Paper Research Articles

The object of the composition of the criminal - punishable act under the criminal legislation of the Republic of Poland

The article is devoted to highlighting the essence and content of the object of the criminal offense under Polish criminal law. Issues related to the classification of the object of the composition of a criminally punishable act, its practical significance and the content of the concept of similarity of criminally punishable acts are analyzed. The author focuses on the fact that it is not necessary to confuse the object of a criminally punishable act with an executive object. For example, if someone falsifies a document by scratching out certain words from its text and writing others, then the executive object here will be a sheet of paper on which he performs his actions. Instead, the object of a criminally punishable act, and, accordingly, the legal good protected by the law (and at the same time the good protected by Article 270 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Poland) is the authenticity of the document. The article also draws attention to the fact that in some articles of a special part of the Criminal Code, when describing a criminally punishable act, the object of protection is also indicated, for example, in Art. 189 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Poland lists freedom as a legal good among the signs. which is protected by this norm. However, most often the object of a criminally punishable act does not belong to its legally prescribed features.In the article, the author also emphasizes that the object of a criminally punishable act is also of significant importance in determining the similarity of criminally punishable acts, in particular, for the application of norms on recidivism. According to § 2 of Art. 115 of the Criminal Code, similar criminally punishable acts are criminally punishable acts that belong to the same type.

Industrial hemp hurd processing for microcrystalline cellulose production and its usage as a filler in paper

This article substantiates the possibilities of replacing commercial wood with raw materials made from industrial hemp hurd (hemp-woody core) for the production of unbleached and bleached paper pulps. A comparative analysis of the mechanical characteristics of sheets of paper prepared in the Rapid-Köthen apparatus and obtained from pulp obtained from commercial wood and hemp-woody core (HWC) was undertaken. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mechanical refining of a pulp on the production of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from HWC. It was shown that an increase in the pulp refining degree from 15 °SR to 83 °SR led to a decrease in the degree of polymerisation of MCC from 272 to 75, the hydrochloric acid concentration from 73 to 45.63 g/L, and the hydrolysis time from 120 min to 60 min. With the addition of 5% MCC obtained from hemp-woody core, the mechanical properties of laboratory paper sheets from HWC were improved until they met ISO 12625-4-2017 (2017) requirements for NS-2. The results obtained support using hemp-woody core for the production of MCC.

Terahertz stretchable metamaterials with deformable dolmen resonators for uniaxial strain measurement.

In this study, we propose a terahertz stretchable metamaterial that can measure uniaxial strain. Gold dolmen resonators formed on a sheet of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is deformed by strain, and its resonance peak exhibits the gradual decrease in reflectance without a frequency shift, which is suitable for imaging applications at a single frequency. The metamaterial was designed by mechanical and electromagnetic simulations and fabricated by microfabrication including a transfer process of gold structures from a glass substrate to a PDMS sheet. By measuring the reflectance and observing the deformation under different strains, the reflectance decrease was obtained at 0.292 THz despite the appearance of wrinkles on gold structures. Linear response and repeatability up to 20% strain were also confirmed. Furthermore, the strain measurement through a sheet of paper was demonstrated, suggesting that our method can be applied even in situations where opaque obstacles in the visible region exist.

Comparative study of color difference on coated and uncoated paper in digital printing

Digital printing is most prominent printing approach that facilitates numerous advantages. Coated and uncoated media are the most commonly used substrates for conventional and digital printing. The coated and uncoated paper media exhibit different surface characteristics and behave according to print quality. So, evaluating and comparing print quality attributes on these paper substrates is necessary. The color difference is the significant mismatch and evaluation of the accuracy of color while printing. Hence, understanding color differences on coated and uncoated media is crucial aspect. This present analysis is to carry out a comparative study of color differences in digital printing on coated and uncoated paper.

