Papilla Height Research Articles

Papilla and alveolar crest levels in immediate versus delayed single-tooth zirconia implants

The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the papilla deficit and the distance between the bone crest at the neighbouring tooth and the contact point of the clinical crown (distance 4) for immediate and delayed zirconia implants. This prospective observational study included 78 patients with 82 implants investigated at the 1-year follow-up. Patients received single-unit zirconia implants (Straumann PURE Ceramic Implant with ZLA surface) that were placed using either the delayed (group A) or immediate (group B) protocol after tooth extraction. The distance of the alveolar crest of the neighbouring tooth to the height of the interdental papilla and the absence of the papilla were also assessed. There was a strong correlation between the papilla deficit and distance 4 in group A (Spearman’s rho=0.64). However, in group B, only a weak correlation between the two distances was found (Spearman’s rho=0.28). A full soft tissue margin was generated when distance 4 was 7–8mm or less. Delayed implant placement showed a critical distance between the alveolar crest at the neighbouring tooth and the contact point of the crown risking a visible papilla deficit of between 7mm and 8mm.

Three-dimensional structure of the lingual papillae of healthy rats and rats with experimental diabetes mellitus (in the context of mechanism of development of diabetic glossitis)

We studied the three-dimensional structure and patterns of distribution of the lingual papillae of healthy rats (the norm) and their changes in the process of development of diabetes mellitus І type. The research was conducted on 65 laboratory rats of the Weestar line. The research investigated the mucus shell and the microcirculatory network of the tongue. The distribution and three-dimensional structure of the papillae of the tongue were studied using a scanning electron microscope. It was found that there are 5 morphological subspecies of filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of body of the tongue: true filifom, flattened, thin and giant conical and brush-like. Isolated fungiform papillaе are unevenly distributed between filiform papillaе. The dorso-lateral edge of the dorsal lingual surface is covered by foliate papillae. The unique oval papilla vallate is located in the back-end of the middle line of the root of the tongue. The far back of the root of the tongue lacks papillae, is flattened and covered by squamous formations. The distribution and types of lingual papillae is similar in rats to other rodents. In the process of development of diabetic glossitis a reduction in the height of different types of papillae of the tongue was observed, and an increase in the amount of keratinized mass, which plays a role in the fixation of microflora on the surface of the mucus shell, which as a result may lead to development of inflammatory process in the tongues of rats with experimental diabetes mellitus. The stages of morphological and morphometric changes in the mucus shell and microcirculatory network of the tongues of rats with diabetes mellitus were investigated, the characteristic signs of these changes were marked. On the basis of morpho-functional changes of the tongues of rats with experimental streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus, two stages of development of pathomorphological changes were distinguished: 1) reactive changes (2–4th week) and 2) destructive processes (6–8th week). At the end of the first stage there was a reduction in height of the filiform papillae and width of mushroom-like papillae in the mucus shell of the tongue, an increase in its keratinization, a considerable reduction in the number of cells in the deeper layers of the epithelium of the tongue and the adsorption capacity of superficial epіtheliocites diminished, a significant reduction in the diameter of path clearance of all departments of the microcirculatory network is traced here. At the end of the secondary stage, there was a reduction in the sizes of all papillae of the back of the tongue, in all links of the microcirculatory network there was a development of diabetic microangiopathy which is characterized: by narrowing of the arterial and exchange links on a background expansion of capacity link. The question of influencing the pathological process in the vessels of the microcirculatory network on the state of the mucus shell of the tongue in animals with experimental streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus is discussed.

A comparative evaluation of papillary reconstruction by modified Beagle's technique with the Beagle's surgical technique: A clinical and radiographic study.

