Paper Disc Diffusion Method Research Articles

An Epidemiological Study on Salmonella in Tibetan Yaks from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Area in China.

Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen that can cause a range of illnesses in humans; it has also been a key focus for monitoring in the field of public health, including gastroenteritis, sepsis, and arthritis, and can also cause a decline in egg production in poultry and diarrhea and abortion in livestock, leading to death in severe cases, resulting in huge economic losses. This study aimed to investigate the isolation rate, antimicrobial resistance, serotypes, and genetic diversity of Salmonella isolated from yak feces in various regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A total of 1222 samples of yak dung were collected from major cities in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area, and the sensitivity of the isolated bacteria to 10 major classes of antibiotics was determined using the K-B paper disk diffusion method for drug susceptibility. Meanwhile, the serotypes of the isolated bacteria were analyzed using the plate agglutination test for serum antigens, and their carriage of drug resistance and virulence genes was determined using PCR and gel electrophoresis experiments. The isolated bacteria were also classified using MLST (Multi-Locus Sequence Typing). The overall isolation rate for Salmonella was 18.25% (223/1222), and the results of the antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that 98.65% (220/223) of the isolated bacteria were resistant to multiple antibiotics. In the 223 isolates of Salmonella, eight classes of 20 different resistance genes, 30 serotypes, and 15 different types of virulence genes were detected. The MLST analysis identified 45 distinct sequence types (STs), including five clonal complexes, of which ST34, ST11, and ST19 were the most common. These findings contribute valuable information about strain resources, genetic profiles, and typing data for Salmonella in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area, facilitating improved bacterial surveillance, identification, and control in yak populations. They also provide certain data supplements for animal Salmonella infections globally, filling research gaps.

Antimicrobial Profiling of Piper betle L. and Piper nigrum L. Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Integrative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Based on FT-IR, GC-MS, and Molecular Docking Studies

This study explored the antimicrobial potential of Piper betle L. (PBL) and Piper nigrum L. (PNL) extracts against MRSA. Plant parts including stem, leaf, and fruit were extracted using aquadest, methanol, and hexane, resulting in 18 distinct extracts. FT-IR combined with cluster analysis (CA) categorized the extracts, and anti-MRSA activity was assessed through the paper disk diffusion method. The most potent extracts were further analyzed using GC-MS to identify bioactive compounds. Additionally, molecular docking studies were conducted for MRSA protein targets (4DKI, 6H5O, and 4CJN). The hexane extract of PNL and the aqueous extract of PBL fruit showed the strongest inhibitory effects. GC-MS identified piperine (14.22%) and diisooctyl phthalate (14.67%) as major compounds, with piperolein B, piperanine, β-caryophyllene oxide, and α-caryophylladienol as minor compounds in the hexane extract of PNL, while hydroxychavicol (81.89%) and chavibetol (12.01%) were predominant in the aquadest extract of PBL. Molecular docking revealed that piperolein B and piperine had strong binding affinities to MRSA proteins 4DKI, 6H5O, and 4CJN, comparable to ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, this study confirms the potential of PBL and PNL as sources of novel anti-MRSA agents, supporting further research to develop new therapies.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Red Spinach Leaves (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Extracted Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes

Background: Humans are among the most susceptible living beings to bacterial infections. Infectious wounds on the skin surface are easily colonized by various kinds of bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes. Red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) contains flavonoids with antimicrobial properties. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of red spinach leaves (Amaranthus tricolor L.) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes. Methods: This research includes the preparation, characterization, phytochemical screening of dried powder and extract. Extraction was performed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method using 70% and 96% ethanol variations and then antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of red spinach leaves against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria was carried out by paper disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test) to obtain the diameter of inhibition. Results: The 70% ethanol extract of red spinach leaves has the lowest concentrations of 0.78 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria with diameters of 7.23 mm, and 7.90 mm respectively. While the 96% ethanol extract of red spinach leaves has the lowest concentration of 0.78 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria with a same diameter of 7.43 mm. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of red spinach leaves has antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes.

