Papilio Demoleus Research Articles

Nanostructured Characterization of Papilio demoleus Linnaeus Butterfly Wings

Abstract:The adult Papilio demoleus Linnaeus comes in different sizes (80-100 mm) and colours. On the basis of structural colour observation, an experimental and theoretical study on the different colours on Papilio demoleus Linnaeus wings was conducted. The wing scales were investigated from a photonic crystal perspective using scanning electron and optical microscopies and reflectance measurements. In the SEM measurements, the parts studied show nanostructured ridges separated by crossribs (grooves). The scales show several tilted cuticle layers lapped on the ridges, which constitute a grating. The widths of the ridges and crossribs (grooves) in the grating are different. Arrangements and shapes of scales are clearly seen under the optical microscopy. It was deduced that the yellow colour with the highest reflectance of 485 nm and 580 nm could be due to multiple interferences from a highly tilted cuticle arrangement. The layer arrangement in the brown and ash scales is not enough to reflect observable interference light. The study shows an application in fine light elements in the photo-electro devices.

Expression of three reporter genes in four cell lines developed from Papilio demoleus Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae).

This paper used recombinant baculoviruses that carried three reporter genes, green fluorescent protein (GFP), β-galactosidase, and secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), to infect four new cell lines from Papilio demoleus Linnaeus larvae (named RIRI-PaDe-1, RIRI-PaDe-2, RIRI-PaDe-3, and RIRI-PaDe-4). The expression levels of the three recombinant proteins were detected at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144h after infection and compared with Sf9 and High Five cells to evaluate the characteristics of these four cell lines as host cells. The inoculation densities of the tested cell lines were 2 × 104 cells/well (96-well plate) and 1 × 105 cells/well (24-well plate), and adding a volume of virus stock resulted in an MOI of 5.0. The results showed that the four cell lines could be infected by recombinant baculovirus and that cell lysis occurred 96h after infection. In the four tested cell lines, only a small number of RIRI-PaDe-1 and RIRI-PaDe-3 cells expressed recombinant GFP and showed green fluorescence. The expression was much lower than that of Sf9 and High Five. Comparing the intracellular and extracellular activity of β-galactosidase indicated that the P. demoleus cell system was more suitable for the expression of secreted proteins, and its extracellular β-galactosidase level was close to that of Sf9, but the expression level of SEAP was far lower than those of Sf9 and High Five.

Pengenalan Jenis Kupu-kupu pada Murid SD 129 INPRES Kecamatan Bantimurung, Kabupaten Maros Sulawesi Selatan

Tujuan kegiatannya adalah : a) inventarisasi dan identifikasi jenis kupu-kupu di TWA Gua Pattunuang dan b) meningkatkan pemahaman murid Sekolah Dasar tentang peranan kupu-kupu di alam dan sumber keanekaragaman hayati. Manfaatnya adalah : kupu-kupu dapat menjadi sumber lapangan kerja dan pendapatan masyarakat di TWA Gua Pattunuang jika dilakukan secara berkelanjutan. Penelitian berbentuk survei dilaksanakan di TWA Gua Pattunuang dan pengenalan jenis kupu-kupu untuk murid SD 129 Inpres Bantimurung Kabupaten Maros, yang berlangsung pada bulan Maret sampai Mei 2017. Tahapan pelaksanaan kegiatan : 1) pemasangan transek dan pengamatan jenis kupu-kupu; 2) identifikasi kupu-kupu dan menghitung keanekaragamannya dengan Indeks Shannon-Wiener; dan 3) pengenalan jenis kupu-kupu ke murid Sekolah Dasar. Jenis kupu-kupu yang diperoleh sebanyak 20 individu yang terdiri dari 6 jenis famili Papilionidae (T. haliphron, T. helena, P. demoleus, P. demolion dan G. agamemnon) dan D. chrysippus dari famili Nymphalidae. Berdasarkan nilai Indeks Shannon-Wiener untuk semua jenis kupu-kupu mempunyai kriteria sangat rendah (H < 1). Saat kegiatan berlangsung, lokasi pengamatan berada dalam peralihan musim hujan ke musim kemarau. Kesimpulannya : 1) kupu-kupu yang ditemukan sebanyak 20 individu terdiri dari 6 jenis yang berasal dari famili Papilionidae dan Nymphalidae; 2) sebanyak 57.3% murid Kelas 5 SDN 129 Inpres Bantimurung telah mengenal jenis kupu-kupu dan 28.8% dari murid SD berprofesi sebagai penangkap kupu-kupu. Rekomendasi untuk kegiatan ini adalah kerjasama Universitas dan Pemda Kabupaten Maros untuk memperbanyak kegiatan sosialisasi manfaat kupu-kupu kepada murid sekolah yang bermukim di sekitar TWA Gua Pattunuang.Kata Kunci : kupu-kupu, Gua Pattunuang, Papilionidae, Nymphalidae