Background:To assess and compare the effectiveness of two surgical procedures (Beagle's technique and modified Beagle's technique) for the reconstruction of the lost interproximal dental papilla.Materials and Methods:Twenty sites were selected based on the selection criteria which included patients within the age group of 20–50 years and the presence of Class I and Class II recession of the papilla in the maxillary anterior region. They were divided randomly into Group A and Group B. Group A sites were treated with modified Beagle's technique, whereas Group B sites were treated by the Beagle's technique. The patients were recalled at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postsurgery. Parameters including classification of loss of papilla height (Nordland and Tarnow), change in vertical dimension, mesiodistal dimension and area of the papillary defect, and radiographic parameters (papilla height and bone crest-root apex distance) were recorded preoperatively and postoperatively.Results:At 6-month postsurgery, there was a statistically significant reduction in vertical dimension, mesiodistal dimension, and area of the papilla defect in Group A compared to Group B. At 6-month postsurgery, there was an increase in the height of the papilla in Group A, whereas there was a decrease in the height of the papilla in Group B. At 6-month postsurgery too, there was a reduction in the mean bone crest-root apex distance in both groups.Conclusion:Thus, the modified Beagle's technique is an easy and effective technique when compared to the Beagle's surgical technique for papilla reconstruction.

Analysis of crown size and morphology, and gingival shape in the maxillary anterior dentition in Korean young adults.

PURPOSEThe aim of this investigation was to analyze the dimensions of clinical crowns and to classify the crown and the gingival type in the anterior teeth in Korean young adults.MATERIALS AND METHODSCasts were obtained from 50 subjects ranging in age from 24 to 32. Measurements of length and width were made on the casts using a pair of digital calipers on the entire dentition. Crown thickness and papilla height were also measured and MDW/CL (mesiodistal width to clinical length) and CW/CL (cervical width to clinical length) ratios of the maxillary anterior teeth were calculated. The K-clustering method was used for CW/CL to classify the anterior tooth shape into three groups (tapered, ovoid, and square), and one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's post-hoc comparison were used to evaluate statistical significance between the groups. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed between tooth shape and papillary height (PH) to demonstrate the correlation between tooth shape and gingival morphological characteristics.RESULTSThe average length of the maxillary central incisors was 9.89 mm; the mesio-distal width was 8.54 mm; and the ratio of width/length was 0.86 in Korean young adults. The average bucco-palatal thickness of the central incisor was 3.14 mm at the incisal 1/3 aspect. Ovoid type was the most common tooth shape (48%), followed by square type (29%) and taper type (23%) in the central incisors of Korean young adults. Tooth shape and gingival type were correlated with each other.CONCLUSIONNew reference data were established for tooth size in Korean young adults and the data show several patterns of tooth shape and gingival type. Clinicians should diagnose and treat based on these characteristics for better results in the Korean population.

Post-orthodontic position of lower incisors and gingival recession: A retrospective study.

BackgroundTo evaluate if changes in lower incisor position following orthodontic treatment are correlated with development of gingival recessions.Material and MethodsPre- and post-treatment digital models and lateral cephalograms of 22 subjects were collected retrospectively. The clinical crown length, gingival scallop, and papilla height of the central lower incisor were measured along with the cephalometric incisor’s inclination, the distance from the mandibular plane, and the distance between the Infradentale and Menton points. Statistical correlations between gingival and cephalometric variables were studied. In addition, two groups were defined based on the post-treatment incisor inclination value (‘normal’ or ‘proclined’) and compared.ResultsThe incisor inclination was correlated with the change in gingival scallop and papilla height. Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference in clinical crown height and gingival scallop between the ‘normal’ group and the ‘proclined’ group.ConclusionsChanges in lower incisor position, especially an excessive proclination, after orthodontic treatment may play a role in the development of gingival recession. Key words:Orthodontic treatment, Incisor inclination, IMPA, Gingival recession, Alveolar bone.

