Papua Indonesia Research Articles

Interactions of Financial Assistance and Financial Reporting Competency: Evidence From Local Government in Papua and West Papua Indonesia

Good local government financial statements are financial statements according to the qualitative characteristics of financial statements, which are relevant, reliable, comparable and understandable. However, the phenomenon shows that there are still weaknesses in financial reporting in several local governments in Indonesia, especially in the provinces of Papua and West Papua based on the findings of the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia (IHPS II BPK, 2017). The purpose of this study is to obtain empirical evidence of the role of moderating financial assistance and apparatus competency on the quality of government financial reports. Explanation of the relationship between variables was using an institutional theory perspective. The survey was conducted in 2018 on 42 Local Governments in Papua and West Papua. Methods of processing and analyzing data were using SEM-PLS with WarpPLS 6.0 statistical software. The results of the apparatus competency research have a positive effect on the quality of financial statements. A financial resistance positively strengthens the influence of apparatus competency on the quality of local government financial reports. Thus, efforts to overcome the presentation of quality financial statements require competent apparatus through the existence of financial assistance policies. Limitations of the study are the method of collecting data using a questionnaire and that it is very possible for the bias to occur. Therefore, efforts to achieve better results need to be accompanied by an interview method in order to obtain additional information as a comparison of respondents' answers; 2) the determination coefficient value of R- square is 0.41 or 41% indicating that there are still 0.59 or 59% variability in the quality of Local Government Financial Statements (LKPD) which can be explained by other variables outside the research model.

Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys platyops (Rodentia: Muridae)from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of a newgenus and five new species of Heligmonellidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylina)and a key to the species of Hughjonestrongylus.

Nematodes from six families, comprising 20 species identified to genus level and three to subfamily level as well as juveniles and a heligmonellid that could not be identified further, were recovered from 34 individuals of Paramelomys platyops, one P. cf playops and one Melomys sp. (Muridae: Murinae: Uromys Division) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Ascaridid larvae, a capillariid, Capillaria s. l., two putative species of the Nippostrongylinae and a small number of heligmonellid males and females, could not be identified further. The rictulariid Pterygodermatites sp. (females only) had not been reported previously from Sahulan Old Endemic fauna while three species, the oxyurid Syphacia longecauda , the molineid Hepatojarakus pyknofasciatus, and the spirurid Protospirura kaindiensis, had. The remaining species, all heligmonellids, included the brevistriatine Macrostrongylus ingens and 14 nippostrongyline species. Of these, Hughjonestrongylus amplicauda, H. singauwaensis, Melomystrongylus sepikensis, Mawsonema mokwanense, Odilia mackerrasae and Parasabanema szalayi had been reported previously. Species of Hasanuddina, Montistrongylus and Sanduanensis possibly as yet undescribed, could not be identified further. Flannerystrongylus abulus n. gen., n. sp. differed from all 41 genera described to date in having a synlophe of 14-16 evenly sized ridges with a sub frontal orientation. Hasegawanema yuroense n. sp. with 21-23 synlophe ridges was distinguished from its congeners by a combination of characters including length of spicule, cuticularisation of the genital cone, the proportions of the ovejector and the size of the eggs. Hughjonestrongylus pervulgatus n. sp., H. vanimoensis n. sp. and H. wanumaensis n. sp. were distinguished from all other species of Hughjonestrongylus and each other by a combination of characters including the number of synlophe ridges 25-30, 18, 22-23 in the mid body respectively, and spicule length, proportions of the ovejector and shape of the female tail. A key to the species of Hughjonestrongylus is provided. Species richness was greater than that recorded for P. lorentzii and P. rubex with about 86% of possible species found, as indicated by bootstrap analysis. The helminth assemblage was dominated by heligmonellids with eight species being unique to P. platyops. Paramelomys lorentzii is found at altitudes up to 1500 m and may provide a link between the lowland P. platyops and the highland P. rubex, thus facilitating the distribution of helminth species held in common.