Growth and development inhibitory activities of medicinal plant oils against lemon butterfly

Growth and development inhibitory activities of medicinal plant oils against lemon butterfly

Evaluation of Biorational Component and Chemicals for the Management of Lemon Butterfly Larvae on Citrus

The investigation was conducted with imposed of treatments; Beauveriabassiana(1x108 CFU/ ml), Metarhiziumanisopliae(1x108 CFU/ ml), NSE (5.0%), Neem oil (2.0%), Spinosad 45 SC (0.03%), Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (0.005%), Acetamiprid 20 SP (0.04%), Abamectin 1.8 EC (0.003%) and Control (water spray) on Nagpur Mandarin against nursery pests. Such treatments were arranged in statistical design RBD with three replications, under green shade net nursery. In overall, cumulative effect of four applications of all the treatments, Abamectin 1.8 EC (0.003%) recording lowest (6.10 per cent) leaves infestation of leaf miner and found at par with Spinosad 45 SC (7.18 per cent) leaves infestation. The next best effective treatments, Acetamiprid 20 SP (9.34 per cent) of leaves infestation and Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (10.31 per cent) leaves infestation were at par with each other and found significantly superior to the Neem oil 2%, NSE 5 %, Beauveriabassiana1x108 CFU/ml and Metarhiziumanisopliae 1x108 CFU/ml respectively and these treatment groups were at par with each other. Maximum per cent infestation of leaf minor was noticed in control is (25.14 per cent). Key Words: Lemon Butterfly Larvae; Insecticide and Biorational Components

A chromosomal investigation of three species of Papilio (Papilionidae:Lepidoptera)

Lepidoptera is one of the largest orders of the class Insecta which includes butterflies and moths and is economically, biologically and aesthetically an important order. Chromosome structure and size are of great significance in karyological studies and have relevance to evolution, speciation and chromosome organization. Karyotypic studies in Lepidoptera has been a difficult task due to small dot- like chromosomes of similar sizes. The chromosome cytology of Indian Lepidoptera is very much limited. Chromosome studies in three species of butterflies ( Papilio polytes, Papilio demoleus, Papilio glaucus ) revealed 60 as diploid chromosome number.

To evaluate the effects of secondary metabolites produced by Bacillus subtilis mutant M419‌ against Papilio demoleus L. and Aspergillus flavus

Bacillus subtilis inhibits growth of plant pathogen and causes mortality of plant pests by producing lipopeptide biosurfactans. In this study secondary metabolites produced by Bacillus subtilis mutant M419 was extracted and production of lipopeptide surfactants of the mutant was observed by hemolytic activity and oil spreading techniques. The effects of the biosurfactant on mortality of the first and second instars of Papilio demoleus Linnaeus was evaluated by leaves immersion method at 3600, 1800, 900, 450 and 0mg/l concentrations in laboratory. The LC50 and LC90 values after 4days of contact were measured 1172.145mg/l and 3336.999mg/l, respectively. Results indicated that, these values were 3.8-fold and 1.62-fold lower than that obtained after 2 and 3days, respectively. The crude biosurfactant retained the larvicidal activity even when autoclaved at 121°C for 15min. B. subtilis M419 was able to inhibit considerably Aspergillus flavus growth in a dual culture assay.

