Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma Research Articles

Frequent truncating mutations of STAG2 in bladder cancer.

Here we report the discovery of truncating mutations of the gene encoding the cohesin subunit STAG2, which regulates sister chromatid cohesion and segregation, in 36% of papillary non-invasive urothelial carcinomas and 16% of invasive urothelial carcinomas of the bladder. Our studies suggest that STAG2 plays a role in controlling chromosome number but not proliferation of bladder cancer cells. These findings identify STAG2 as among the most commonly mutated genes in bladder cancer discovered to date.

Urothelial Tumors of the Urinary Bladder in Young Patients: A Clinicopathologic Study of 59 Cases

Urothelial tumors are rare in young patients. Because of their rarity, the natural history of the disease in young patients remains poorly understood. To understand the pathologic and clinical features of urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder in young patients. We identified 59 young patients with urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder treated at our institution and analyzed the tumors' pathologic features and the patients' clinical outcomes. All patients were 30 years or younger, with a mean age of 23.5 years (range, 4-30). Thirty-eight patients (64%) were male, and 21 (36%) were female. Most tumors were noninvasive, papillary urothelial tumors (49 of 59; 83%), including papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (7 of 49; 14%), low-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas (38 of 49; 78%), and high-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas (4 of 49; 8%). Only a few (n=10) of the urothelial tumors were invasive, invading the lamina propria (n=5; 50%), muscularis propria (n=4; 40%), or perivesical soft tissue (n=1; 10%). Clinical follow-up information was available for 41 patients (69%), with a mean follow-up time of 77 months. Of 31 patients with noninvasive papillary urothelial tumors, only 1 patient (3%) later developed an invasive urothelial carcinoma and died of the disease, and 30 of these patients (97%) were alive at the end of follow-up, although 10 (32%) had local tumor recurrences. In the 10 patients with invasive urothelial carcinomas, 3 patients (30%) died of the disease and 5 others (50%) were alive with metastases (the other 2 [20%] were alive with no recurrence). Urothelial tumors in young patients are mostly noninvasive, papillary carcinomas and have an excellent prognosis; however, a small subset of patients may present with high-grade invasive urothelial carcinomas that result in poor clinical outcomes.

Urinary Bladder Cancer in Yemen

The aims of this study are to highlight the clinicopathological features of urinary bladder cancer in Yemen, and to describe the histological grading of urothelial neoplasms according to the World Health Organization and International Society of Urologic pathology (WHO/ISUP 1998) classification. This is a descriptive record-based study of 316 cases of bladder cancer diagnosed by two pathologists at the Department of pathology, Sana'a University from 1(st) January 2005 to 30(th) April 2009. The diagnoses were made on hematoxylin and eosin stained sections and categorized according to WHO/ISUP 1998 classification. Out of 316 urinary bladder cancers, 248 (78%) were urothelial neoplasms, 53 (17%) were squamous cell carcinoma, 7 (2%) were adenocarcinoma, and 3 (1%) were rhabdomyosarcoma. The remaining cases were metastatic carcinomas (n=3), small cell carcinoma (n=1), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n=1). The urothelial neoplasms observed were carcinoma in situ 4 (2%), papilloma 7 (3%), papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential 26 (11%), papillary urothelial carcinoma of low grade 107 (43%), papillary urothelial carcinoma of high grade 18 (7%), and non-papillary urothelial carcinoma of high grade 85 (34%), with 60 years mean age for males and 58 years for females; along with a male to female ratio of 4:1. The peak incidence was observed in the 61-70 years age group. This study documents a high frequency of urothelial neoplasms, mostly papillary urothelial carcinoma of low grade and non-papillary urothelial carcinoma of high grade with male preponderance and peak incidence in 6(th) decade of age.