Protein‐Based Polymeric Metal–Nanocomposite Derived From Egg Albumin: A Highly Effective Antimicrobial Agent Against Bacteria

ABSTRACTThe synthesis of four distinct protein‐based metal nanocomposites has been fabricated by employing egg albumin and zinc metal through a simple, straightforward two‐step method. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of zinc nanoparticles into the protein matrix and revealed an irregular microporous structure with average crystallite sizes of less than 100 nm. Thermal stability was assessed via thermogravimetric (TG) and derivative thermal gravimetry (DTG) analysis, revealing a notable increase in thermal stability in a high‐temperature range (300°C°C–700°C), suggesting remarkable stability at elevated temperatures. Antimicrobial efficacy against both gram‐positive (B. cereus and Lactobacillus spp.) and gram‐negative bacteria (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) was evaluated using paper disk diffusion, pour plate, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. All samples exhibited antibacterial efficacy, with zone of inhibition (ZOI) diameters ranging from 12 to 35 mm, and demonstrated a bactericidal effect by eliminating 93 to 98% of bacteria within 8 to 20 h at their MICs. Notably, protein–ZnO–PANI exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against all four bacterial strains and among all the samples, demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity than the unpolymerized nanocomposites. The disk diffusion study confirmed that a concentration of 25 μg/mL of protein–ZnO–PANI resulted in ZOI measurements of 25 mm and 35 mm, whereas MIC values of 300 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL were observed against Bacillus cereus and E. coli, respectively, and killed 95% of B. cereus and 98% of E. coli within 24 h. Based on the obtained results, a plausible mechanism was also proposed.

Phytochemical Analysis and Nanoparticle Formulations of Extracts Myristica fragrans Houtt Leaves as Antibacterial

Myristica fragrans Houtt leaves contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids, which have antibacterial properties. At the nanoscale, the particles have a bigger surface contact area, resulting in increased amounts and solubility of the active chemical. This leads to a stronger antibacterial activity. This study aims to examine the influence of several chitosan variations on particle size, antibacterial properties and the form of nanoparticles produced from Myristica fragrans leaves ethanol extract. Ethanol extract was analyzed using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method to quantify total flavonoid content. Nanoparticles were synthesized using the ionic gelation technique with several ratios of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate, specifically 8:1, 10:1 and 12:1. Nanoparticles were analyzed with a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Agar diffusion test for bacteria germs using a paper backer. Myristica fragrans leaves ethanol extract was 50, 40 and 30 %, while nanoparticle extract was 5, 4 and 3 %. The overall flavonoid concentration in the QE/ethanol extract was 39.7252 ± 1.9596 mg. Antibacterial test results against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria and Myristica fragrans leaves extract limit inhibition area at 30 % (13.35 mm), 40 % (13.68 mm) and 50 % (13.93 mm) for Staphylococcus aureus and 30 (13.28), 40 (13.45) and 50 % (13.81 mm) for Escherichia coli. Myristica fragrans leaves extract chitosan nanoparticles included 3 (14.70), 4 (15.30) and 5 % (15.56 mm) for Staphylococcus aureus and 3 (14.60), 4 (14.65) and 5 % (15.05 mm) for Escherichia coli. Ionic gelation can create nanoparticles of Myristica fragrans leaves ethanol extract with chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate. Myristica fragrans leaves nanoparticle ethanol extract exhibits better antibacterial activity than ethanol extract. Increasing chitosan concentration affects particle size. The ethanol extract of Myristica fragrans nanoparticle leaves showed slightly better antibacterial activity than the ethanol extract. HIGHLIGHTS Nanoparticles of extracts and extracts have proven excellent antibacterial activity against human pathogens through paper disc diffusion method. Antibacterial test results against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria and Myristica fragrans leaves extract limit inhibition area at 30 % (13.35 mm), 40 % (13.68 mm), and 50 % (13.93 mm) for Staphylococcus aureus and 30 % (13.28 mm), 40 % (13.45 mm), and 50 % (13.81 mm) for Escherichia coli. Myristica fragrans leaves extract chitosan nanoparticles included 3 % (14.70 mm), 4 % (15.30 mm), and 5 % (15.56 mm) for Staphylococcus aureus and 3 % (14.60 mm), 4 % (14.65 mm), and 5 % (15.05 mm) for Escherichia coli. The synthesized extract nanoparticles can be used against human pathogens acts as antibacterial drugs. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Phyto chemical screening,formulation of cream and it’s antifungal activity of stem extract from panikoorka plant