Porta-enxertos promissores, alternativos ao limoeiro 'Cravo', nos Tabuleiros Costeiros de Sergipe

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar porta-enxertos alternativos ao limoeiro 'Cravo' comum, para produção de laranja 'Pêra', nas condições dos Tabuleiros Costeiros de Sergipe. Foram avaliados 43 porta-enxertos quanto a altura, copa, taxa fotossintética, teor de prolina, eficiência produtiva, produção e produtividade por planta. O limoeiro 'Cravo' comum foi considerado como padrão. Os porta-enxertos híbrido TSKC x (LCR x TR) - 059, citrandarim 'Riverside', limoeiro 'Cravo CNPMF - 03' e outros 12 superaram o limoeiro 'Cravo' comum na indução de eficiência produtiva à copa; limoeiro 'Rugoso Vermelho', citrandarim 'Indio' e mais quatro promoveram maior produtividade; TSKC x CTRK - 001 e TSKFL x CTC13 - 012 se destacaram pela magnitude da assimilação de CO2; e TSKC x (LCR x TR) - 040 e TSKC x CTRK - 001 apresentaram maior acúmulo de prolina. São considerados alternativas promissoras os seguintes porta-enxertos: híbrido TSKC x (LCR x TR) - 059; citrandarins 'Indio', 'Riverside' e 'San Diego'; limoeiros 'Rugoso Vermelho' e 'Cravo CNPMF - 03'; e híbridos TSKC x CTRK - 001, TSKFL x CTC13 - 012, TSKC x (LCR x TR) - 040, TSKC x LHA - 006, TSKC x CTQT1434 - 001, TSKC x CTSW - 058 e TSKFL x CTARG - 028.

A study of traditional blood lime mortar for restoration of ancient buildings

Aerial lime-based mortars are recommended by many experts to restore the ancient buildings due to their great compatibility with ancient building materials. But their shortages (like long hardening time, relatively low mechanical strength, high water absorption capacity, etc.) limited their application in many fields. In this paper, the performance and mechanism of different simulated blood mortars are presented. The results showed that the mortar prepared by blood with lime had better binding strength, waterproof property, weather resistance and curing speed than common lime mortar. Through the conductivity, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TG and curing speed test, it was found that the excellent performance of blood lime mortar was caused by the hydrolysis of blood proteins under alkaline condition and their special multilayer structure.

The mitochondrial genome of Papilio demoleus Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

We determined the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Papilio demoleus (GenBank accession number KR024009) by long PCR and primer walking methods. The total length of mitochondrial DNA is 15,249 bp containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and a control region. The overall base composition of the genome is A (39.31%), T (41.57%), C (11.33%) and G (7.78%) with an A + T-rich region, similar to other invertebrate mitochondrial genomes. The start codon was mainly ATG in most of the mitochondrial protein-coding genes such as COII, ATP6, COIII, ND4, ND4L, Cob and ND1, while ATA for ND2, COI, ATP8, ND3, ND5 and ND6 genes. The stop codon was mainly TAA in most of the mitochondrial protein-coding genes, whereas TAG was found in ND1 gene only. The A + T region is located between 12S rRNA and tRNAMet with a length of 403 bp.

English

The pathogenic potential and catalytic triad conserved amino acids of the isolates Isaria fumosorosea (=Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) (Ifr1 and Ifr2) in response to Papilio demoleus was analysed. The isolates showed its potential in killing P. demoleus causing mortality of 72.23 and 61.90% at the end of 8 days with 108 spores ml-1 concentrations. The enzyme assays (higher proteolytic and chitinolytic activity) also showed that the Ifr2 was more efficient than Ifr1. The predictions of catalytic triads (serine, histidine and asparagine) were also visualized in the peak level obtained in infra-red (IR) and H1 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. With this information it was suggested that, partial characterization of catalytic domain was predicted in the fungal isolates Ifr. Key words: Entomopathogenic fungi, Isaria fumosorosea, Papilio demoleus, biological control.

Pore Distribution and Water Vapor Diffusion Parameters of Lime Plasters with Waste Brick Powder

Lime plasters containing waste brick powder in different quantities (10%, 30%, and 50% of mass) as a partial replacement of silica sand and lime are studied. A common lime plaster is used as a reference. Experimental investigations include the measurement of basic physical properties (water vacuum saturation method and helium pycnometry), pore distribution (mercury porosimetry) and water vapor transport properties (cup method). The open porosity and water vapor diffusion coefficient are found to increase with the increasing brick powder content.