Utility of ProEx C in the histologic evaluation of the neoplastic and nonneoplastic urothelial lesions

ProEx C is an antibody cocktail targeting the expression of topoisomerase IIα and minichromosome maintenance protein 2. ProEx C staining is being used mainly to assist in diagnoses of dysplasia in gynecological specimens. This study was designed to determine the utility of ProEx C in assessing the urothelial lesions. Sixty-four patient specimens were divided into 5 groups: group I, 22 benign; group II, 13 low-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma; group III, 10 high-grade urothelial carcinoma in situ (flat lesion); and group IV, 19 high-grade noninvasive papillary and invasive urothelial carcinomas. ProEx C reactions were scored in basal, parabasal, intermediate, and superficial cell layers. A sample was recorded as positive when nuclear staining was seen in the cells of the intermediate and/or superficial layers. Of 22 cases in group I, 21 were negative for ProEx C with a specificity of 95%. Of 13 cases in group II, 11 had positive results with sensitivity of 85%. All cases in groups III and IV had positive staining pattern with ProEx C with a sensitivity of 100%. In this study, ProEx C stain had an overall 95% sensitivity and specificity with positive and negative predictive values of 98% and 91%, respectively, for detection of urothelial carcinoma. We conclude that ProEx C is effective in differentiating carcinoma in situ and benign urothelial lesions. It also resolves issues in low- versus high-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas. To our knowledge, this is the first publication on the diagnostic application of ProEx C in histopathology of the urothelial lesions.

Mixed low- and high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma: histopathogenetic and clinical significance

There are two pathways of urothelial carcinogenesis: low-grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC) with low rates of gene alterations and high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) with numerous gene alterations. HGUC often displays strong reactivity for cytokeratin 20 (CK20) and p16. Despite distinct molecular changes, urothelial carcinoma (UC) with both low- and high-grade features is not uncommon. We examined cases with patterns of mixed low- and high-grade UC (MLHGUC). Consecutive cases of UC at our institution were reviewed. There were 45 cases that showed a mixture of both LGUC and HGUC. IHC for CK5, CK20, CD44, p16, and Ki67 was performed. Areas of HGUC displayed strong and diffuse reactivity for p16, CK20, and Ki67 in 20-50% of the tumor, while LGUC areas had negative or focal reactivity for CK20 and Ki67 in 10-30%. There were two distinct cohorts of MLHGUC: patients with a history of LGUC (group A) and those without (group B). Group A patients (n = 8) had a history of LGUC for 1-10years. The tumor specimens weighed 1.5 ± 1.7g and had HGUC components of 25 ± 20% of the tissue. Superficial invasion was present in one case. All tumors had BCG treatment with one recurrence. In group B (n = 37), tumor specimens weighed 3 ± 3.9g and had HGUC components in 43 ± 21% of the tissue. Superficial invasion was present in five cases, and muscle invasion with lung metastasis occurred in one case. Four cases were refractory to BCG with an increased proportion of HGUC, and one case requiring cystectomy. Differences in size and proportion of HGUC between groups A and B MLHGUC were significant (P < 0.05), with group B presenting with a higher tumor burden and proportion of HGUC. MLHGUC is diagnostically challenging and is commonly assigned high grade since this determines prognosis. Group A MLHGUC likely develops as a result of progression from LGUC, whereas group B MLHGUC likely develops de novo, is associated with larger tumors, shows a higher proportion of HGUC, and follows a worse prognosis. Despite the similar histology of groups A and B, assignment to HGUC in a binary system may mask important prognostic information.

Urinary bladder spindle-cell neoplasm concomitant with urothelial cancer

A postoperative spindle-cell neoplasm of the urinary bladder is an extremely uncommon lesion. The previous literature indicated that the neoplasm is an indolent, benign tumor and rarely exhibits clinically aggressive behavior. We report a 68-year-old male patient who underwent cystolithotomy for a huge urinary bladder stone. Two months later, he complained of progressively difficult micturition. Imaging studies revealed a huge invasive urinary bladder tumor, and a radical cystoprostatectomy with ileal conduit diversion was performed. The pathology report confirmed a spindle-cell tumor concomitant with a high-grade, papillary urothelial carcinoma. The patient recovered uneventfully, and there has been no tumor recurrence during ongoing follow-up (12 months).