Revolutionizing Papertronics: Advanced Green, Tunable, and Flexible Components and Circuits

AbstractPapertronics introduce a sustainable, cost‐effective revolution in electronics, especially for the Internet of Things. This research overcomes the traditional challenges of paper's porosity, which has impeded electronic component fabrication and performance. A novel approach that harnesses paper's natural capillary action, combined with hydrophobic wax patterning, to achieve precise vertical integration of electronic components is introduced. This method marks a significant departure from conventional surface deposition techniques. This study demonstrates the successful creation of tunable resistors, capacitors, and field‐effect transistors, embedded within a single sheet of paper. Contrary to previous assumptions that impeded the use of paper, its rough and porous texture as a strategic advantage, facilitating the precise fabrication of intricate electronic components is leveraged. Machine learning algorithms play an important role in predicting and enhancing the performance of these papertronic components. This innovation facilitates the development of compact printed circuit boards with increased circuit density, enabling the integration of diverse analog and digital circuits in either single or multi‐layer paper formats. The resulting papertronic systems exceed performance benchmarks, offering eco‐friendly disposal through biodegradability or incineration. These breakthroughs establish papertronics as a feasible, eco‐friendly alternative in the electronics industry, permitting widespread adoption and continuous innovation in sustainable electronic solutions.

Ectoparasitic profile of apparently healthy chicken in Agbani, Enugu State, Nigeria

Parasites constitute a major obstacle to poultry production, leading to significant losses in many poultry farms. The study examined the prevalence of ectoparasites on healthy poultry chickens in eight selected poultry farms in Agbani, Enugu State between the months of February and March 2023. A total of 300 chickens were examined from local and commercial farms. The farms comprised of 5 free-breed local farms (115 birds) and 3 commercial farms (185 birds) . Each of the sampled bird was placed on a white sheet of paper and examined for ectoparasite by ruffling the feathers with fine blunt toothed brush. Different parts of the body were thoroughly examined and in some cases with the aid of hand lens. Ectoparasites that fell on the paper were collected for further identification. The results showed that out of the 300 chickens sampled 130(43.3%) were found positive with ectoparasites. Two group of ectoparasites were identified from the sampled farms which were lice and mite. Lice occurred more in prevalence at 125(41.6%) in local farms than in commercial farms. Four species of lice identified were Liperus caponis (wing lice at 54(41.5%), Goniodes gigas (large chicken lies) at 33(25.3%), Menopon gallinae (shaft lice) at 31(23.8%) and Goniocotes gallinae (fluff lice) at 7(5.3%) while the two species of mite identified were Dermanyssus gallinae (red mite) at 4(3%) and Knemidocoptes mutans (scaly leg mite) at 1(0.7%). Multiple infestations of lice and mites were encountered only in local farms L2: 20(90%) lice, 2(9%) mite; L4: 18(90%) lice, 2(10%) mite and L5: 17(94%) lice, 1(5%) mite. The study indicated that ectoparasites were highly prevalent in free-breed local chicken and may be associated with poor hygienic practices. Therefore, application of integrated control strategy, good management practices and high level of proper hygiene practices are recommended.

Influence of TEMPO-oxidation on pulp fiber chemistry, morphology and mechanical paper sheet properties

In this contribution, we report on the TEMPO-mediated oxidation of pulp fibers used in the general context of papermaking and for the future design of tailor-made paper in advanced applications. We focus in our studies on properties of TEMPO-oxidized pulp fibers to explain the characteristics of the paper made thereof. 13C solid-state NMR analysis reveals that in particular amorphous regions of the fibers are being chemically oxidized, while at the same time the crystalline regions of the fibers are not significantly affected. Investigation of the fiber morphology before and after oxidation shows that the fiber length is not changed, yet the fibers do exhibit an increase in width if in contact with water, which is attributed to an increase in fiber swelling. In addition, fibrillation decreases due to the oxidative removal of loosely bound fines and fibrils, rendering the surface of the resulting oxidized fibers much smoother in comparison to the original fibers. Finally, we observe that both, dry and wet tensile strengths are also higher for paper made of oxidized fibers, most likely due to cross linkable aldehyde groups formed during oxidation (i.e. hemiacetal bond formation in the sheet during thermal drying). Our results of the oxidation of paper fibers thus offer a systematic study helpful for the design of tailor-made paper useful in several applications where a fiber-modification with fiber-immobilized functional motifs is crucial, such as for example in paper-based microfluidic sensors (µPADs) or lab-on a chip-devices.