Measure Reasoning Skill of Mathematics Students

The purpose of this research was to measure the reasoning skills of mathematics students using a test instrument developed from mathematics routine and non-routine task. The study used research and development method. Development of the instrument and measurement of mathematical reasoning skills using procedure: items preparation (modification task), expert validation, field testing, and data analysis. The field testing involves students of senior high school (SMA Negeri 1) and students of University of Papua, Manokwari West Papua Indonesia. The data analyzed through studying the students’ task solving, the transcripts of their work, interview after the test, identifying the specific task solving situations, and the arguments were supporting the strategy choice and strategy implementation. Result of research shows that student mathematical reasoning can be measured using the instrument test developed from the routine task and non-routine task. This research classifies the reasoning skills of mathematics students into two categories, imitative reasoning, and creative reasoning. Reasoning skills of mathematics students grouping results can be used by various interested institutions to evaluate the test using in mathematics instruction.

The safety of double- and triple-drug community mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis: A multicenter, open-label, cluster-randomized study.

BackgroundThe Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) provides antifilarial medications to hundreds of millions of people annually to treat filarial infections and prevent elephantiasis. Recent trials have shown that a single-dose, triple-drug treatment (ivermectin with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole [IDA]) is superior to a two-drug combination (diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole [DA]) that is widely used in LF elimination programs. This study was performed to assess the safety of IDA and DA in a variety of endemic settings.Methods and findingsLarge community studies were conducted in five countries between October 2016 and November 2017. Two studies were performed in areas with no prior mass drug administration (MDA) for filariasis (Papua New Guinea and Indonesia), and three studies were performed in areas with persistent LF despite extensive prior MDA (India, Haiti, and Fiji). Participants were treated with a single oral dose of IDA (ivermectin, 200 μg/kg; diethylcarbamazine, 6 mg/kg; plus albendazole, a fixed dose of 400 mg) or with DA alone. Treatment assignment in each study site was randomized by locality of residence. Treatment was offered to residents who were ≥5 years of age and not pregnant. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed by medical teams with active follow-up for 2 days and passive follow-up for an additional 5 days. A total of 26,836 persons were enrolled (13,535 females and 13,300 males). A total of 12,280 participants were treated with DA, and 14,556 were treated with IDA. On day 1 or 2 after treatment, 97.4% of participants were assessed for AEs. The frequency of all AEs was similar after IDA and DA treatment (12% versus 12.1%, adjusted odds ratio for IDA versus DA 1.15, 95% CI 0.87–1.52, P = 0.316); 10.9% of participants experienced mild (grade 1) AEs, 1% experienced moderate (grade 2) AEs, and 0.1% experienced severe (grade 3) AEs. Rates of serious AEs after DA and IDA treatment were 0.04% (95% CI 0.01%–0.1%) and 0.01% (95% CI 0.00%–0.04%), respectively. Severity of AEs was not significantly different after IDA or DA. Five of six serious AEs reported occurred after DA treatment. The most common AEs reported were headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and fatigue. AE frequencies varied by country and were higher in adults and in females. AEs were more common in study participants with microfilaremia (33.4% versus 11.1%, P < 0.001) and more common in microfilaremic participants after IDA than after DA (39.4% versus 25.6%, P < 0.001). However, there was no excess of severe or serious AEs after IDA in this subgroup. The main limitation of the study was that it was open-label. Also, aggregation of AE data from multiple study sites tends to obscure variability among study sites.ConclusionsIn this study, we observed that IDA was well tolerated in LF-endemic populations. Posttreatment AE rates and severity did not differ significantly after IDA or DA treatment. Thus, results of this study suggest that IDA should be as safe as DA for use as a MDA regimen for LF elimination in areas that currently receive DA.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov registration number: NCT02899936

Three new species of the genus Pacificulla Park, 2013 from Papua New Guinea and Papua (Indonesia), with a description of the female of Hannara buloloensis Park (Lecithoceridae: Crocanthinae)

ABSTRACTThree new species of the Pacificulla Park, P. dohertyi Park, sp. nov., P. kumusiensis Park, sp. nov., and P. galbidorsalis Park, sp. nov. of subfamily Crocanthinae (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae) are described from the island of New Guinea. The female of Hannara buloloensis Park is reported and illustrated for the first time. Descriptions and illustrations of adult and genitalia of all species were provided with distributional data.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:70D5C4F0-5F28-48B2-BAC4-408B243309D5

Morphometric characteristics of crayfish, Cherax gherardiae, from Maybrat, West Papua, Indonesia