Cytogenetic characterization of an N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine-induced mouse papillary urothelial carcinoma

Chemically-induced urinary bladder cancer in rodents has long been used as a reliable model to study the biopathology of urinary bladder neoplasia and to develop therapeutic strategies against human tumors. Knowledge of the genetic basis underlying carcinogenesis would greatly enhance usability and usefulness of this model for the purposes of comparative pathology. However, little is known about the cytogenetic characteristics of rodent urinary bladder tumors. Accordingly, pathological and negative control specimens were collected for cytogenetic evaluation, from an ongoing mouse urinary bladder N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis study. Histopathological analysis characterized the pathological sample as a papillary urothelial carcinoma. Conventional cytogenetic analysis revealed the presence of 66.3 % tetraploid cells. Fluorescent in situ hybridization using chromosome paint probes allowed the detection of a reciprocal translocation involving chromosomes 4 and 14 (containing the murine homologues to human p16 and retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor genes) in 42 % of tetraploid cells. The control sample showed no histological or cytogenetic changes. CDKN2A and RB1 loss of heterozygosity is associated with human early and advanced urinary bladder cancer, respectively. Thus, the present data paves the way for further studies concerning the molecular mechanisms of urinary bladder carcinogenesis.

Holmium laser versus conventional transurethral resection of the bladder tumor

Background Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) remains the gold standard for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Laser techniques have been widely used in urology. This analysis aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of holmium resection of the bladder tumor (HoLRBT) vs. TURBT. Methods A systemic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library as well as manual bibliography searches were performed to identify the relevant studies. The pooled estimates of operation time, obturator nerve reflex rate, bladder perforation rate, bladder irrigation rate, catheterization time, hospital stay, and one- and two-year recurrence free survivals were calculated. Results Five studies were enrolled into our meta-analysis. No significant difference was observed in the operation time between groups (weighted mean difference (WMD) 1.01, 95% confidential interval (95% CI) -3.52-5.54, P=0.66). The significant difference in the obturator nerve reflex (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.01-0.04, P=0.004), bladder perforation (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.03-0.61, P=0.009), bladder irrigation (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.04-0.45, P=0.001), catheterization time (WMD -0.96, 95% CI -1.11 to -0.82, P &lt;0.00001), and hospital stay (WMD -1.46, 95% CI -1.65 to -1.27, P &lt;0.00001) showed advantages of HoLRBT over TURBT. The 2-year recurrence free survival rate favors the HoLRBT group (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.02-2.11, P=0.04). Conclusions As a promising technique, HoLRBT is safe and efficient, and showed several advantages over TURBT. HoLRBT can be used as an alternative procedure for TURBT in terms of low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma or low-grade early TNM-stage urothelial carcinoma.

A Proposed Score for Assessing Progression in pT1 High-grade Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder

We tested a selected series of patients with single urothelial high-grade pT1 stage (pT1 HG) or urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) with a set of immunohistochemical markers to elaborate a risk score for progression. We retrospectively reviewed all first diagnoses of single, <3 cm, urothelial papillary carcinoma pT1 HG or isolated CIS between 2006 and 2009. Galectin-3, CD44, E-cadherin, CD138, p16, survivin, HYAL-1, and topoisomerase-II α were used. A grading score 0 or 1 for each immunohistochemical staining was assigned to obtain a total score for assessing the progression. The median "progression score" was selected as cutoff value for statistical analysis. Overall, 23 patients (19 pT1 HG and 4 CIS) were included in the study. After a median follow-up of 21 months (range, 12 to 34 mo), 9 patients (39.1%) showed disease recurrence whereas 4 patients (17.4%) showed tumor progression. Topoisomerase-II α, p16, survivin, galectin-3, and CD138 were significantly associated with progression. Progression score ranged from 0 (best prognosis) to 7 (worst prognosis). Using a score ≥5 as a threshold, specificity was 78.9%, sensitivity 100%, positive predictive value 50%, and negative predictive value 100%. ROC area (a 95% confidence interval, 0.807-1.000; P<0.001). This immunohistochemistry-based progression score using a threshold ≥5, might help the clinician to focus on patients with HG pT1 or extended CIS at high risk for disease progression. These patients might benefit from a more intensive follow-up program or early cystectomy.