Styrene/acrylate copolymer emulsions as strengthening agents for kraft bagasse pulp: A way for enhancing the mechanical properties of paper

AbstractAlthough styrene acrylate emulsions (SAE) have demonstrated promising applications as surface sizing agents for paper, their strengthening effect on pulp fibers in papermaking is not clear. In this study, bagasse fibers, an agricultural waste, were treated with SAE to study the influences on the mechanical properties of the produced papers. SAE copolymers with hard chain (H‐PSA) and soft chain (S‐PSA) were prepared and added to bagasse pulp slurry at concentrations of 1%–4% by weight. The findings indicated that for the soft and hard copolymers, the glass transition temperatures were 19.5 and 26.8°C and their emulsion particle sizes were 166 and 182 nm, respectively. The copolymers strengthened the produced paper by wrapping around and forming a network of chemical and physical bonds with the pulp fibers. Papers treated with 3% H‐PSA exhibited the optimum improvement in tensile strength (38 MPa) and breaking length (67 m) by 13% and 64%, respectively. Treated papers were negatively affected by UV radiation due to phenyl groups spread along the chains. The copolymers demonstrated good wet‐strength properties achieved by self‐ and co‐crosslinked networks. The prepared paper sheets showed a preference for the mechanical properties of treated samples over the untreated ones.

Creep failure of hierarchical materials

Creep failure of hierarchical materials is investigated by simulation of beam network models. Such models are idealizations of hierarchical fibrous materials where bundles of load-carrying fibers are held together by multi-level (hierarchical) cross-links. Failure of individual beams is assumed to be governed by stress-assisted thermal activation over local barriers, and beam stresses are computed by solving the global balance equations of linear and angular momentum across the network. Disorder is mimicked by a statistical distribution of barrier heights. Both initially intact samples and samples containing side notches of various length are considered. Samples with hierarchical cross-link patterns are simulated alongside reference samples where cross-links are placed randomly without hierarchical organization. The results demonstrate that hierarchical patterning may strongly increase creep strain and creep lifetime while reducing the lifetime variation. This is due to the fact that hierarchical patterning induces a failure mode that differs significantly from the standard scenario of failure by nucleation and growth of a critical crack. Characterization of this failure mode demonstrates good agreement between the present simulations and experimental findings on hierarchically patterned paper sheets.

All paths lead to hubs in the spectroscopic networks of water isotopologues H216O and H218O

Network theory has fundamentally transformed our comprehension of complex systems, catalyzing significant advances across various domains of science and technology. In spectroscopic networks, hubs are the quantum states involved in the largest number of transitions. Here, utilizing network paths probed via precision metrology, absolute energies have been deduced, with at least 10-digit accuracy, for almost 200 hubs in the experimental spectroscopic networks of H216O and H218O. These hubs, lying on the ground vibrational states of both species and the bending fundamental of H216O, are involved in tens of thousands of observed transitions. Relying on the same hubs and other states, benchmark-quality line lists have been assembled, which supersede and improve, by three orders of magnitude, the accuracy of the massive amount of data reported in hundreds of papers dealing with Doppler-limited spectroscopy. Due to the omnipresence of water, these ultraprecise line lists could be applied to calibrate high-resolution spectra and serve ongoing and upcoming space missions.