The panikoorka plant is a noble plant which is packed with various benefits, belonging to the family Lamiaceae as it may help in lowering blood sugar levels, maintaining heart health, and helps in digestive system, the stem of panikoorka is also having the anti-cancer activity some studies also prove that the extract of panikoorka stem are effective against the acne causing bacteria (anti-microbial).We are formulating the anti-fungal cream with the extract of panikoorka stem, we have collected the different extracts of the panikoorka stem, we have formulated 2 different formulations with the stem of panikoorka (Plectranthus barbatus).The Plant extract is used to treat different types of infectious disease, hence microbial screening attempted to prove its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity. The demonstration of therapeutic efficacy was achieved through the use of defined settings to restrict microbial development.The paper disc diffusion method was employed in this work to assess the synthetic compounds' in vitro antifungal efficacy. One technique for figuring out the relative efficacy of the anti-fungal activity is the paper disc diffusion method. The anti-microbial drugs' toxicity and their capacity to permeate into the medium both affect the outcomes of this approach. Although it is not as effective as standard, our produced cream has antifungal action against both Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans bacteria.

Phytochemical analysis, antibacterial and antifungal activity of Premna tomentosa bark extract

The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial efficacy of Premna tomentosa bark extracts using various solvents, including methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed that methanol was the most effective solvent, extracting a broad range of compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, quinones, and resins. Chloroform also demonstrated significant efficacy in extracting alkaloids and flavonoids. Quantitative analysis showed that methanol extracts contained the highest concentrations of alkaloids (480 mg/g), flavonoids (510 mg/g), phenols (428 mg/g), and tannins (340 mg/g), indicating its superior extraction capabilities. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the paper disc diffusion method against four bacterial strains: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. The methanol extract exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 4 mm to 7 mm. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts also showed significant inhibition, while petroleum ether was the least effective. In the antifungal assays, the methanol extract again demonstrated the highest efficacy, particularly against Fusarium oxysporum NCIM1008, Sclerotium rolfsii NCIM 1084, and Phytophthora infestans MTCC 8707. The inhibition percentages were highest with methanol (50% against Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora infestans), followed closely by chloroform (52% against Phytophthora infestans), and moderate inhibition was observed with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. These results indicate that Premna tomentosa bark extracts, particularly those obtained using methanol, possess significant antibacterial and antifungal activities, potentially due to the high concentration of bioactive compounds extracted. This study supports the use of Premna tomentosa as a source of natural antimicrobial agents and underscores the importance of solvent selection in phytochemical extraction.

Antibacterial Test of Cherry Leaves Ethanol Extract (Muntingia calabura L.) Against Streptococcus mutans

Introduction: Streptococcus mutans is a bacteria that plays an important role in the occurrence of dental caries. Use of antibiotics to treat infections Streptococcus mutans often causes side effects. Cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) contain active compounds that have the potential to have antibacterial effects. This research aims to determine the inhibitory power of cherry leaf ethanol extract against Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Methods: This research uses an experimental method with a post-test-only control group design. Cherry leaf ethanol extract was made by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent for 5 days. The antibacterial test was carried out using the paper disc diffusion method with varying concentrations of cherry leaf extract, namely 20%, 40%, and 60% w/v dissolved in 10% DMSO. The positive control used was the amoxicillin antibiotic disc, while the negative control used 10% DMSO. Results: The results of the antibacterial test of the ethanol extract of cherry leaves in this study showed that at a concentration of 20% it had an average inhibitory power of 9.16 mm, the extract with a concentration of 40% had an inhibitory power of 11.33 mm, and at a concentration of 60% it had an inhibitory power of 12. 16mm. The positive control amoxicillin had an inhibitory power of 18.67 mm. Conclusion: Cherry leaf ethanol extract has potential as an alternative therapy to overcome Streptococcus mutans bacterial infections.