Nephrogenic Adenoma

Nephrogenic adenoma of the urinary bladder, where they present most frequently, are typically confined to the lamina propria but can on occasion focally involve the superficial muscularis propria. Less commonly, nephrogenic adenoma involves the renal pelvis and ureter where again they almost always only involve the lamina propria. We identified 3 consult cases in which tubules of nephrogenic adenoma extensively involved the muscularis propria and focally infiltrated the perinephric adipose tissue, for which the contributing pathologists considered the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. In 1 case, that of a 71-year-old man, the lesion was associated with a hemorrhagic renal cyst (3.0 cm) and a spontaneous retroperitoneal bleed (6.0 cm) of unknown origin. In the second case, that of a 73-year-old woman, 2 foci (2.2, 1.6 cm) were present in the renal pelvis. They developed after biopsy of a low-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma in the same site complicated by perforation. The third case was that of a 20-year-old woman with ureteropelvic junction obstruction and severe hydronephrosis associated with renal calculi. In all cases, the lesions were positive for CK7 and PAX8. These 3 cases report the novel finding that nephrogenic adenoma can occasionally have a deep infiltrative pattern into perinephric adipose tissue, possibly as a result of either biopsy-associated perforation or extensive disruption due to hemorrhage or mechanical obstruction. Awareness of this worrisome infiltration pattern, although rare, can prevent a misdiagnosis of an infiltrating carcinoma.

Short telomeres and chromosome instability prior to histologic malignant progression and cytogenetic aneuploidy in papillary urothelial neoplasms

PurposeEvaluation of the relationships existing among 3 histologic types of urothelial tumors, chromosomal instability, and telomere length. Patients and methodsWe examined 37 consecutive cases of papillary urothelial neoplasm, from which 26 (70.3%) were suitable for karyotype analysis, comprising 7 papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (PUNLMPs), 10 low-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas (PUCs), and 9 high-grade PUCs. We performed karyotype and anaphase bridge analyses, and measured telomere lengths by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization. ResultsPUNLMPs were always diploid and had anaphase bridges. Low-grade PUCs showed diploidy (n = 2), hypoploidy (n = 4) and polyploidy (n = 4), and high-grade PUCs showed diploidy (n = 1) and polyploidy (n = 8); both had anaphase bridges. The incidence of anaphase bridges did not differ significantly between PUNLMPs and high-grade PUCs (P = 0.105). The telomere lengths of PUNLMP, low-grade PUC, and high-grade PUC, expressed as mean telomere fluorescence units (TFU)±SD, were 7906±3197, 4893±1567, and 3299±1406, respectively. The differences among the 3 groups were significant. However, 42.9% of the PUNLMPs had shorter telomeres than the mean value for low-grade PUCs, and 30.0% of the low-grade PUCs had shorter telomeres than those for high-grade PUCs. There was an inverse correlation between telomere length and the incidence of anaphase bridges. ConclusionsPUNLMP appears to progress to low-grade PUC and high-grade PUC in association with telomere shortening and chromosomal instability. Our data suggest that critically shortened telomeres cause chromosomal instability during progression of papillary urothelial neoplasms.

Paraplegia after epidural anaesthesia

A 59-year-old woman presented with 6-week history of recurrent haematuria. Her medical history was unremarkable apart from a 22-pack-year smoking history and hypothyroidism. There was no history of alcohol or...

Does Muscularis Mucosae Invasion in Extensively Lamina Propria–invasive High-grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma Provide Additional Prognostic Information?

Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Conflicts of Interest and Source of Funding: The authors have disclosed that they have no significant relationships with, or financial interest in, any commercial companies pertaining to this article.

The spectrum of histopathologic findings in vesical diverticulum: implications for pathogenesis and staging

Diverticula are saccular evaginations of urinary bladder mucosa that are encountered in all age groups with a prevalence of 1% to 10%. Intradiverticular neoplasms pose diagnostic and management challenges. The aim of this study was to document the common morphologic changes and neoplasms found in a large series of adult and pediatric vesical diverticula. A total of 174 diverticula from 133 patients were reviewed including 48 pediatric (mean age, 7.1 years) and 85 adult (mean age, 63.93 years); 92% were male. Of the 85 nonneoplastic cases, prominent morphologic findings included significant chronic inflammation (59), granulomatous inflammation including foreign body giant cell reaction (6), acute inflammation (7), squamous metaplasia (9), cystitis glandularis (10), and nephrogenic metaplasia (2). The pediatric cases showed no malignancy. Thirty-three of the 48 neoplastic cases had high-grade urothelial carcinoma, 4 had carcinoma in situ, 7 had low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, 2 had primary squamous cell carcinoma, 1 had primary melanoma, and 1 had urothelial dysplasia. Nine of the neoplastic cases had variant morphology. Diverticula from 31 cases were involved by primary tumors, of which 6 had coexisting intravesical neoplasia (3 had carcinoma in situ with invasion elsewhere). In 19 of 33 high-grade urothelial carcinomas, infiltration into adjacent fat was noted. Seven of these cases arose within diverticula. Diverticula may harbor neoplasms, most commonly urothelial carcinoma. Attenuation of the muscle layer associated with diverticulum formation may facilitate tumor invasion into peridiverticular soft tissues. It is emphasized that pT2 stage should be eliminated to avoid the confusion in staging these neoplasms.

