/uL) . Each multiplex set included three primer pairs for the target gene lt-eae-stx2 on ETEC-EPEC and EHEC respectively. The m-PCR process showed excellent results, and this findings can be considered as a reference for water analysis in several drinking sources in Papua Province.

Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B among Indigenous Australians in Queensland and the Torres Strait Islands.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem for all Indigenous Australians. Post-2000, Hepatitis B surface antigen prevalence has decreased, although remaining four times higher among Indigenous compared with non-Indigenous people. This study aimed to characterise the HBV from Indigenous populations in Queensland and the Torres Strait Islands. Serum samples were collected, with consent, from people within Queensland Indigenous communities prior to 1990 as part of the Queensland Health vaccination programme. Ethics approval was subsequently obtained to further characterise the HBV from 93 of these stored samples. HBV DNA was extracted and genotype was obtained from 82 samples. HBV full genome sequencing was carried out for a subset of 14 samples. Seventy-eight samples were identified as genotype C (2 × C12, 3 × C13 and 73 × C14), one sample as genotype A (A2) and three samples as genotype D (1 × D2, 1 × D3 and 1 × D4). The HBV/C sequences identified were most closely related to sequences isolated from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia (Papua Province). The HBV isolated from the Torres Strait Islanders was notably different to the HBV/C4 strain isolated from Indigenous people of mainland northern Australia, with no evidence of recombination. This reflects the differences in culture and origin between Torres Strait Islanders and mainland Indigenous people.

The impact of decentralisation on health systems in fragile and post-conflict countries: a narrative synthesis of six case studies in the Indo-Pacific

A health system has three key stakeholders, the State—at national and subnational levels—the health service providers and the citizens. In most settings and especially in peacetime, these stakeholders are typically well-defined. In contrast, during conflict and crisis as well as during ceasefire and post-conflict peacebuilding, stakeholders in the health system are often more diverse and contested. Health systems in such settings tend to be more decentralised, de facto—often in addition to de jure decentralisation. Despite much debate on the potential benefits of decentralisation, assessing its impact on health system performance remains difficult and its effect is open to dispute in the literature. This narrative synthesis aims to support efforts to assess and make sense of how decentralisation impacts health system performance in fragile and post-conflict countries—by synthesising evidence on the impact of decentralisation on health system performance from six country case studies: Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Pakistan, Myanmar and Nepal. The impact of decentralisation on health system performance is optimised when combining centralisation (e.g., the benefits of central coordination in improving efficiency) with decentralisation (e.g., the benefits of local decision making in improving equity and resilience). The findings may inform efforts to think through what to centralise or decentralise, the impacts of those choices, and how the impact may change over time as countries go through and emerge from conflict—and as they go through and recover from the Covid-19 pandemic and prepare for future pandemics.

Coastline change at Manokwari coastal, West Papua Indonesia during two decades (1999-2020)

Since the city of Manokwari was made the capital of West Papua Province, the population and intensity of development in the coastal area have rapidly increased. Seeing this condition, research on shoreline changes in this area needs to be done. This study aimed to determine oceanography dynamics and identify shoreline changes and its rate in 1999, 2014, and 2020 in the Manokwari Coastal. The method used in this research is by utilizing satellite image data from Landsat 7 ETM, Landsat 8 OLI images, and AVISO. This study indicates a significant change in the coastline, both abrasion, and accretion. The range of abrasion from 1999 to 2014 was 56.55 m with a rate of 3.77 m/year, and from 2014 to 2020, the abrasion was 22.98 with a rate of 3.21 m/year. The accretion ranges from 1999 to 2014 was 10.20 m with a rate of 0.68 m/year, and from 2014 to 2020, the accretion was 22.98 m with a rate of 3.83 m/year. Total coastline overlapping from 1999 to 2020 changes in this area show abrasion of 75.81 m with a rate of 3.61 m/year and accretion of 33.18 m with a rate of 1.58 m/year.

First Records of Picobiine Mites Associated with Birds-of-Paradise: Can Interspecific Sexual Behaviour of Hosts Play a Role in the Distribution of Quill Mite Parasites?