Chemical composition and biological evaluation of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia L.) leaves essential oils

Melaleuca alternifolia L. essential oils (MaEO), extracted through steam, distillation of its leaves, offer a multitude of benefits. The aim of the study was to determine the physicochemical and biological properties, such as relative density, absolute density, acid value, saponification value, ester value, freezing point, fragrance retention, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of MaEO. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to analyze the chemical composition of essential oils (EO), and the obtained results displayed those 45 compounds were identified and quantified; among them, the main component was Terpinen-4-ol (44.55%). In addition, the antioxidant capacity (AC) was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 360 mg mL-1. Moreover, MaEO also had excellent antibacterial activity (AA) against certain types of bacteria, using the paper disc diffusion method for antibiotic susceptibility testing. The diameter of the inhibitory zones were 12.33, 14, 15.67, and 24.33 mm for Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 13076), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), respectively.

Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation and Antimicrobial studies of the methanol stem bark extract of Detarium microcarpum

Detarium microcarpum is an African native plant that grows in the wild in several African countries, notably in savannah areas. The plant has a wide therapeutic application and is often referred to as the miracle plant by the traditional herbalist. Folk medicine relies heavily on its leaves and fruits. Hence, this research was aimed at qualitatively and quantitatively estimating the phytoconstituents inherent in the plant as well as to evaluate its antimicrobial potentials. Qualitative analysis of the methanol crude extracts was carried out to identify the presence of the classes of secondary metabolites: The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and Glycosides. Similarly, the quantitative estimation of these phytoconstituents revealed the following percentage of the metabolite; alkaloids (112.35 mg/100g Atropine sulfate eqv), saponins (96.84 mg/100g Gravimetric), Tannins (159.65 mg/100g Tannic acid eqv), Flavanoids (125.47 mg/100g Quarcetine eqv) Glycosides (397.53 mg/100g), Steroids (34.52 mg/100g Cholestrol), Total phenolics (228.24 mg/100 Gallic acid eqv). The paper disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the Crude methanol extract of Datarium microcarpum using standard procedures (Bauer et al 1996). The results of antimicrobial efficacies revealed that the crude methanol extract of stem bark Detarium microcarpum was effective in inhibiting the growth of the following microorganisms; Protius, Bacillus subtilis staphylococaccus aureus, Enterobacta, Eschericia coli Shigelia dysenteriae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus nigger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albican and Rhezome. The methanol crude extract showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) from 1.0×104 to 4.0×104 . Keywords: Phytochemical, antimicrobial studies, stem bark, and Detarium microcarpum

Antibacterial Potential of West Kalimantan Local Bajakah (Spatholobus suberectus) Ethanol Extract Against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

The primary factor contributing to bacterial resistance is the overutilization of antibiotics caused by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains possess a significant challenge in both clinical and community environments. Consequently, there is a need to investigate alternative antibacterial sources derived from natural ingredients and local traditional medicines. One such potential source is bajakah Jie Xue Teng (Spatholobus suberectus). The available data on the active component composition and antibacterial efficacy of the ethanol extract derived from bajakah (S. suberectus) in the West Kalimantan region is currently insufficient. The objective of this study is to evaluate the phytochemical composition and antibacterial properties of the ethanol extract derived from bajakah (S. suberectus), a plant species indigenous to West Kalimantan. The antimicrobial activity of the extract will be tested against two bacterial strains, namely S. aureus and MRSA, using in vitro methods. This study employs experimental techniques and is comprised of two distinct phases. The first phase involves conducting a phytochemical test on the ethanol extract of bajakah stem, utilizing the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. The second phase involves evaluating the antibacterial properties of the ethanol extract of bajakah stem against S. aureus and MRSA, employing the paper disc diffusion method. The research findings indicate that the bajakah ethanol extract derived from S. suberectus, a plant indigenous of West Kalimantan, possesses alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. The optimal antibacterial efficacy is observed at a concentration of 1,000,000 ppm, resulting in an inhibition zone diameter of 9 mm against S. aureus and 10 mm against MRSA.

