Paper Tiger Research Articles

Predictive Policing in the AI Act: meaningful ban or paper tiger?

Predictive Policing in the AI Act: meaningful ban or paper tiger?

Paper Tiger? Chinese Science and Home Bias in Citations

Paper Tiger? Chinese Science and Home Bias in Citations

The Eighth Amendment's Paper Tiger: Pain, Executions, and the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause

The Eighth Amendment's Paper Tiger: Pain, Executions, and the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause

A paper tiger in the fog of governance: Norway's riddle in biodiversity matters

AbstractEffective biodiversity protection is generally associated with a strict rule of law and democratic participation in environmental decision making. Norway's exceptional ranking in terms of governance, however, has failed to be a predictor of effective biodiversity protection. Through a systematic review of the main regulatory frameworks relevant to protecting biodiversity in Norway, this article analyses the misconceptions, perverse incentives and institutional bottlenecks that lie at the centre of the problem. The analysis finds three overarching barriers that regulatory frameworks have created to the effective protection and promotion of biodiversity in Norway, namely, a governance system based on diffuse legal obligations and responsibilities, excessive trust in private operators and considerable discretion to local entities. Accordingly, this article proposes three enabling factors, and related reform suggestions, for mitigating such barriers and domesticating earth system governance in biodiversity matters.

Personal Tax Planning: New AMT Rules—Is the Alternative Minimum Tax a Paper Tiger with New Fangs?

This article provides a general overview of the proposed changes to the current alternative minimum tax regime announced in the 2023 federal budget, highlights their impact on high-income clients, and discusses practical planning considerations to mitigate unfavourable tax results in selected scenarios.

Personal Tax Planning: New AMT Rules—Is the Alternative Minimum Tax a Paper Tiger with New Fangs?

Cet article donne un aperçu général des modifications proposées au régime actuel de l'impôt minimum de remplacement, qui ont été annoncées dans le budget fédéral de 2023. Il met en évidence leur incidence sur les clients à revenu élevé et examine les considérations pratiques de planification pour atténuer les résultats fiscaux défavorables dans certains scénarios.

Association Strategies of Speech Behavior of Communicators in Coding Discourse: An Interdisciplinary Approach Towards Understanding the Role of Cognitive and Linguistic Processes in Communication.

In modern media, the names of fairy-tale and mythological images are used to convey certain emotions and connotations. The aim of the study is to analyze the characteristic associative strategies presented with the mythological images of a dragon, a paper tiger and a chimera in news texts of European and Chinese mass media. In this article, the method of text analysis was used to identify patterns and the most possible interpretations of lexical units. 100 articles from Chinese and European publications were selected for the analysis (About People's Daily Online, China News Service, Guardian and France 24). The required lexemes were most widely used in articles on political topics. The most used was the image of a paper tiger (4001 and 3587 units). This is due to its well-known metaphorical meaning in both cultures, while dragon differs in Chinese and European ones. Further research may focus on the search and analysis of other fairy tale and mythological images in mass media. The present study results may also be applied for further research in the field of linguistics and journalism.

Paper Tiger: The Enemy Image of America

For almost a century, enemies have tended to see the United States as a ‘paper tiger’ that is materially strong but also beatable in war because Americans have no stomach for the fight. Adversaries recognise US industrial and technological might but conclude that because the American public is casualty averse and US soldiers have weak morale, they can overcome the Americans with a long-war strategy. Four factors are likely to play a role in encouraging states to view the US in this way: rhetoric, rationalism, psychology and ideology. The paper-tiger image is significant because it can influence both the enemy’s decision to fight and its strategy, and offers insights into emerging threats, including that from China.

Asset declarations – an effective corruption prevention instrument in Southeast Europe or paper tiger?

The aim of the present Note is to raise awareness of the public and decision makers about the loopholes in the procedures for verifying asset declarations and penalising irregularities in them and offer solutions for more efficient verifications in order to increase the liability of institutions and enhance the rule of law.