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine the length-weight relationships (LWRs), chelae length (ChL)-width (ChW) relationships, carapace length (CL)-width (CW) relationships, sexual dimorphism, and condition factor (K) of Cherax gherardiae from Maybrat, West Papua Indonesia. The sex ratio of C. gherardiae was found to be 1.04:1. The LWRs for males, females, and all individuals were W = 0.225L1.96, W = 0.181L2.02, and W = 0.187L2.03, respectively. Males and females exhibited negative allometric growth (b&lt;3). There was no significant difference in lengths between males and females; however, the weight of males was greater than that of females. The K values for males, females, and all individuals were 3.17, 3.09, and 3.13, respectively. The ChL of the crayfish ranged from 1.0 to 7.5 cm, and the ChW ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 cm. The CL of crayfish ranged from 1.6 to 6.0 cm, and the CW ranged from 0.6 to 4.1 cm. Males had longer chelae and carapaces than did females. There was no significant difference in chelae width or carapace width between males and females. The ChL-ChW relationships for males, females, and all individuals were ChW = 0.312ChL + 0.260, ChW = 0.397ChL - 0.050, and ChW = 0.345ChL + 0.119, respectively. The CL-CW relationships for males, females, and all individuals were CW = 0.750CL-0.955, CW = 0.526CL - 0.178, and CW = 0.635CL-0.543, respectively.

A review of the quill mites of the genus Gunabopicobia Skoracki and Hromada (Acariformes: Prostigmata: Syringophilidae) associated with birds of the order Columbiformes

ABSTRACTGunabopicobia Skoracki and Hromada, 2013, the only genus of the subfamily Picobiinae Johnston and Kethley, 1973, associated exclusively with birds of the order Columbiformes is reviewed. Five new species are described: G. lathami sp. nov. ex Leucosarcia melanoleuca (Latham) from Australia and ex Caloenas nicobarica (Linnaeus) from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia; G. leptotila sp. nov. ex Leptotila verreauxi Bonaparte from Argentina; G. claravis sp. nov. ex Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Pérez) from Colombia; G. geotrygoni sp. nov. ex Geotrygon linearis (Prévost) from Venezuela, ex G. chrysie Bonaparte from Martinique, ex G. frenata (Tschudi) from Colombia, and ex G. montana (Linnaeus) from Paraguay, and G. metriopelia sp. nov. ex Metriopelia melanoptera (Molina) from Argentina. Based on the shape of the propodonotal shield and the coalescence of the setal bases 1a, we established two species groups in the genus Gunabopicobia: zumpti and metriopelia. Additionally, we constructed a key to all species of the genus and discussed the host–parasite relationships between Gunabopicobia species and columbiform birds.

The Application of Magneto Telluric Method to Identified Petrology System of Pre-tertiary Sediment at Bintuni Gulf, West Papua Indonesia

Objectives: To identify and analyze the petrology system of pre-teriary sediment at Bintuni Gulf Area of West Papua Indonesia. Methods/Statistical: To identify the petrology system, we utilize the magnetotellurique exploration method to obtain the resistivity value of the reservoir of hydrocarbon. There are 14 sounding points purpose to identify and detect the reservoir hydrocabon trapped at Bintuni basin. Then the reservoir location was mapping in 2D modeling. To get the best quality of the data, we performed coherence analysis of data on every stage processing. The stage of data analysis begins with the robust processing, cross power selection, resistivity analysis, skin depth analysis, and 1-D and 2-D Modeling. Results: The coherence analysis shows that the quality of coherence at least achieved at 70% and the highest coherence 9%. The hydrocarbon in Bintuni basin area resulted by sedimentary rock with the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) of about 0.51 % to 88%. The exploration by magneto telluric method showed that the Bintuni basin is the new potential reservoir in West Papua. From the analysis and interpretation of data, it is shown that rocks cover with low resist vitas (3 – 13 Ωm) interpreted as the clay Kembelangan formation. Reservoir with moderate resistivity (13 -70 Ωm) as sand stone at Tipuma formation. The source by rocks with high resistivity (70 - 200 Ωm) indicated as black shale of Ainim formation. The improvement of the research shows that one more again potential location of hydrocarbon in Papua Indonesia. Application: The application of magneto telluric method is reducing if there are aquifer of hydrocarbon was trapped under the layer of hard rock that cannot be detected with the seismic method then the magneto telluric method who use electromagnetic waves can handle it. Keywords: Hydrocarbon, Magneto Telluric, Petrology System, Reservoir, Resistivity