Antifungal and antibacterial activity of the extract from the fruit of Aiouea trinervis Meisn. (Lauraceae)

Aiouea trinervis is a Brazilian shrub species of the Lauraceae family. In this study, the antifungal and antibacterial activity of the hydroethanolic extract 70% of the fruit of A. trinervis on the genus Candida, Staphylococcus and Salmonella sp. was evaluated using the paper disk diffusion method. Antifungal activity was observed for C. albicans (7-4 mm) and C. tropicalis (11-3 mm), and in the antibacterial test for S. aureus (9-2 mm) and S. serovar Enteritidis (14-4 mm) in concentrations greater than 50 mg mL-1 of the hydroethanolic extract of the fruit. The results confirm the potential antifungal and antibacterial activity of the hydroethanolic extract of the fruit of A. trinervis.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Fruit of Sungkai (Peronema canescens)

Peronema canescens, often known as sungkai, is widely used and can be found all around Indonesia. The public believes that the leaves may reduce fever and strengthen the immune system. However, the effectiveness of sungkai fruit has not been thoroughly investigated. In this research, we looked at endophytic fungus extracts from sungkai fruit’s that have antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The study’s results will serve as the foundation for further investigation into the development of potential natural chemicals with antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Morphologically, the endophytic fungi isolated from sungkai fruit were identified. The antioxidant and antibacterial properties of endophytic fungal extracts were studied using the DPPH technique and the paper disk diffusion method. By employing molecular identification and column chromatography to separate the active compounds, the most likely endophytic fungal isolates were found based on the results of the bioactivity tests. Using 1D NMR spectroscopic methods, the chemical’s structure was determined, and the results were compared to NMR data for the same compound published in the literature. Fruit of sungkai had 8 strains of endophytic fungus (RBH1-RBH8). Strong antibacterial and very strong antioxidant activity were shown by the RBH5 isolate (IC50 < 20 μg/mL). Pythium periplocum was determined to be the RBH5 isolate based on molecular testing. Pure chemical compound extracted from RBH5 isolates shown highly potent and potent antibacterial and antioxidant effects. The chemical compound was identified by spectroscopy as 3-hydroxy-4(hydroxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-γ-butyrolactone. The results of this study serve as the foundation for developing compounds as pharmaceutical raw materials via further research phases.

Synthesis, structure, theoretical calculation and antibacterial property of two novel Zn(II)/Ni(II) compounds based on 3, 5-dichlorosalicylaldehyde thiocarbamide ligand

Two new compounds namely [Zn(L1)phen]31 and Ni(L1)phen(MeOH) 2 (L1 = 3, 5-dichlorosalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone) were synthesized by the slow evaporation method at room temperature. The structure of ligand L1 was determined using 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis revealed that compounds 1–2 can form 3D supramolecular network structures through π···π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions. The DFT calculation shows that the coordination of ligand and metal is in good agreement with the experimental results. Hirshfeld surface analysis revealed that H…H and Cl…H interactions were the predominant interactions in compounds 1–2. Energy framework analysis indicated that dispersion energy played a dominant role in the energy composition of compounds 1–2. The inhibitory effects of compounds 1–2 against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were tested using the paper disk diffusion method (1: E. coli: 18 mm, MRSA: 17 mm, 2: E. coli: 15 mm, MRSA: 16 mm). Ion releasing experiments were conducted to assess the ion release capacity of compounds 1–2 (Zn2+, 4 days, 38.33 µg/mL; Ni2+, 4 days, 29.12 µg/mL). Molecular docking demonstrated the interaction modes of compounds 1–2 with UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase (MurB) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in bacteria, involving hydrophobic, stacking, hydrogen bonding and halogen bonding interactions. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacteria under the presence of compounds 1–2 were evaluated using a fluorescent dye known as dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). Potential antibacterial mechanisms of compounds 1–2 were proposed.