China's dream for chip supremacy: Seeing through the lens of panel display-related IC patents

AbstractAs China has made it a top priority to enrich and upgrade its chip capabilities across the value chain, some international observers predict that China's semiconductor industry will eventually, if not immediately, surpass its foreign competitors. Others remain skeptical about its presumed tech supremacy for plausible but largely speculative reasons. Is the Chinese semiconductor industry a game-changer or a paper tiger? Is China's indigenous chip technology attractive to, and usable by, foreign technology? One way to look into these half-empty/half-full questions is to comparatively analyze chip patents granted by the US Patent and Trademark Office. The target domain of this study is integrated circuits (IC) technology, especially thin-film-transistor circuits, where China has recently registered a sharp growth in patent publications. Using the modified forward citation indices of panel display-related IC patents, this study examines whether and to what extent the quantitative growth in the Chinese semiconductor industry has been translated into a gravitational force to pull foreign industries within its sphere of influence. Estimation results of a zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis show that a Chinese chip patent has a fewer expected modified forward citation index than a non-Chinese patent. These findings indicate that the technological gap between China and advanced countries will take longer to close despite China's accelerated campaign for chip supremacy. This study concludes, with some caveats, that China faces the dual challenge of achieving higher productivity and greater self-reliance, while having to survive in the escalating technological competition with other advanced countries.

Women, Peace and Security in central Europe: in between the western agenda and Russian imperialism

Abstract Although firmly established as a global norm, the Women, Peace and Security Agenda (WPS) has been largely driven by the global North attempting to solve insecurities in the global South. Postcolonial feminist research shows that this western-centrism and colonial legacies continue to dominate both WPS practices and knowledge production. This article focuses on WPS in central Europe, a previously ignored ‘non-region’ that remains outside the North–South divide. Combining postcolonial and decolonial approaches with feminist institutionalism, we interrogate what WPS becomes in the Czech, Polish and Slovakian contexts characterized by illiberal populist and anti-gender governance and politics. Building on interviews with key stakeholders, on document analysis and our own encounters, we argue that the three countries understand WPS as key to their western belongingness and reliability as international partners. As a result, they replicate rather than challenge ‘western’ WPS thinking. The resulting National Action Plans are centred around women's participation and security problems ‘out there’. This lack of localization enables them to stay immune to the anti-gender alliances, but limits the engagement of feminist civil society. Amidst Russian imperial aggression, central Europe's WPS agendas serve as mere paper tigers and are failing to address the multitude of domestic and regional gendered insecurities.

Constitutional Atomic Bomb or Paper Tiger? The Institution of Impeachment in the Federative Republic of Brazil

Over the course of less than a quarter of a century, two Brazilian Heads of State – Fernando Collor in 1992 and Dilma Rousseff in 2016 – have been removed from office by impeachment. There has been much controversy surrounding both proceedings, particularly the latter. The article seeks to discuss briefly the history of the proceeding of impeachment in Brazil and its significance for the country’s political life after 1988. Through an analysis of the impeachment cases of President Fernando Collor and President Dilma Rousseff, and overview of the literature on impeachment in Latin America, the paper will address the similarities and differences present in both cases in which a Brazilian Head of State was removed from office. The last part of the article will further discuss the disputes among Brazilian jurists triggered by differing evaluations of this legal measure and, in particular, the more recent case of its implementation in Brazil.

Remodeling of International Regimes in Neoliberal Institutionalism Perspective: Case Study of the South China Sea Arbitration

Among the various disputes in the South China Sea, the China-Philippines arbitration case embodies the legalization of international conflict resolution. However, after the ruling was issued, China viewed it as a “scrap of paper,” and the Philippines had no intention of restraining China through the ruling. International law is considered a “paper tiger” due to the lack of mandatory enforcement, and international regimes were once seen as dysfunctional and chaotic systems. Then both China and the Philippines put bilateral relations back on track through economic diplomacy and negotiations. It is clear that sovereignty is at the core of maintaining international law and regimes, but it does not mean that states can adopt the principle of “self-help”. How can international regimes be reshaped to be flexible and resilient, and how can a virtuous model of balances between state power and international regimes be achieved in future international conflict resolution? To answer these questions, this study will explore the possibility of transforming and reshaping international regimes, using neoliberal institutionalism as a logical starting point and complex interdependence theory as a model framework. International regimes are not a means for the weaker states to achieve their claims; achieving a win-win situation in economic and power reciprocity is the most direct way to resolve disputes over the South China Sea, and the resilience of international regimes is reflected by expanding from bilateral to multilateral models of shared governance in the South China Sea through alliance politics and economic diplomacy.

The Patriot Press and their Paper Tiger

While a major focus in studies of the Rebellion has been the secret society the Patriot Hunters, one understudied aspect to the Rebellion is the continued role of allied newspapers in organizing rebellion in the Canadas and subsequently sustaining it in exile. The article provides an overview of the “patriot press” and how it helped delineate the patriot movement in exile. In the press, terms and language associated with the Patriot Hunters provided a tool to unite patriots. While some patriot editors expressed aversion to secrecy, some of those same editors now used references to secret organizing as ploys to reassure readers that they were part of a larger, highly active, and highly successful organization committed to Canadian independence—even if that was not true.