Pengaruh Keseimbangan Kehidupan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Melalui Mediasi Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan Unit Pelaksana Teknis dan Balai Sidoarjo Dinas Sosial Provinsi Jawa Timur

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of work-life balance on employee performance through the mediation of job satisfaction Unit Pelaksana Teknis dan Balai Sidoarjo Dinas Sosial Provinsi Jawa Timur. The object of this research was carried out in one of the Sidoarjo regional government offices. This research was conducted using quantitative methods. The population and sample used are all employees with a total of 81 respondents. Data collection uses a Likert Scale with quantitative data and how to distribute questionnaires offline by using paper sheets to be distributed to respondents/employees. Data analysis in this study fully uses the help of the Smart PLS version 3.0 software program. The results of this study indicate that work-life balance has a significant influence on employee performance. Work-life balance has a significant influence on job satisfaction. Job satisfaction has a positive but not significant effect on employee performance. Job satisfaction is not able to mediate the effect of work-life balance on employee performance.

Composite Laminar Jamming: Toward Designing a Tunable Stiffness Hybrid Soft Robotic Actuator

Tunable stiffness in soft robotic actuators is crucial for developing sensor augmented artificial hands capable of mimicking human gripping complexity at reduced costs. This work proposes a synergistic actuator integrated with a composite laminar jamming structure developed by bonding together layers of printer paper and abrasive paper of 400 grit size. The proposed structure demonstrates superior stiffness and a broader tunable stiffness range compared to traditional uniform paper jammers. The results of load sensing revealed that the composite jammer requires less precise vacuum control mechanisms. The experimental findings confirm the effective response of the composite laminar jamming technique in terms of stiffness creation, tunability, and vacuum control efficiency. The proposed design holds significant potential for integration into sensor augmented soft robotic systems, specifically in precision robotics and biomedical applications.

The History of The Development of Rupiah Currency at The Bank Indonesia Museum

Currency as a medium of exchange not only has intrinsic value as an economic tool, but also serves as a mirror that reflects the history, culture, and identity of a nation. In the context of Indonesia, the Rupiah currency is not just a sheet of paper or coins but is a legacy that carries the long story of this nation's journey from time to time. Over time, the Rupiah currency has undergone a transformation that includes economic, political, social, and cultural aspects. The rupiah is divided into cents, and its coins and banknotes have various denominations. Bank Indonesia is the monetary authority responsible for the issuance and management of currency in Indonesia. The history of the Indonesian currency reflects the economic development and history of the country throughout time. The collection of artefacts at Museum Bank Indonesia includes a variety of historical objects that reflect economic and financial developments in Indonesia. These include ancient currency, traditional means of payment, banking-related historical documents, as well as other items that have historical value.

Preparation and properties of antibacterial food‐preservative paper incorporating ceramic pigments

AbstractAg@ceramic composite papermaking pigment was prepared by coating silver onto red ceramic powder using the electroless plating method. SEM and XRD showed that the ceramic pigments have a porous crystalline structure and that silver particles had been successfully loaded onto the surface and into the pores of the Ag@ceramic. Untreated ceramic pigment and Ag@ceramic pigment were incorporated into paper sheets by coating, filling and filling‐coating. Using spinach as an example, the ability of the different papers to preserve food was then evaluated. Four indicators were used to assess the preservative effect of the papers: inhibition of growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, weight loss of the spinach and retention of vitamin C and chlorophyll in the spinach. Although the ceramic preservative paper has no antibacterial properties, it reduced weight loss from the spinach and increased retention of vitamin C and chlorophyll. The antibacterial preservative papers inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus by >99%, and because of their additional antibacterial activity, these papers preserved the spinach more effectively. The experimental results showed that the antibacterial food‐preservative paper incorporating ceramic pigments had great potential in food packing applications.