Role of recreated habitats in butterfly conservation: a case study at Thenmala, Kerala, India

Focal species are valuable tools for evaluating management practices for biodiversity conservation. Butterfly gardening through the creation of appropriate habitats can be a primary conservation tool to increase species abundance and richness and gene flow among the populations in fragmented landscapes. In this context, the role of butterfly gardens in the conservation of butterfly populations and the seasonal population trends of swallowtail butterflies (family Papilionidae) sighted in the Butterfly Safari Park at Thenmala were studied. A total of 4760 sightings of 15 species of swallowtails belonging to five genera were recorded, of which six were endemic species, three species had protected status and two were rare species. It is worth noting that of the 19 species of the papilionids recorded in Kerala, as many as 15 species were recorded in Thenmala. Of the various species recorded, Troides minos, Pachliopta pandiyana, Pachliopta aristolochiae, Graphium agamemnon, Graphium sarpedon, Papilio polytes, Papilio clytia, Papilio demoleus and Papilio polymnestor comprised the resident populations, while species such as Atrophaneura hector, Papilio helenus, Papilio dravidarum, Papilio paris, Papilio liomedon and Graphium nomius were found only during certain seasons. The overall butterfly abundance was high from August to November. The butterfly populations exhibited a gradual decline in numbers from December onwards with the onset of dry seasons. The abundance of butterfly populations was low during March–April. The abundance of T. minos, P. pandiyana, P. polymnestor, P. paris, P. dravidarum, P. helenus, P. polytes and P. liomedon showed a significant negative correlation with monthly average temperature and a significant positive correlation with humidity.

DNA markers provide insight about common lime in historical plantings – An example from the Royal Danish Gardens

As part of the restoration process of an avenue of common lime (Tilia×europaea) from 1760 in the Royal Danish Gardens, all remaining trees were genotyped with DNA markers before they were felled. As such, information about the nature of the plant material (clonal versus non-clonal) and mode of propagation was obtained, revealing that a single clone constituted 92% of the remaining trees (106 out of 115). Five trees were of another clone, while the remaining four trees had unique genotypes. Mode of clonal propagation was most likely layering since the genotype of the crown and the roots of a subsample of the trees had the same genotype. Trees from four other locations with historical avenues/plantings from the 17th century were also genotyped. The two clones registered in the first location were also found at the other four locations. Of 76 trees from the other historical avenues/plantings, only two trees did not belong to either of the two clones. Genotyping of commercial common lime trees that would be planted in place of the felled trees during the restoration project was also performed. Samples of 20 newly planted trees all possessed the same genotype as the majority of the old felled trees and, thereby, were the same clone as the trees planted nearly 250 years ago. Altogether, the current study shows that the genetic diversity of common lime planted in Danish historical plantings is extremely narrow, and that the same clones have been produced for decades/centuries by private nurseries in the Netherlands and Germany. It also provides evidence that it is possible to obtain the same genetic material as originally planted when common lime trees are to be replaced in historical plantings. Furthermore, the utility of DNA markers in the management of plant material in parks is demonstrated.

A study of Tung-oil–lime putty—A traditional lime based mortar

Tung-oil-lime mortar is a special organic–inorganic binding material invented by the ancient Chinese people. It was widely used in wooden ship and special moisture-proof structures of ancient buildings due to its good sealing and waterproof performances. As a traditional binding material, tung-oil–lime mortar would have a bright applicative prospect in protection of cultural relics. In this paper, the formula, performances and mechanism of tung-oil–lime mortar are discussed. The results show that the mortar prepared by tung-oil with calcium hydroxide has better mechanical properties, water-resistivity and weather resistance than common lime mortar. The effective compositions of tung-oil–lime mortar were carboxylic acid calcium, curing tung-oil and calcium hydroxide. And these good performances of tung-oil–lime mortar come from the compact structure which is established through coordination reaction of Ca2+ from the Ca(OH)2 and the oxidation aggregation reaction of CåC double bonds in unsaturated fatty acid.

Digestive proteases of Papilio demoleus : Compartmentalization and characterization

Digestive proteolytic activities were studied in the larval midgut of Papilio demoleus by using azocasein, specific substrates and inhibitors regarding enzymatic allocation in the alimentary canal. The highest proteolytic activity was found in the midgut rather than foregut and hindgut that highest proteolytic activity was observed in soluble fraction. All specific proteases were almost equally distributed in both the anterior and posterior midgut except for trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like proteases, which showed the highest activity in the anterior midgut. Two peaks were observed in alkaline and acidic pHs when general proteolytic activities were assayed using azocasein in soluble and membrane-bound fractions. Specific substrates revealed the presence of trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like, elastase, cathepsins B and L as well as two exopeptidases. These findings were confirmed using specific inhibitors including PMSF, TLCK, TPCK, SBTI, cystatin, DTT, E-64, EDTA and phenanthroline. Determination and characterization of the insect’s digestive proteases will enable development of pest control by designing protease inhibitors. This procedure will help us to designate an efficient pest control method with the lowest impact on the environment.