Environmental Conservation of Muslim Minorities in Raja Ampat: Sasi, Mosque and Customs

The form of symbolic understanding of religion and the rules reflected in symbols for their own circles. Three terms used in this research are sasi, custom, and conservation. Sasi is a practice of adaptation to the nature that is run as part of interaction between Raja Ampat society and their environment. This qualitative research using in-depth interviews and non-participant observations were employ to assits the data collection. Interviews were conducted on a series of subjects consisting of Muslim community leaders, mosque imams, mosque administrators, village heads, members of political parties, and district governments in Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua Indonesia. Meanwhile, the observations were carried out in several opening and closing activities and attending several deliberations in mosques. The study lasted for six months, starting from April to October 2014. To meet the objective of data triangulation, the time was extended until December 2014. This study also conducting directed discussions with experts and researchers in the college environment as much as three series. The series of discussions involved experts from the Polytechnic of Maritime and Fisheries, State Islamic High School (STAIN) Sorong, and Muhammadiyah University of Sorong. These three forms were repeated and also with sufficient frequency to ensure the reliability and accuracy of data already obtained. This article shows that there is a dynamicization between religious practices and more technical applications in the form of environmental conservation, thus giving birth to sasimosque which has uniqueness in vernacular architectural design as well as an institution to leads the native ritual. In the end this study also found Sasi Mosque serve as institutions to support the preserving of the environment.

Religion and Culture Encounters in Misool Raja Ampat: Marine Ritual Practice of Sasi Laut

The acculturation of religion and culture in such a way are gradually accepted without causing the loss of the native culture in one community will influence the social process. When religion and culture arise and merged into one, it can be clear to be found in their rituals. This ethnography study on qualitative in nature was conducted to see how the existence, practices, and acculturation between local culture and Islam in, Sasi marine rituals in Misool Raja Ampat in West Papua Indonesia. Data collection was done through observation, in-depth interview including library research on community manuscript and local government database. Using snowball sampling technique, this study is able to gain solid information from native people in Misoo that willing to take part as the informants. The informants in this study were found as influences native people in Misool community e.g; the head of Fafanlap village, community figures, female figures and youth figures. This study considers Misool community which still strongly maintains their cultures including sasi laut as a sign to start and stop harvesting the specific sea resources to maintain the sustainability of nature. The acculturation between the culture of Islam runs smoothly in changing the native mindset to eliminate the things that can cause syirik but did not eliminate the characteristics and the main part of the ritual of sasi laut.

Seismic Hazard Map for Papua Island

Development of seismic hazard maps for Indonesia has been conducted by experts and the results published in many science media, such as seminars and journals. However, published seismic hazard maps of Papua Island, which comprises two territories, Indonesian Papua and Papua New Guinea, are rarely found. In this paper a seismic hazard map of Papua (Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea) has been developed. The map was developed using probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. The analysis also used updated earthquake epicenter data up to 2016 and seismic sources studied by seismologists and geologists. The result of the complete seismic hazard analysis was a seismic hazard map of Papua with a hazard level of 10% probability of exceedance over 50 years. From the map, it can be noticed that ground motion across Papua Island is 0.06g-2.01g.

New species of Labiobulura (Nematoda: Ascaridida), and Dorcopsinema and Paralabiostrongylus (Nematoda: Strongylida) from Dorcopsis muelleri (Macropodidae) from Lengguru, West Papua, Indonesia