MATERIAL INVENTORY INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UD. ALAM RAYA WEB-BASED USING THE WATERFALL METHOD

UD. Alam Raya is a trading business engaged in the sale of building materials. UD. Alam Raya provides various types of building materials such as wood, nails, cement, iron, electrical tools, pipes, glue, and other building materials. In processing inventory and finances are still not computerized. Recording of sales transactions and purchases of goods is still done manually on notes and large sheets of paper grouped by transaction date. Recording on paper media is less effective because when the paper is exposed to water, the writing on it also fades, hindering the process of making financial reports. Based on these problems, a computerized building material inventory information system is needed in order to facilitate sales and purchase data processing as well as financial reports at UD. universe. This study uses qualitative research methods and the waterfall software development method, as well as the PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) programming language using the CodeIgniter framework. This research succeeded in designing and creating a building material inventory information system at UD. universe. The benefit of this building material inventory information system is that it makes it easier to make purchase reports, sales reports, and financial reports at UD. universe

Direct utilization of cationic cellulose nanoparticles derived from maize-stalk parenchyma for intensifying mechanical properties and antibacterial activity in non-refined pulp paper

In recent years, an increasing focus has been placed on the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions, underscoring the significance of the sustainable energy-conservation industry as a prominent and consequential field of development. As an energy-intensive procedure within the papermaking sector, the process of pulp-fiber beating necessitates an imperative exploration of alternative approaches aimed at mitigating energy consumption. This study has synthesized renewable cationic cellulose nanoparticles (CCNPs) extracted from the parenchymal cells of maize stalk pith. The objective is to demonstrate their viability as a reinforcing additive for paper sheets, thereby reducing the reliance on conventional beating processes. The results showed that CCNPs were prone to augment the physical strength of bleached papers, compared with unbleached papers. The inclusion of 9% CCNPs led to a remarkable 163.5% and 140.0% increase in tear and tensile indexes for bleached Eucalyptus paper, respectively. Incorporating CCNPs into non-refined paper yields physical traits akin to wood pulp paper beaten over 40 °SR. The CCNP-strengthened handsheets exhibited superior tensile and tear index in comparison to commercial dry strength additives such as cationic starch (CS) and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM). Additionally, at 80 μg/ml concentration, E-B-9 displayed significant bactericidal effectiveness, achieving an impressive 97% reduction in Escherichia coli. This notable outcome is attributed to the presence of quaternary ammonium salt moieties in the formulation. This investigation introduces a promising approach where in the utilization of CCNP as an innovative multifunctional agent for paper holds the potential to enhance paper performance and concurrently reduce production costs.

Mathematical modelling of a slow flameless combustion of a two-dimensional paper

We present a mathematical model for the slow combustion (smoldering) of a two-dimensional sheet of paper. We describe the evolution of the char region, and we investigate the effects of an orthogonal air flow on the shape of the combustion front. The mathematical formulation consists in a set of two nonlinear PDEs for the temperature and the oxygen concentrations coupled with one ODE for the cellulose concentration. The (dimensionless) problem is solved numerically by means of a spectral collocation scheme based on Chebyshev polynomials. Our results show that the Péclet and the Lewis number strongly influence the shape of the ignition front and that the advancement of the combustion front does not occur if advection and diffusion are neglected (zero Péclet and Lewis numbers). In particular we observe that the burning region and the ignition front are strongly influenced by the velocity of the airflow and by the mass and heat transport phenomena due to diffusion and advection. We shall see that the increasing of the ratio between the convective and diffusive characteristic times (Péclet number) and the decreasing of the ratio between the mass and heat diffusive characteristic times (Lewis number) have a “flattening effect” on the combustion front.

