Paper-based Design Research Articles

Integrating Augmented Reality and Simulation Game for Flower Board Design

Augmented Reality was regarded as one of the technologies that merged the real world with the virtual one. Its development was carried out by developers across various fields, including businesses such as floral services, exemplified by Berkah Florist. In practical application, Berkah Florist encountered challenges related to efficiency and customer satisfaction in the floral design process. The prevailing methods, such as displaying photographs or employing paper-based designs, were time-consuming and susceptible to paper damage, thus hindering customers from expressing their preferences accurately and disrupting the design process. To address these challenges, an application was developed to streamline the floral design process, aiming to make it more appealing. This research aimed to assist customers and streamline Berkah Florist's operations by facilitating the modeling and visualization of more captivating and effective designs. The application, based on a simulation game, was developed using Research and Development (R&D) and Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodologies. The application presented floral designs through an AR-enabled camera, replicating real-world conditions. The incorporation of Augmented Reality in the application garnered interest and engagement from prospective customers while alleviating boredom. Designed to provide a delightful experience for potential customers, the application aimed to enhance their interest in reusing it. Consequently, Berkah Florist could enhance customer experience and improve efficiency in the floral design process.

Eco-design of the remembrance poppy: a life cycle assessment study

Shifting from plastic to a paper-based design significantly reduces the environmental impacts of the UK Remembrance Poppy.

Deep Learning-Enabled Multiplexed Point-of-Care Sensor using a Paper-Based Fluorescence Vertical Flow Assay.

Multiplexed computational sensing with a point-of-care serodiagnosis assay to simultaneously quantify three biomarkers of acute cardiac injury is demonstrated. This point-of-care sensor includes a paper-based fluorescence vertical flow assay (fxVFA) processed by a low-cost mobile reader, which quantifies the target biomarkers through trained neural networks, all within <15min of test time using 50µL of serum sample per patient. This fxVFA platform is validated using human serum samples to quantify three cardiac biomarkers, i.e., myoglobin, creatine kinase-MB, and heart-type fatty acid binding protein, achieving less than 0.52ng mL-1 limit-of-detection for all three biomarkers with minimal cross-reactivity. Biomarker concentration quantification using the fxVFA that is coupled to neural network-based inference is blindly tested using 46 individually activated cartridges, which shows a high correlation with the ground truth concentrations for all three biomarkers achieving >0.9 linearity and <15% coefficient of variation. The competitive performance of this multiplexed computational fxVFA along with its inexpensive paper-based design and handheld footprint makes it a promising point-of-care sensor platform that can expand access to diagnostics in resource-limited settings.

Multimodal Interaction of MU Plant Landscape Design in Marine Urban Based on Computer Vision Technology

At present, there is a growing focus on the landscape and environment of ocean cities, with an increasing demand for improved ecological sustainability and aesthetic appeal. With the emergence of computer vision design technologies such as 3D and VR, people have overcome the limitations of traditional paper-based design materials. Through the use of computer software, various forms of expression, such as drawings and animations, can be produced, thereby meeting the diverse demands for showcasing plant landscapes. The purpose of this paper is to study the design of marine urban (MU) botanical landscapes based on computer vision technology (CVT) and multimodal interaction design (MID) theory, so that the design of MU botanical landscape can meet people's psychological behavior and visual needs, and at the same time enable people to participate in and experience the landscape, so as to better meet people's needs for viewing, leisure, and entertainment. At the same time, it is hoped that the research of this paper will play a role in promoting the innovation and development of the concept of MU landscape design (LD) in the future, specifically from two levels of theoretical and practical significance. First, at the level of theoretical research: Based on the theory of MID, this paper explores the application of communication and interaction among humans and between humans and the landscape in the design of MU planting, and tries to explore and summarize the content and methods of interactive LD in marine cities with a theoretical basis and research value. The goal is to both enhance the theoretical level of interactive LD, and also provide new reference for future marine city (MC) LD. Second, at the level of practical application: In the field of LD, the new concept of computer vision is introduced to fully understand the visual needs of people and increase the practicality and pleasantness of the MU landscape, hoping to attract more people to come to play and rest. Through the attraction of MU landscapes to tourists, the design and construction of the landscape no longer focus on its appearance, but rather on the participation and experience of people.

An empirically-based practical-realistic pedagogic mathematical model for teaching and learning of an antenna theory and design course

Despite the professional importance attached to the antenna theory and design course, most students and some academics still see the course as difficult and not easily explained via mathematical modelling (MM) despite some mathematical concepts integrated into the teaching and learning of an antenna theory and design. Due to this challenge, some students change their courses and opt for courses with less mathematical complexity. In view of this, this paper reports the review on the teaching and learning of an antenna theory and design using MM approach, relevant theoretical models reported by other researchers, with a comparative description of these theoretical frameworks. It also offers an empirical appraisal of a practical-realistic pedagogic mathematical model for teaching and learning an antenna theory and design course (PRPMM-TLATD) as a reliable model in the universities. In achieving this, data was gathered from four scholarly academics and 12 engineering students from a university in South Africa using qualitative approach. This finding generates the following stages as reported by the participants. And these stages include antenna validation by measurement, antenna validation by simulation, analysis of an antenna mathematically, personal conceptualization of the design work, total interpretation and validation of design problem, and problem resolution by mathematization. It also confirmed that the teaching and learning the design problem, antenna parameters modelling (mathematically), describing an antenna parameters mathematically, extra-mathematical working and prerequisite courses model were followed. The result of the study confirmed that the teaching and learning of an antenna theory and design could be classified into two domains, namely, paper-based design domain and a realistic domain as gathered from the data among engineering academics and students teaching and learning MM in a university in South Africa.