CLINICAL APPLICATION OF RADIESSE AND HYALURONIC ACID GEL FOR TREATMENT OF PAPILLAE DEFICIENCIES IN THE ESTHETIC ZONE

Background: A black triangle or an open gingival embrasure is one of the main problems that compromise esthetics. Different surgical techniques have been utilized to resolve this problem. Consequently, minimally invasive techniques using filler injections have been recommended. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a naturally occurring polysaccharide; was widely used in treatment of deficient interdental papillae. On the other hand, Radiesse is calcium hydroxide dermal filler used in facial rejuvenation. This study was performed to compare the effect of Radiesse and hyaluronic acid gel in treatment of deficient interdental papillae. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 female patients with 40 deficient interdental papillae were assigned into two groups A and B. Group A received hyaluronic acid gel injection while group B received Radiesse gel injection. Clinical data included papillary marginal gingival index, probing depth, clinical attachment loss, papilla presence index and height of interdental papilla. Data were taken at baseline, after three weeks, three and six months. Results: Significant improvement occurred in both groups but this improvement was more prevalent in Radiesse group compared with HA group. There was a decline in the papillary height in the HA group after three and six months while in Radiesse group more long-lasting effect was denoted. Conclusion: It was concluded that both fillers were biocompatible and safe for treatment of interdental papilla deficiency. Though, Radiesse gel was more effective and long-lasting compared with hyaluronic acid.

Retrospective Analysis of Biological and Technical Complications Using Individual CAD/CAM Abutments

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess the biological and technical complication and survival rates of implants and prosthetic superstructures using custom-milled CAD/CAM abutments made of titanium or zirconia. Material and Methods: A total of 109 patients were treated with 225 AstraTech OsseoSpeed implants (Dentsply IH) between July 2008 and November 2012 in the same private dental practice. Following submerged healing, the implants were uncovered and restored with Atlantis custom CAD/CAM abutments made of zirconia or titanium. Single crowns, fixed bridges, or telescope crowns as attachments for removable prostheses were connected to the abutments with zinc oxide phosphate cement. Patients were clinically and radiologically followed at the abutment level for a mean 20.85 months. The clinical assessment included biological and technical complications a well as the survival of the implants, abutments, and prosthetic superstructures. Mean crestal bone loss was assessed on standardized radiographs. Patient satisfaction was surveyed with a self-developed questionnaire. Results: The records of 69 patients (49 female, 20 male: mean age: 53.51 years) treated with 124 implants/custom abutments were included in the final analysis. Most abutments were made of titanium (n=90), followed by zirconia (n=34). The survival rates of implants and abutments were 100.00%. Eight restorations (6.50%) had to be replaced during follow-up, for an implant/abutment-related cumulative prosthetic success rate of 93.50%. The patient-related cumulative prosthetic survival rate was 92.75%. A mean bone gain of 0.06 mm (SD: 0.28 mm) on the mesial side and 0.11 mm (SD: 0.37 mm) at the distal side of the implants (n=122) was recorded. Only a few cases of soft-tissue complications such as mucositis, loss of papilla height, or bleeding on probing were observed. Therapy was rated as very good by 92.65% of patients. The esthetic result was assessed as very good as well by the majority of patients (88.41%). Due to the small sample size, no tests for statistical significance could be performed for any of the examination parameters, except for radiological crestal bone loss. No statistical significance was found for crestal bone loss as a function of the abutment material (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusions: Individual CAD/CAM -abutments are a good and predictable treatment option and deliver high patient satisfaction concerning the therapeutic and esthetic results.

Effects of partially replacing barley with sugar beet pulp, with and without roasted canola seeds, on performance, rumen histology and fermentation patterns in finishing Arabian lambs