While birds-of-paradise (Passeriformes: Paradisaeidae) are a well-known group of birds, our understanding of their parasites is still limited. This study reports on parasitic quill mites of the subfamily Picobiinae (Acariformes: Syringophilidae), which have never before been recorded on this group of birds. The mite specimens presented in this paper were collected from birds-of-paradise that had been captured in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia in the years 1910-1911 and are now deposited in the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich, Germany. Two syringophilid species are described as new to science: (i) Picobia frankei sp. n. from the magnificent riflebird Lophorina magnifica, the glossy-mantled manucode Manucodia ater, and the crinkle-collared manucode Manucodia chalybatus, and (ii) Gunabopicobia garylarsoni sp. n. from the twelve-wired bird-of-paradise Seleucidis melanoleucus and the lesser bird-of-paradise Paradisaea minor. We hypothesise that the presence of both picobiine species on phylogenetically unrelated paradisaeids may be caused by the sexual behaviour of these birds, where interspecific copulations may play a role in the switching of parasites between non-closely related host species.

Two new species of monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanus) endemic to the Louisiade and Tanimbar Archipelagos with a key to the subgenus Euprepiosaurus

ABSTRACT We describe two new species of Varanus, one each endemic to the Louisiade and Tanimbar Archipelagos in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, respectively. The new species belong to the subgenus Euprepiosaurus and, therein, to the widely distributed and relatively species-rich Varanus indicus group. They can be distinguished from all other recognised species by scalation, colour-pattern and genetic differences. The new species from Tanimbar is most closely related to V. indicus and V. melinus, from which it can be distinguished by its dark blue/grey tongue and higher middorsal and midventral scale counts. The new species from the Louisiades can be distinguished from its phylogenetically and geographically nearest relative, V. chlorostigma, by the presence of dorsal crossbands, the mostly pink tongue mottled with grey, and higher midbody scale count. The Louisiades constitute the easternmost archipelago of Milne Bay Province in eastern Papua New Guinea, and they host a diverse herpetofauna with a high degree of endemism; Varanus louisiadensis sp. nov. increases the known number of herpetofaunal endemics in that archipelago to 60. The Tanimbar Islands are situated in the southern part of Maluku Province (Moluccas), Indonesia, and are a minor centre of vertebrate endemism; Varanus tanimbar sp. nov. increases the number of known herpetofaunal endemics there to six. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E06BDE2A-0B24-4CB5-B46E-6B93476CC3EB

Factors Associated with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients Treated at Serui General Hospital, Papua Indonesia

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a high fatality rate and has caused around 4,771,408 deaths worldwide as of 30 September 2021. COVID-19 infection presents various severity levels, starting from asymptomatic to severe symptoms that lead to death. Mortality in COVID-19 patients is associated with multiple risk factors. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with COVID-19 mortality in Serui General Hospital, Papua, Indonesia. A cross-sectional analytic observational study was performed in Serui General Hospital from September 2020to September 2021. Subjects were COVID-19 positive inpatients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The independent variables were demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, comorbidities, and lab findings, while the dependent variable was mortality. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test and logistic regression. This study included sixty-nine patients with 21 (30.4%) of them were non-survivors. The multivariate analysis showed that an NLR of >3.13 (OR 7.49; p=0.037; 95% CI 1.63–34.35), hypertension (OR 4.71; p=0.019; 95% CI 1.28–17.29), and age (OR 4.26; p=0.028; 95% CI 1.17–15.52) were associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients. Thus, NLR >3.13, hypertension, and age are considered to be the risk factors associated with the mortality caused by COVID-19 among patients in Serui General Hospital.

The Intricate Justice of Poverty: A Case of The Land of Gold in Papua Indonesia

Natural wealth does not guarantee the welfare of its inhabitants. This case occurred in Papua, the easternmost region of Indonesia, which won the title of the poorest province from 2017 to 2021. Freeport McMoRan, an American mining corporation operating since 1967, failed to present a positive impact on the welfare of the Papuan people despite having dredged a lot of money from Grasberg, one of the largest reserves of gold and copper in the world. This paper reviews the portrait of abject poverty in Papua and analyzes its problems with the rights and justice approach. In conclusion, this paper finds that poverty for the Papuan people is very complicated because it is related to the historical roots of colonialism, capitalism, and armed conflicts. The special autonomy granted by the Indonesian government for twenty years has not been able to provide for people's welfare due to violent conflicts, human rights violations, natural destruction, and corruption. The Indonesian government is obliged to realize justice in the economic, political, and cultural dimensions for the welfare of the Papuan people.