Novel Amide Derivatives of Pyrimidinediones: Design, Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Assessment, ADMET and in silico Docking Studies

In an attempt to synthesize new chemical entities with promising biological activity, a set of six novel pyrimidinedione analogues 6(a-f) was prepared. The compound 4 was coupled with different amines by using HBTU as a coupling reagent. The derivatives were characterized by 1HNMR,13CNMR and HRMS. The analogues were evaluated for their antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The DPPH and ABTS methods were used to test the antioxidant activity of the moieties. Among the six pyrimidinedione analogues, 6b, 6d, and 6f exhibited significant antioxidant effects. The paper disc diffusion method was adopted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the samples. The analogues 6b, 6c and 6e exhibited potency against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens. Further, to evaluate the binding abilities of the analogues to the protein active sites, molecular docking studies were performed. The results of the docking studies were found to be consistent with the antibacterial potential of the analogues. The efficacy of these analogues provides insight into their use as novel antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Detection of Antibacterial Fraction of Ethanol Extract of Folium Sambung Nyawa (Gynura procumbens) in Salmonella typhi

Background: Folium Sambung Nyawa, a native plant in Indonesia, is known for its abundant medicinal properties. Among its various secondary metabolites, flavonoids stand out, being polyphenolic compounds found in numerous plants and foods. Flavonoids exhibit a wide range of bioactive properties, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-ageing, and antioxidant effects. Objective: This study aimed to assess the antibacterial potential of Sambung Nyawa Leaf extract fractions against Salmonella typhi bacteria. Methods: The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the paper disc diffusion method to determine the inhibition zones. Three fractions---n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water---were tested at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% each, along with negative controls (DMSO) and positive controls (Chloramphenicol). Results: Flavonoid examination using synode reagent yielded positive results. Among the fractions tested, the 30% ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most promising antibacterial activity, with an inhibition zone of 7.65 mm, indicating strong efficacy against Salmonella typhi bacteria. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of the concentrated Sambung Nyawa leaf extract possesses potent antibacterial properties against Salmonella typhi bacteria

Antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of moringa oleifera seeds against enterococcus faecalis atcc 29212

Background: One of the important stages in endodontic treatment is root canal irrigation. The most widely used irrigant is sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), but it is toxic to periapical tissue. Irrigant solutions from natural ingredients that have antibacterial potential are needed, one of which is Moringa oleifera seeds. Bacteria that are often found persistent after root canal treatment are Enterococcus faecalis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial effect of the ethanol extract of M. oleifera seeds at concentrations of 37.5%, 50%, 67.5% and 75% against E. faecalis.Method: Experimental laboratory research with post-test only control group design was carried out with 4 times replication. Antibacterial activity was tested against E. faecalis ATCC 29212 using paper disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media. The diameter of the inhibition zone formed was measured. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by LSD.Result: The 2.5% NaOCl group produced the largest inhibition zone of 16.38 ± 0.95 mm, followed by the 75% extract group of 13.51 ± 0.49 mm, and the smallest was the 37.5% extract group of 4.42 ± 0.27 mm. The negative control (DMSO) did not produce an inhibition zone. The increase in the concentration of the ethanolic extract of M. oleifera seeds resulted in significantly better inhibiting the growth of E. faecalis (p<0.05).Conclusion: Ethanol extract of M. oleifera seeds at 37.5%, 50%, 62.5% and 75% had antibacterial effects against E. faecalis, with the 75% had the strongest antibacterial effect compared to other extract concentrations.