This study investigated the effects of partially replacing barley grains with sugar beet pulp (SBP), with and without roasted canola seed (RCS) on ruminal pH, ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, ruminal histomorphometric characteristics, and performance in finishing lambs fed a high concentrate diet. Twenty-four Arabian male lambs (23.7 ± 2.5 kg bodyweight, 118 ± 10 days in age) were used for 99 days in a completely randomised design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Lambs were fed with a high concentrate diet containing (1) 68% barley (B) (2) barley plus 7% RCS (B + RCS) (3) 36% SBP, (4) SBP plus 7% RCS (SBP + RCS). Ruminal fluid pH and VFA concentrations were determined at 0, 2, 4 and 8 h post-feeding 1 day before slaughter day. Tissue samples were collected for histomorphometric study at slaughter day. Average daily gain of the lambs was not affected by partial replacement of barley with SBP, however it was improved by RCS inclusion (P < 0.05). Diets with RCS had significantly lower (P < 0.05) neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibility values than diets without RCS (P < 0.05). Both SBP and RCS increased ruminal pH, molar proportions of acetate, isobutyrate but decreased molar proportion of propionate in rumen content (P < 0.05). The height, width, epithelial thickness and tunica muscularis of rumen papilla and reticulum folds were increased by SBP (P < 0.05). Density of reticulum folds were higher in lambs fed by higher SBP (P < 0.05). Inclusion of RCS significantly increased papillae height and thickness of epithelium (P < 0.05). In conclusion, partially replacing barley with SBP as well as RCS inclusion prevented a drop in the ruminal pH, and improved the morphology of the rumen-reticulum in finishing lambs fed a high concentrate diet.

Papilla Height as an Objective Parameter to Measure Gingival Biotype

Background: There is lack of objective criteria to classify gingival biotype. The aim of the present study is to establish the papillary length - a surrogate parameter, as an objective criterion to classify periodontal biotype as thick or thin in periodontally healthy subjects. Methods: In 76 periodontally healthy subjects gingival thickness was assessed by probe transparency at the midfacial aspect of both maxillary central incisors. The papillary length between the two central incisors (PL sum 1), the sum of papillary length between central and lateral incisor on either side and between the two central incisors (PL sum 3), the sum of papillary length between canine and lateral incisor, central and lateral incisor on both sides and between the two central incisors (PL sum 5) was calculated. The data so obtained were subjected to statistical analysis to find a correlation between PL sum scores and gingival biotype. Results: PL sum scores displayed larger PL sum scores for thin biotype group as compared to thick biotype group wherein the mean PL sum 1 score was 4.53 and 4.49mm and PL sum 5 score was 21.8 and 19.83 for thin and thick biotype groups respectively. The difference in the mean PL sum scores for PL sum 1, 3, and 5 were not significant between thick and thin gingival biotypes. According to the binary logistic regression analysis, age was the only significant predictor of gingival biotype (thick/thin). Gender as well as different calculations of PL sum scores had no significant effect on the gingival biotype as outcome. A part of the variation obtained in the biotype was predicted by the sum scores though with a weak canonical correlation of 0.37. Conclusion: Scores of PL may be used as an objective parameter to assess the gingival biotype of patients which is a variable needed to be evaluated prior to restorative or surgical treatment procedures in order to gain a favourable treatment outcome.

Ten-year hard and soft tissue results ofa pilot double-blinded randomized controlled trial on immediately loaded post-extractive implants using platform-switching concept.

To evaluate the 10-year post-loading radiological and esthetic outcomes of implants inserted in post-extraction sites and restored with or without platform-switching protocol. Twenty-two patients were scheduled for maxillary post-extractive implant, using a 13mm in length and 5.5mm in diameter implant (Global, Sweden & Martina, Padua, Italy). They randomly received definitive restorations using platform-switching concept (abutment 3.8mm in diameter: test group) or standard restoration (abutment 5.5mm in diameter: control group). Outcome measures were survival rates of implants and prostheses, peri-implant marginal bone loss and periodontal indices 10years after prosthetic loading. Moreover, esthetic parameters including soft tissue buccal peri-implant mucosal levels (REC) and mesial and distal papilla height (PH) were taken at definitive restoration, 2 and 10years thereafter. Nineteen implants were analyzed after 10years of follow-up. No implants nor prostheses failed. The postoperative radiographs demonstrated an overall mean bone loss of 0.18±0.14mm in the test group and of 0.80±0.40mm in the control group (P=0.00108). Test group showed 0.23±0.51mm of REC gain and PH was of 0.21±0.33mm on average. On the other side, the control group presented a REC=-0.59±0.80mm with PH=-1.12±0.55mm, demonstrating a slight continuous soft tissue shrinkage during the entire follow-up. The mean values were statistically significant different between test and control group for both REC gain (P=0.01174) and PH (P=0.0009). With the limitations of this study, immediate single implant restorations rehabilitated with platform-switching protocol may provide peri-implant alveolar bone-level stability and avoid continuous soft tissue shrinkage after 10years of prosthetic loading compared to a platform-matching restoration. Further studies involving larger sample sizes are required to confirm these preliminary results.