ABSTRACTA new species of the Subuluridae (Nematoda: Ascaridida) Labiobulura lengguruensis n. sp. is described from the caecum and colon and two new species of the Chabertiidae: Cloacininae (Nematoda: Strongylida) Paralabiostrongylus tuberis n. sp. and Dorcopsinema amplum n. sp. are described from the stomachof the macropodid marsupial Dorcopsis muelleri (Lesson, 1827) (Mammalia: Macropodidae) in Papua Indonesia. Labiobulura lengguruensis differs from all congeners in having a simple denticle associated with each labial lobe of the buccal capsule. Paralabiostrongylus tuberis can be distinguished from its congeners in by the position of the deirid and the form of the dorsal ray and genital cone. Dorcopsinema amplum can be distinguished from its congeners by the length of the spicule, the morphology of the appendages on the ventral lip of the genital cone, the position of the lateral branches of the dorsal ray, the shape of the female tail, the morphology of the vagina and the size of the eggs.The known nematode fauna of D. muelleri is summarised. The finding of three species of Dorcopsinema each in a different geographical locality suggests the possibility of allopatric speciation. A revised key to the species of Dorcopsinema is given.

Relationships between smoking Habits and the Hypertension occurrence among the Adults of Communities in Paniai Regency, Papua Indonesia

Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death in people in the world. The prevalence of hypertension has reached 31.7% of all residents. This increase is due to lifestyle changes that one of them smoking. The purpose of this study to determine the relationship between smoking habits including smoking, the number of cigarettes and types of cigarettes with hypertension.

The Accountability of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Corporate Sustainability

The paper underscores the varying and conflicting interests of local community, local government and corporate interest; how CSR implement should comply with the regulation sets by the Indonesia government or fulfill local community needs in aim to gain more favor. This paper aims to analyze the process of formulating the model, the form of execution and the synchronization the implementation of CSR, method used in this research is qualitative, with a case study on PT. Dwikarya Reksa Abadi , Wanam District, Merauke Papua Indonesia. This paper reviews the existing CSR implementation in Merauke Papua with objective of identifying gaps and developing a framework to guide the future CSR implementation. The results showed that the company PT. Dwikarya Reksa Abadi, has implemented CSR to the local community and local economic development around the company as planned but has not received support from labor and community for a conducive business climate, and there are still CSR activities that must be implemented to fulfill local community needs.

Life Cycle Assessment of Secondary Mangrove Forest in Bintuni Bay,West Papua, Indonesia

The life cycle assessment is conducted in order to assess the impact of mangrove woodchip production in Bintuni bay, West Papua Indonesia on the environment. Study includes the analysis of non-renewable energy use (MJ), global warming potential or carbon footprint (kg CO2), acidification potential (kg SO2) and ozone creation potential (kg O3) of mangrove logging, processing and shipment. Mangrove woodchip production consumes 960 MJ of non-renewable energy and gives out 59.59 kg CO2, .383 kg SO2 and 30.39 kg O3, which is the lowest in comparison with other wood products. Mangrove processing incur less fuel because it is delivered in bulk to the processing area via barges in comparison to other wood products The current shipping of mangrove woodchips to customers has the greatest environmental impact because of the use of bunker fuel. The processing of mangrove woodchips used diesel exclusively for fuel in its power sources. Forest residues from logging can be a source of renewable fuel and may also be another source of new products.

Plankton Respiration, Production, and Trophic State in Tropical Coastal and Shelf Waters Adjacent to Northern Australia

In a changing ocean, tropical waters can be instructive as to the potential effects of climate induced changes on marine ecosystem structure and function. We describe the relationships between planktonic community respiration (CR), net community production (NCP), gross primary production (GPP) and environmental variables in 14 regions and three ecosystem types (coastal, coral reef and open sea) from Australia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. The data are compiled from separate studies conducted between 2002 and 2014 with the goal of better parameterizing the metabolic balance in tropical marine waters. Overall, these regions were strongly autotrophic (average GPP:CR ratio: 2.14 ± 0.98), though our dataset of 783 paired measurements did include some oceanic stations where heterotrophy (GPP:CR < 1) was predominant, and some coastal stations that were intermittently heterotrophic. Our statistical analysis suggested that temperature was the most important determinant of CR in coral reef and ocean ecosystems but less so in coastal ecosystems, where chlorophyll concentration was more important. In contrast, chlorophyll and sampling depth were more important in regulating GPP than temperature. The relationships between temperatures and metabolic rates showed that these were ecosystem-dependent, with coastal ecosystems showing less response to temperature than coral reef and open sea sites. The threshold of GPP to achieve metabolic balance fell in a range between 0.715 mmol O2 m-3 d-1 in the Coral Sea to 10.052 mmol O2 m-3 d-1 in mangrove waterways of Hinchinbrook Channel. These data allow regions in and around northern Australia to be ranked in terms of trophic state, ranging from the oligotrophic Scott Reef (GPP:CR = 0.84 ± 0.08) to productive surface waters of the Kimberley coast (GPP:CR = 5.21 ± 0.62). The measurement of pelagic metabolism shows potential as a quantitative tool to monitor the trophic state of coastal waters.