Antibacterial activity of crude extracts Ulva lactuca against Staphyloccocus aureus and Propionibacterium acne

Sources of antibiotic raw materials as a reliever / acne remover drug is needed. Especially of natural ingredients from the Ulva lactuca. This study aims to examine the potential of crude extracts of U. lactuca as an antibacterial against Staphyloccocus aureus and Propionibacterium acne. Extraction of U. lactuca used Microwave Assited Extraction (MAE) technique with different types of solvents and extraction time. Analysis of antibacterial activity was carried out by the paper disk diffusion method. The research design used was a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors. The first factor of type solvent;ethanol, ethyl acetate and aquades. The second factor of extraction time which consists of 3 different levels;10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes. The results of the study The highest yield was obtained in ethanol by 30 minutes extraction time;average of 24.9%. Phytochemical compounds were detected used a color test on the extract of Ulva lactuca namely alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, and tannins. Whereas the antibacterial test with the highest tasteless zone of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with ethanol solvent extraction time of 30 minutes;average of 17.17 mm. Crude extract of U. lactuca has potential as an antibacterial S. aureus and P. acne.

Efektivitas Edible Coating Spray Gel Lidah Buaya (Aloe vera) dan Daun Sirih (Piper betle) Sebagai Sanitizer Pangan

Betel leaf and aloe vera have antibacterial properties as evidenced by the presence of active substances and other organic compounds. The antibacterial activity of both plants was influenced by the presence of secondary metabolites such as glucomannan and phenol in aloe vera and phenol, saponin and flavonoid in betel leaf. This study was conducted to determine the mechanism and activity of the combination of aloe vera gel and betel leaf in the form of edible coating spray as a food sanitizer. The method used is a true experimental design in vitro with a completely randomized design. Then, to test the performance of antibacterial activity, the paper disc diffusion method was used against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The results showed that there was an inhibitory activity of the preparation against the two test bacteria. The largest inhibition zone was owned by the preparation with a concentration of 100% with a very strong inhibition category against Escherichia coli and a strong category for Staphylococcus aureus. One way ANOVA test followed by Post Hoc Test showed a significant number of p <0.05 which represented a significant difference in fruit rot against the control treatment with a concentration of 100%, while against the control treatment with a concentration of 50% and a concentration of 30% there was no significant difference. Based on the results of this study, the preparation in the form of edible coating spray is effective in increasing food security during the pandemic and reducing losses for fruits and vegetables.

Bioprospecting of katang-katang leaves (Ipomoea pes-caprae) from Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara: antimicrobial, antioxidant and secondary metabolites content

Ipomoea pes-caprae (Katang-katang) is one of the vegetations that grows in coastal area. Previous studies have proven that I. pes-caprae showed antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This research was conducted to characterize secondary metabolites content, antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity of I. pes-caprae crude extract from Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara. The extraction was carried out using consecutive extraction method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol with agitation (115 r.p.m for 24 hours). Phytochemical test and thin layer chromatography were performed to analyse the secondary metabolites in I. pes-caprae. In addition, total phenolic content (TPC) was calculated using Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antimicrobial activity was conducted using paper disc diffusion method against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Candida albicans, and C. tropicalis. Phytochemical test and TLC analysis showed that n-hexane extract contained flavonoid, tannin, and steroid; ethyl acetate extract contained alkaloid, flavonoid, and terpenoid; while methanol extract contained alkaloid, tannin, and steroid. The antimicrobial activity gave negative results against all microbial pathogen. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were noted as a strong antioxidant agent with IC50 values of 65.7 ppm and 81.8 ppm. Moreover, TPC in each extract was 3.7 mg GAE/g in n-hexane extract, 6.4 mg GAE/g in ethyl acetate extract and 8.9 mg GAE/g in methanol extract.