Prevalência de biótipos gengivais numa população peruana

ObjetiveTo determine the prevalence of gingival biotypes in patients with permanent dentition in the city of Trujillo, Peru. MethodsDescriptive, observational and cross‐sectional study was carried out at the dental clinic of the Unit of Second Specialization in Stomatology (USEE) of the National University of Trujillo, during the months of January to June 2015. Information was collected on the gingival biotype, interdental papilla height and shape of the teeth using an OMS periodontal probe. Data was obtained from three calibrated observers. Analysis of binary logistic regression (α=0.05) was used to compare the gingival biotype to the interdental papilla height, the shape of the teeth, age and gender. ResultsThe sample consisted of 286 patients. The prevalence of thick gingival biotype was 61.2% and thin gingival biotype was 38.8%. In addition, it was found that the gingival biotype is closely related to gender, the interdental papilla height, tooth shape and age. ConclusionsThe people in the city of Trujillo, Peru, have a thick gingival biotype and this is closely related to gender, the interdental papilla height, tooth shape and age. The thin gingival biotype is more common in women and young people.

Analyses of changes on skin by aging.

This study aimed to evaluate the histological changes occurring in rat skin with increasing age, starting from the intrauterine period. Thirty-two healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated in four groups: group 1 - intrauterine day 19, group 2 - postpartum day 21, group 3 - postpartum day 60, and group 4 - postpartum month 19. Skin samples from the back, abdomen, head, and upper and lower limbs were obtained from each subject under anesthesia. Tissue specimens were evaluated statistically and morphologically for the thicknesses of the epidermis, dermis, and basement membrane; the number, height, and width of dermal papillae; and the mast cell and pilosebaceous counts per group. The changes in collagen/elastic fibers and glycosaminoglycans were also assessed. Epidermal thickness was the highest in the intrauterine group; it decreased in the postpartum period and increased again in the aged group. Basal membrane thickness increased steadily with age. The number, height, and width of dermal papillae and dermal thickness increased up to day 60 after birth although these decreased in the aged group. Mast cell count also reached the maximum in the intrauterine group and gradually decreased with age. Pilosebaceous units of the dermis were fewer in intrauterine specimens; they showed an increase during the postpartum period and a decrease in the aged group. Skin specimens obtained from rats showed striking differences between the intrauterine and postpartum groups. Moreover, the postpartum group showed considerable intra-group differences.

Does the Papilla Preservation Flap Technique Induce Soft Tissue Modifications over Time in Endodontic Surgery Procedures?

IntroductionThe aim of the present controlled clinical trial was to compare 2 incision techniques, papilla base incision (PBI) and sulcular incision (IS), evaluating changes in papilla and recession height over a 12-month period. MethodsA total of 24 subjects requiring endodontic surgery on a single tooth were enrolled. PBI was used in 1 group and IS in the other group. The primary outcomes were changes in gingival recession of the tooth affected by periapical lesions and the mesial and distal teeth and the mesial and distal papilla height using the treated tooth as the reference. Outcome variables were assessed at baseline and 12 months after the surgical intervention. Statistical analysis was performed by a blinded operator through appropriate tests, with significance set at a P value equal to .05. ResultsIn the PBI group, the papilla height at the 12-month follow-up in the mesial and distal aspect decreased 0.10 ± 0.32 mm and 0.10 ± 0.32 mm, respectively, and 0.23 ± 0.68 mm and 0.25 ± 0.40 mm, respectively, in the IS group without any significant differences. There were no differences found for recession change values between groups. ConclusionsThe PBI and IS approaches in endodontic surgery showed similar results in terms of papilla height preservation and recession changes.