ECOWAS, Once an Assertive Power in West Africa, Reduced to a Paper Tiger?

ECOWAS, Once an Assertive Power in West Africa, Reduced to a Paper Tiger?

Something Beautiful and Powerful: Politics, Art, and Bread and Puppet Theater

Something Beautiful and Powerful: Politics, Art, and Bread and Puppet Theater

The Mpox, serious menace, or paper tiger?

One of the most horrible diseases in history, Smallpox is caused by the Variola from Poxvirus family, has caused great morbidity and mortality along the way since it was eradicated in the 20th century. During and after the eradication program for Variola, other Poxviruses such as the Monkeypox (Mpox) virus, which causes a smallpox-like disease, became flagrant. With its long range of enzymes and proteins, poxviruses are effectively resisting hostile immune system attacks and disrupting cell signaling pathways. After Smallpox vaccination, cross-reaction immunity develops between Orthopoxviruses. Mpox is indeed an African endemic virus; however, increasing and emerging cases have been reported globally in recent years. According to Smallpox eradication in the 1970s and vaccination ceasing, nowadays centerpieces of the world population are vulnerable to Mpox virus. Our knowledge of Mpox is severely limited due to the lack of regular surveillance methods. Increasing education, boosting surveillance, and developing diagnostic competence is the most significant policies for improving identification, treatment, and restricting further virus spread. So Mpox can play a double-edge blade role in which without monitoring and increasing awareness it could be horrific and with public awareness and boosting surveillance it could be a paper tiger. This article reviewed previous reports about the Mpox merge from PubMed and google scholar from 2018 to June 2022.

Czech Road to Artificial Intelligence: A New Tiger Emerging in Central Europe?

Abstract Summary In 2019 Czech Republic adopted a very ambitious national strategy on Artificial Intelligence (AI) with the vision of becoming a model example in Europe – a country of robots using safe and responsible AI. However, despite the adoption of many strategic documents, the Czech Republic remains at the level well comparable with other countries in the region. This article is providing an overview of the key documents, which marked the Czech way to AI and then confronting rather a positive image of the country with empirical findings, especially represented by the Government AI Readiness Index by Oxford Insights. The aim of the article is to provide a complex picture of the country in relation to Artificial intelligence, highlight most important milestones and discuss areas for the improvement. The author concludes that the Czech Republic is merely a „paper tiger“ with well-prepared background for AI, but just with a few areas of excellence.

The key player or just a paper tiger? The effectiveness of ACER in the creation and functioning of the EU’s internal energy market

Our research, which aims to present the effectiveness of the European Union’s internal energy market, shows the results of a recent survey conducted among representatives of national energy regulators and exchanges from eleven EU Member States. Due to the choice of the research method based on the SOFIA concept, the results constitute a new original contribution to the existing treasury of knowledge in the field of the European energy market. In the concrete case of sociological analysis, we checked how successful the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) is in establishing and ensuring the functioning of the internal energy market in the EU. The survey examines the performance of ACER, which became operational in March 2011 and is intended to contribute to the establishment and functioning of the EU’s internal energy market from the perspective of ACER, national energy regulators and energy exchanges in EU Member States. ACER’s basic mission is to ensure the successful functioning of the energy market, which, as a result (of successful operation), will lead to the full integration of the internal market, and consumers will receive energy uninterruptedly from all parts of the Union. Our research also showed that ACER is crucial for the functioning of the internal market. Most representatives of national regulators and energy exchanges agree that the EU already has a functioning internal energy market and that ACER is crucial for the functioning of the internal energy market.

Data Protection has Entered the Chat: Analysis of GDPR Fines

Before the adoption of the EU-GDPR, researchers remarkably argued on law enforcement of personal data protection being „toothless” and a “paper tiger”. Almost three years after its enforcement date, the GDPR fines are increasing, and the world is beginning to witness the effect of sizeable fines awarded to organizations. This analysis aims to discover potential correlations between GDPR fines, and equally the lack of them. Such correlations might help to tap into trends that are followed by Data Protection Authorities (DPA) in their fining practices. This paper specifically describes the fines issued by the Romanian DPA, while also containing qualitative research findings extracted from discussions with interview subjects. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the possibility to construct a prediction model that is based on linear regression analysis and provide for future direction on the field of legal data analysis.