A clinicopathologic analysis of 88 lung resections of suspected metastatic carcinomas with proven primaries

The lung is the most common site for metastatic carcinomas. Very few studies have comprehensively analyzed all pulmonary resections for metastatic carcinomas. To analyze all lung resections for suspected metastatic carcinomas accrued over 10 years to evaluate: (i). The most frequent primary site,(ii). The interval between primary tumor diagnosis and lung metastases, and (iii). The proportion of inadvertently resected benign lesions, clinicoradiologically mistaken for metastatic deposits. Between 2002 and 2011, 88 pulmonary metastasectomies were done for suspected metastatic carcinomas, which form the basis of this study. In 81 of 88 cases (92%) the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma was histologically confirmed, whereas 7 cases (8%) were non-neoplastic. The mean interval between primary tumor and metastases was 2.5 years. The primary sites were colorectum (30; 37%), kidney and breast (14; 17.3% each), cervix (9; 10%), salivary gland carcinoma (3), thyroid carcinoma (2), squamous carcinoma (2, one each of mandible and larynx), papillary urothelial carcinoma (2), hepatocellular carcinoma (1), endometrioid adenocarcinoma (1), carcinosarcoma of endometrium (1), adrenocortical carcinoma (1), and neuroendocrine carcinoma (1). The 7 non-neoplastic lesions (8%) histologically revealed tuberculosis (4), bronchopneumonia (2), and aspergillosis (1). Almost three fourths (71.6%) of the metastatic pulmonary resections comprised primaries from colorectum, breast and kidney. The interval between primary tumor and metastases ranged from zero months to 10 years (mean 2.5 years). Tuberculosis was the most common histologic diagnosis among the 8% of the non-neoplastic lesions, which were mistaken for metastatic carcinoma on clinical evaluation.

A Case Report of a Sarcomatoid Carcinoma Arising in the Renal Pelvis with Exuberant Osteosarcomatous Element

Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor that has both malignant epithelial and mesenchymal components. We describe a sarcomatoid carcinoma arising in the right renal pelvis of a 68-year-old man. The dominant component of the tumor was osteosarcomatous, but there were also focal carcinomatous areas. The sarcomatous tumor cells produced abundant osteoid matrix surrounded by osteoblastic cells. The carcinomatous tumor cells consisted of papillary urothelial carcinoma. Immunohistochemical assay showed that the sarcomatous tumor cells were positive for vimentin and negative for cytokeratin. The papillary urothelial carcinoma was positive for cytokeratin and negative for vimentin. After surgery, the patient underwent adjuvant chemotherapy. Four months later, he presented with recurrence in the right subphrenic area and metastasis in the right middle lobe of the lung.

Synchronous papillary urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder and adenocarcinoma of stomach in a middle-aged man: An extremely rare association with therapeutic dilemma

Synchronous occurrence of urinary bladder carcinoma and gastric carcinoma is very rare. A middle-aged Asian man presented with complaints of hematuria which was diagnosed due to muscle invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder. Metastatic work-up revealed simultaneous presence of locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. He was treated with TURBT for the bladder cancer and was planned for radical gastric resection followed by radiation to urinary bladder and stomach with concurrent chemotherapy. However, due to very advanced nature of the gastric tumor patient was treated only with palliative gastric resection followed by palliative radiation to both urinary bladder and stomach due to his poor performance status. Lack of published English literature and evidence related to such clinical entity made this an extremely rare clinical entity and treatment decision difficult.