Potential use of nanofibrillated cellulose-loaded cationic starch solutions as coating formulation for recycled fluting papers

Effects of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and cationic starch (CS) were evaluated as coating components relative to the physical and mechanical properties of fluting papersheets fabricated from recycled corrugated cardboard fibers. Fabricated fluting papers were subjected to size press applications by three different coating blends. Coating suspensions were prepared at various concentrations of CNF (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and 4 wt% CS, and the same amounts of CS/CNF. The paper sheets were fabricated using size press machine as three-time repetitive applications, followed by one-time drying section, and compared to uncoated, CS-coated, and CNF-coated papers. The application of CNF suspensions increased tensile indices up to 11.7%. Moreover, CS/CNF suspensions resulted in a 67.2% increase in tensile index values. The coating of CS/CNF suspensions increased the burst index values by 163% at the CS+1%CNF concentration when compared to the control pulp. Surface application of prepared suspensions reduced the porosity of the samples under all conditions. The highest reduction in the air permeability was observed in the CS+4%CNF-coated samples as 91.5%. It can be concluded that the superficial applications of CNF on the physical and mechanical properties of recycled fluting paper was more effective in the presence of CS.

Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass fluxes model of Casson fluid employing non-Fourier double diffusion theories with ion slip and Hall effects

It is vitally important to comprehend non-Newtonian fluids flow behaviour from an industrial perspective. Non-Newtonian fluids are needed for a number of industrial and technical processes, including the production of paper, photographic films, and polymer sheet extrusion. There are several industrial applications for heat and mass transfer. However, thermal and solute relaxation time phenomena can't be predicted by classical heat and mass transfer laws (Fourier and Fick laws). This work aims to apply the modified Ohm law to thermal and mass transfer which are based on Fick's and generalized Fourier principles, respectively. The current study examines the three-dimensional Darcy-Forchheimer flow of non-Newtonian fluid “Casson fluid” via porous medium with ion slip and Hall effects across a stretched sheet. Thermophoresis and Brownian motion aspects are also considered. The diffusion phenomena are modelled using the Boungrino model. The modified Buongiorno model (MBM) for nanofluids is used to investigate the enhancement of heat transport. Together with practical nanofluid properties, it covers the mechanics of thermo-migration and random motion of nanoparticles. By adding the appropriate similarity transformations, this collection of (PDEs) that reflect the mathematical model is transformed into an (ODEs) system, which it is subsequently resolved utilizing the Lobatto IIIA technique's powerful computing capabilities via Matlab software. Data visualisations and numerical examples are presented considering many physical restrictions affect the fluctuation of velocities, temperatures, concentration, dimensionless shear stress, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. According to certain findings, the existence of Hall and ion slip effects, and other factors contribute to an increase in horizontal velocity distribution. Furthermore, Fourier's law produces a wider temperature distribution than the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model.

Benefits of a Light-Painting Technique for Learning to Write New Characters: A Proof of Concept With Adults.

Learning to write relies on the effective integration of sensory feedback and a transition from motor control based on written tracings to motor control based on expert writing movements. This study aimed to test whether the photographic technique of light painting (LP) would facilitate this transition. To achieve this, we conducted two experiments using different LP setups. LP involves moving a light source in a dark environment while taking a long-exposure photograph. LP entails both a real-time reduction of product-related visual information and a post-trial addition of process-related visual information. In the first experiment, we conducted a pre-test, training, and post-test in which 16 adults wrote four new characters with the non-dominant hand. During the training sessions, participants stood and wrote in a vertical frame (1 × 1.2m) two characters in the control condition (with a marker on the vertical support) and two characters in the LP condition (with a flashlight in the air). In the test phases, participants were seated at a table and copied the four characters into a square (4cm * 4cm) on a fixed sheet of graphics paper. As in-air writing strongly differs from classical handwriting situations, we performed a second LP experiment. The aim was to implement LP training in a condition closer to writing. Sixteen new participants followed the same protocol but sat at a table and wrote in a horizontal square (20cm * 20cm). In both experiments, participants who trained with the LP method wrote faster and with less pressure than those trained in the control condition. We also observed an improvement in spatial accuracy in Experiment 2, whatever the training condition. LP seemed to have led participants to focus on the writing process, probably because it modified the nature and timing of the visual information used for writing. LP may be a promising technique for remediating writing difficulties.