Crude glycerin as a replacement for corn in starter feed: performance and metabolism of pre-weaned dairy calves

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of corn in the starter feed with crude glycerin on performance and energy metabolism of liquid-fed dairy calves. Twenty-four newborn individually housed Holstein calves were blocked according to weight and date of birth and randomly assigned to different starter feed treatments during 8 weeks: no crude glycerin; 5% crude glycerin; 10% crude glycerin on dry matter basis. All calves were individually fed daily 4 L of a commercial milk replacer (22.3% crude protein and 19.3% fat). Calves had individual access to starter diet and ad libitum access to water daily. Individual feed intake and faecal scores were recorded daily. Bodyweight and corporal measurements (heart girth, hip width, and withers height) were weekly recorded. From the second week of age, blood samples were collected weekly, 2 h after morning feeding, for determination of plasma glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Ruminal fluid was collected at 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age for determination of pH and short-chain fatty acids. At the end of the eighth week, animals were harvested to evaluate development of the proximal digestive tract. Feed intake, average daily gain, bodyweight or body measurements were not affected (P > 0.05) by the inclusion of crude glycerin in the starter feed. Faecal scores indicated that most of the calves had mild diarrhoea, with no treatment effect. Total short-chain fatty acids and the concentration of individual acids, as well as blood parameters, were not affected (P > 0.05) by the feed treatments. The total forestomach weight, the average weight of each compartment, the maximum capacity of reticulum-rumen, and papillae number, height and width were not affected (P > 0.05). In conclusion, crude glycerin can be used as an alternative energy source, replacing corn up to 10% in the starter feed for liquid-fed dairy calves without affecting growth, rumen development or metabolism.

A Clinical and Radiographic Assessment of Positional Variations of Gingival Papilla and Its Proportions.

In 60 healthy subjects, 720 interdental papilla sites in maxillary anterior teeth were investigated. Interdental papilla heights were measured from the gingival zenith along the clinical crown lengths. Radiovisiography was used to measure the relative bone length. Percentage of papilla height to crown length and radiographic bone length to crown length were computed and defined as papilla proportion (PP) and crestal papilla proportion (cPP), respectively. The overall mean mesial PP was 44.95 ± 6.80% and distal PP was 45.70 ± 7.87%. The total mean mesial cPP was 54.12 ± 9.50% and distal cPP was 54.95 ± 9.28%. Taken together, the cPP was around 55% and the PP was around 45% for all tooth groups.

Alterations of papilla dimensions after orthodontic closure of the maxillary midline diastema: a retrospective longitudinal study.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate alterations of papilla dimensions after orthodontic closure of the diastema between maxillary central incisors.MethodsSixty patients who had a visible diastema between maxillary central incisors that had been closed by orthodontic approximation were selected for this study. Various papilla dimensions were assessed on clinical photographs and study models before the orthodontic treatment and at the follow-up examination after closure of the diastema. Influences of the variables assessed before orthodontic treatment on the alterations of papilla height (PH) and papilla base thickness (PBT) were evaluated by univariate regression analysis. To analyze potential influences of the 3-dimensional papilla dimensions before orthodontic treatment on the alterations of PH and PBT, a multiple regression model was formulated including the 3-dimensional papilla dimensions as predictor variables.ResultsOn average, PH decreased by 0.80 mm and PBT increased after orthodontic closure of the diastema (P<0.01). Univariate regression analysis revealed that the PH (P=0.002) and PBT (P=0.047) before orthodontic treatment influenced the alteration of PH. With respect to the alteration of PBT, the diastema width (P=0.045) and PBT (P=0.000) were found to be influential factors. PBT before the orthodontic treatment significantly influenced the alteration of PBT in the multiple regression model.ConclusionsPH decreased but PBT increased after orthodontic closure of the diastema. The papilla dimensions before orthodontic treatment influenced the alterations of PH and PBT after closure of the diastema. The PBT increased more when the diastema width before the orthodontic treatment was larger.