Immunohistochemical expression of p63, p53 in urinary bladder carcinoma

Urothelial carcinomas (UC) is of the most common cancers urinary bladder. The aim of the study is to assess the immunohistochemical staining differences between p63 and p53 according to the pathological stage and histological grade of the tumor in urinary bladder carcinomas. Totally 62 urinary bladder transurethral resection materials diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma in the pathology department of our hospital were included in the study. On pathological examination, cases were dichotomized as noninvasive and invasive, whereas noninvasive cases were dichotomized as low grade and high grade and invasive cases were dichotomized as pT1 and pT2. Subsequently, the cases were evaluated by means of p63 and p53 immunohistochemical staining. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS program, and Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. When pTa was evaluated in terms of p63 immunoreactivity, no statistically significant difference was observed between LGPUC and HGPUC, noninvasive papillary UC, regarding staining percentages ( P > 0.05), whereas statistically significant relation was observed for pT1 and pT2 regarding p63 staining percentages ( P < 0.05). For pTa, no statistically significant relation was observed between LGPUC and HGPUC, noninvasive papillary UC, in terms of p53 staining percentages ( P > 0.05). However, highly significant relationship was observed for pT1 and pT2 in terms of p53 staining percentages ( P < 0.01). No significant relationship was observed between the staining percentages of p53 and p63 ( P > 0.05). The role of p53 and p63 immunoreactivities in the differential diagnosis and prognosis of urinary bladder carcinomas according to the pathological stage and histological grade of the tumor will be understood better with the increasing number of long term investigations performed with large series at a molecular level.

Pseudocarcinomatous Urothelial Hyperplasia of the Bladder: Clinical Findings and Followup of 70 Patients

Pseudocarcinomatous urothelial hyperplasia is rare and almost exclusively described in the pathology literature. We reviewed 70 cases during a 9.5-year period. Two specimens were taken from biopsies done at our institution and 68 were from cases referred for consultation. Samples were obtained from a total of 60 men and 10 women with a mean age of 67 years (range 33 to 85). Of 68 patients with information available 52 (76.5%) underwent prior pelvic irradiation, 2 received systemic chemotherapy only, 3 had an indwelling bladder catheter, 2 received intravesical chemotherapy, 1 had been treated with radical prostatectomy, 4 had severe peripheral vascular disease, 1 had an arteriovenous malformation, 1 had sickle cell disease and only 2 (2.9%) had no identifiable contributing factors. Pseudocarcinomatous urothelial hyperplasia developed an average of 54.6 months (range 9 months to 13 years) after prior irradiation. Hematuria was the most common clinical presentation, noted in 45 of 51 patients with data available. Of 48 patients with data endoscopy revealed erythema in 20, a papillary/polypoid lesion in 12, broad-based elevated erythematous lesions in 6, erythematous bullous edema in 5, shallow bleeding ulcers in 4 and prominent trabeculation in 1. Additional findings in the bladder were carcinoma in situ in 3 cases, and dysplasia, low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma and papillary urothelial hyperplasia in 1 each. Three of the 40 patients with an average followup of 27 months (range 1 to 94) subsequently had urothelial carcinoma, including 1 who had prior positive cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization, 1 with prior high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma and 1 with an unknown history. Although pseudocarcinomatous urothelial hyperplasia mimics invasive urothelial carcinoma clinically and histologically, it is not related to urothelial neoplasms. Almost all patients have causes of bladder ischemia, most commonly a history of remote prior pelvic irradiation.

Urothelial carcinoma in both adnexa following perforation during transurethral resection of a non-muscle-invasive bladder tumor: a case report and literature review

In this article case report of urothelial carcinoma implantation in both adnexa is reported, following a perforation of the bladder wall during a transurethral resection of a bladder tumor. The 81-year-old female patient had an extensive history of multiple recurrent non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Intraperitoneal perforation was detected and managed conservatively. Fifteen months after the procedure, the patient presented at the gynecology department with a mass in the left adnex, which was suspicious for malignancy, for which she subsequently underwent hysterectomy in combination with bilateral resection of the adnexa. Pathology showed papillary urothelial carcinoma in both ovaries. A literature search was performed to present an up-to-date review of the available data on bladder perforations during transurethral resection of the bladder and tumor implantation, its management and oncological outcomes.