The genus Dioscore Warren, 1907: two new species and analysis of characters spread (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Geometrinae)

The genus Dioscore Warren, 1907 is reviewed. Diagnostic characters are listed for the genus and species included, the male genitalia are described for the first time for seven species and the female genitalia for three species. Two new species are described from Papua Indonesia: Dioscore kirke Lindt, Lennuk &amp; Viidalepp, sp. nov. and Dioscore vilu Lindt, Lennuk &amp; Viidalepp, sp. nov. The genus with its ten species is endemic to New Guinea and nearby islands; its taxonomic affinities are discussed.

Demographic disequilibrium in living nautiloids (Nautilus and Allonautilus): Canary in the coal mines?

Averaged demographic data from previously unfished populations of Nautilus and Allonautilus (Cephalopoda) provide a baseline to determine if a population is undisturbed and in “equilibrium” or is in “disequilibrium” as a result of fishery pressure. Data are available for previously undisturbed local nautiloid populations in Papua New Guinea, Australia, Indonesia, Fiji, Palau, American Samoa, New Caledonia and Vanuatu (total n = 2,669 live-caught, tagged and released animals). The data show that unfished populations average ~75% males and ~74% mature animals. By contrast, unpublished, anecdotal and historical records since 1900 from the heavily fished central Philippines have shown a persistent decline in trap yields and a change in demographics of N. pompilius. By 1979, a sample of fished live-caught animals (n = 353) comprised only ~28% males and ~27% mature animals. Continued uncontrolled trapping caused collapse of the fishery and the shell industry has moved elsewhere, including Indonesia. In addition, we show that estimated rates of population decline are offered by unpublished tag-release records in unfished Palau. These data show that patterns of trap yields and demographic differences between fished and unfished populations in relative age class and sex ratios can indicate disequilibria wrought by fisheries pressure that can render local populations inviable. Given adequate samples (n ≥100 live-caught animals), a threshold of <50% males and mature animals in fished populations should signal the need to initiate curative conservation initiatives. The current trajectory of uncontrolled nautiloid fisheries can only mean trouble and possibly extinction of local populations of this ancient, iconic molluscan lineage.

Study of Treatment of Pregnancy and Childbirth in Waris Dictrict, Keerom Regency, Province of Papua Indonesia

Study of Treatment of Pregnancy and Childbirth in Waris Dictrict, Keerom Regency, Province of Papua Indonesia

Genetic micro-epidemiology of malaria in Papua Indonesia: Extensive P. vivax diversity and a distinct subpopulation of asymptomatic P. falciparum infections.

BackgroundGenetic analyses of Plasmodium have potential to inform on transmission dynamics, but few studies have evaluated this on a local spatial scale. We used microsatellite genotyping to characterise the micro-epidemiology of P. vivax and P. falciparum diversity to inform malaria control strategies in Timika, Papua Indonesia.MethodsGenotyping was undertaken on 713 sympatric P. falciparum and P. vivax isolates from a cross-sectional household survey and clinical studies conducted in Timika. Standard population genetic measures were applied, and the data was compared to published data from Kalimantan, Bangka, Sumba and West Timor.ResultsHigher diversity (HE = 0.847 vs 0.625; p = 0.017) and polyclonality (46.2% vs 16.5%, p<0.001) were observed in P. vivax versus P. falciparum. Distinct P. falciparum substructure was observed, with two subpopulations, K1 and K2. K1 was comprised solely of asymptomatic infections and displayed greater relatedness to isolates from Sumba than to K2, possibly reflecting imported infections.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate the greater refractoriness of P. vivax versus P. falciparum to control measures, and risk of distinct parasite subpopulations persisting in the community undetected by passive surveillance. These findings highlight the need for complimentary new surveillance strategies to identify transmission patterns that cannot be detected with traditional malariometric methods.