Papillary Height and its Relation with Interproximal Distances and Cementoenamel Junction in Subjects with Chronic Periodontitis. A Cross-Sectional Study.

Presence of intact interdental papilla is considered as an essential component of aesthetic dentistry. Loss or absence of interdental papilla creates black triangles which are unpleasing. The purpose of the present study was to determine relation of interproximal distances and cementoenamel junction with the classification of interdental papilla recession after surgical exposure in chronic periodontitis patients. This cross-sectional, single masked study group involved 198 interdental papillae in 50 chronic periodontitis patients subjected to open flap debridement. The subjects were divided into three groups according to loss of height of interdental papillae: Class I papilla, Class II papilla, Class III papilla. The interproximal distances included vertical and horizontal distance. The vertical distance was measured from apical point of the contact area to alveolar crest; horizontal distance was measured between roots at the alveolar crest. Distance from mid buccal cementoenamel junction to apical point of the contact area was also measured. The vertical distance was found to be significantly affecting all the classes of loss of papillary height (p<0.05). Significantly positive correlation was found between vertical distance and buccal cementoenamel junction (p<0.05). On applying multiple linear regressions vertical distance was found to be strongest determinant of loss of papillary height. Although interproximal distances and cementoenamel junction affect the height of interdental papilla, other factors influencing the existence of interdental papilla should also be taken into consideration for treatment planning to achieve better aesthetics.

Evaluation of Proportion between Incisal Edge to Gingival Zenith Distance and Interdental Papilla in Maxillary Anterior Dentition of Indian Population.

Not many investigations have evaluated the relationship between the height of the interdental papillae, gingival zenith and maxillary anterior teeth. The assessment of these parameters can aid in fabricating definitive aesthetic restoration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the existence of proportional ratio between the incisal edge to gingival zenith (HGZ) and the tip of the interdental papilla (HIP) in maxillary anterior teeth for Indian population. One hundred healthy volunteers with an average age of 25-30 years comprised the evaluation group. Impression was made using irreversible hydrocolloid impression material and type IV Dental stone cast was made. A calibrated digital caliper measured the distance between HGZ and HIP. The values for all six maxillary teeth were recorded and the proportional ratio was evaluated and statistically analysed. The mean ratio between HGZ and HIP of all maxillary anteriors in 1(st) and 2(nd) quadrant was 1.80, 1.71, and 2.03 in central incisor, lateral incisor and canine respectively with p-value > 0.9. The mean proportional measurements for maxillary anterior teeth were determined and no definitive proportion existed between HGZ and HIP of maxillary anterior teeth.

Expression of EGF and its receptor and histomorphometric analysis of epithelial tissue in gingival fibromatosis

Gingival fibromatosis, a relatively rare condition, develops as a slowly progressing, benign, and localized or generalized enlargement of keratinized gingiva. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of epidermal growth factor and the epidermal growth factor receptor and perform histomorphometric analysis of epithelial tissue in gingival fibromatosis. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies against the aforementioned antigens was performed in gingival tissues from a family with hereditary gingival fibromatosis and a family with syndromic dental anomaly-associated gingival fibromatosis ; normal gingiva was used for comparison. The height of epithelial papillae and area and perimeter of epithelial layers were measured for histomorphometric analysis. Immunoreactivity to epidermal growth factor was found in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, and immunopositivity for epidermal growth factor receptor was detected in the cytoplasm and membrane of epithelial cells. No differences in the expression of these proteins were observed among the groups. The gingival fibromatosis groups had higher epithelial papillae and larger epithelial areas that the normal gingiva group. Our findings suggest that enlargement of epithelial layers is associated with both forms of gingival fibromatosis.

Preliminary results from sculpture analysis of the apiculate miospores from the Upper Visean of Kaluga region, Russia [abstract

Preliminary results from sculpture analysis of the apiculate miospores from the Upper Visean of Kaluga region, Russia [abstract