Rapid decision support tool based on novel ecosystem service variables for retrofitting of permeable pavement systems in the presence of trees

The retrofitting of sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) such as permeable pavements is currently undertaken ad hoc using expert experience supported by minimal guidance based predominantly on hard engineering variables. There is a lack of practical decision support tools useful for a rapid assessment of the potential of ecosystem services when retrofitting permeable pavements in urban areas that either feature existing trees or should be planted with trees in the near future. Thus the aim of this paper is to develop an innovative rapid decision support tool based on novel ecosystem service variables for retrofitting of permeable pavement systems close to trees. This unique tool proposes the retrofitting of permeable pavements that obtained the highest ecosystem service score for a specific urban site enhanced by the presence of trees. This approach is based on a novel ecosystem service philosophy adapted to permeable pavements rather than on traditional engineering judgement associated with variables based on quick community and environment assessments. For an example case study area such as Greater Manchester, which was dominated by Sycamore and Common Lime, a comparison with the traditional approach of determining community and environment variables indicates that permeable pavements are generally a preferred SuDS option. Permeable pavements combined with urban trees received relatively high scores, because of their great potential impact in terms of water and air quality improvement, and flood control, respectively. The outcomes of this paper are likely to lead to more combined permeable pavement and tree systems in the urban landscape, which are beneficial for humans and the environment.

Computer aided design of interior thermal insulation system suitable for autoclaved aerated concrete structures

The idea of using interior thermal insulation systems for autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) structures is introduced. In the computer aided design, the hygric properties of the thermal insulation layer and the connecting layer between the AAC block and the thermal insulation board are investigated. The computational analysis shows that the moisture diffusivity, κ, of the thermal insulation layer should be very high (≈1 × 10−6 m2/s), its water vapor diffusion resistance factor, μ, very low (≈3–5), and hygroscopic moisture content, whyg, moderate (≈0.01 m3/m3). This combination of properties can potentially be met by modifications of some not commonly used thermal insulation materials, such as are hydrophilic mineral wool or calcium silicate. On the other hand, the hygric properties of the connecting layer are not found very restrictive. Common lime–cement or lime–pozzolan mortars can meet the required criteria of κ ≈ 1 × 10−9 m2/s–1 × 10−8 m2/s, μ ≈ 10–20, and whyg ≈ 0.05 m3/m3. The application of an interior thermal insulation system with the properties given above for an AAC envelope can reduce the hygrothermal straining of exterior plaster, which is typical for the exterior thermal insulation systems, in a very significant way, thus increase the service life of the whole envelope.

The dendrochronological potential of lime (Tilia spp.) from trees at Hampton Court Palace, UK

Common lime (Tilia × europaea L.) and large-leaved lime (Tilia platyphyllos Scop.) are dendrochronologically and dendroclimatologically analysed for the first time. Lime is thought to be sensitive to climate change. Once a dominant species in Europe, it has been in general decline from 3100 BC, but recently it has been found to be increasing the northern limits of its range. Twenty-five trees from Hampton Court Palace (UK) are cross-matched to form a 138-year chronology spanning from AD 1866 to AD 2003. The relationships with climate were investigated using monthly instrumental records of precipitation and temperature from Kew between AD 1872 and AD 1997. The age of the lime trees was found to correlate well with girth (r = 0.87). The annual resolution of the chronology is robustly supported by regional cross-dating against established oak and yew chronologies. Summer precipitation (May, June and August) was shown to be a time-stable determinant of annual variation in radial growth. Problems of indistinct boundaries and missing rings, which become more prevalent in trees over 100 years of age, may limit the dendrochronological potential of lime.

Establishment and characterization of a cell line developed from the neonate larvae of Papilio demoleus Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

A new cell line named RIRI-PaDe, developed from the neonate larvae of Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, was established in modified Grace's medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum. The cell line was incubated at 28°C and consisted of attached round and short spindle-like cells. The population doubling time was 55 h. The chromosome numbers varied widely from 24 to 136 with a mode of 59 at the 71st passage. Comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of the cell line and neonate larvae confirmed that the cell line was of P. demoleus origin. This cell line was susceptible to the Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus and Apocheima cinerarius nucleopolyhedrovirus.