Application of additive technologies in mechanical engineering for production of form-forming riggings

The article discusses the process of using additive technologies in the manufacture of formbuilding equipment. It is supposed to reduce the manufacturing time and labor costs of workers by using non-traditional technological systems in the manufacture of the form-building equipment’s model, which has qualitatively new properties and capabilities and also significantly increases the level of automation and intensification of production processes. When designing a technological process high information and computerization, a certain level of electrification and energy supply are required, therefore, the design of new technologies is based on rational technological processes, using accumulated experience, and a new system approach developed on the basis of the unity of production design technology using CAD/CAE/CAM systems. The extrusion method of three-dimensional printing using the FDM technology with the use of a new modified material of the PA12CF brand was adopted as the basis for the production of form-building equipment. This material is a polyamide-12 composite plastic reinforced with carbon fibers. The use of additive technologies using modern computer modeling based on the unity of technological systems is an urgent task. These technological systems will significantly increase productivity, reduce the production area occupied by equipment, reduce the duration of the production cycle, reduce the number of workers employed in production, and make it possible to switch to technologies that do not require paper-based design documentation. At the same time, additive technologies are open to their further development and have great potential to evolve and be modified in accordance with the changing external conditions on the labor market.

Paper-Based Optode Devices (PODs) for Selective Quantification of Potassium in Biological Fluids.

This paper describes the design, fabrication, and feasibility of paper-based optode devices (PODs) for sensing potassium selectively in biological fluids. PODs operate in exhaustive mode and integrate with a handheld, smartphone-connected optical reader. This integrated measuring system provides significant advantages over traditional optode membranes and other paper-based designs, by obtaining a linear optical response to potassium concentration via a simple, stackable design and by harnessing a smartphone to provide an easy-to-use interface, thus enabling remote monitoring of diseases.

E-Commerce Design by Older Adults: The Selection and Placement of Web Objects on Shopping Sites

This study offers insights, gathered from co-design activities with older adults, on the design of e-commerce websites. Twenty older adults (aged 52–75 years) took part in a paper-based design activity in which they were presented with a web browser window, cutouts of a selection of web objects (e.g., product images and “add to cart” buttons) in a range of designs, and office stationery for making annotations and asked to select and place web objects onto the browser window to express their design ideas for two types of shopping experience: purchasing a grocery item that is inexpensive and typically purchased in multiples (carrots) and purchasing an assistive technology item which is considered expensive and normally purchased as a one-off (wheelchair). Objects selected frequently by the older adults for inclusion in both types of e-commerce websites included product images, price, and an “add to cart” button. Some objects were selected for inclusion depending on the type of website—quantity selection was selected for the cheap, multiple purchase item, whereas descriptions, reviews, and shipping/return information were deemed important only for the expensive, single-item purchase. Regarding the relative placement of the “add to cart” button, participants most often placed the button close to the quantity selection and/or the price. Furthermore, participants expressed that having these three elements presented within a visually distinctive “buy box” would be beneficial. This study offers insight into which website elements are deemed important by this older adult participant group for e-commerce websites and how the elements should be arranged, and the results also indicate that some design requirements may differ between different types of shopping experience. The findings can potentially benefit designers, developers, and industries to more fully grasp the potential of usable online shopping applications.

Effects on Test Performance and Efficiency of Technology-Enhanced Items: An Analysis of Drag-and-Drop Response Interactions

One of the most common technology-enhanced items used in large-scale K-12 testing programs is the drag-and-drop response interaction. The main research questions in this study are: (a) Does adding a drag-and-drop interface to an online test affect the accuracy of student performance? (b) Does adding a drag-and-drop interface to an online test affect the speed of student performance? In three different experiments involving fourth, sixth, and eighth graders, respectively; students answered reading comprehension questions presented in conventional (i.e., paper-based design) or drag-and-drop formats. The tests consisted of four-sentence ordering items in Experiment 1, four graphic organizer items in Experiment 2, and two cloze tests and two graphic organizer items in Experiment 3. The conventional and drag &amp; drop groups were compared on test performance (i.e., accuracy) and efficiency (i.e., response time and number of mouse clicks). Across the three experiments, the conventional and drag &amp; drop groups did not differ in mean performance, but the drag &amp; drop group responded more efficiently than the conventional group (faster response time, d = 0.62, and fewer mouse clicks, d = 1.13).

Usability of virtual reality for basic design education: a comparative study with paper-based design

Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging technology that is being used in a wide range of fields such as medicine, gaming, psychology and sociology. The use of VR is promising in the field of education and requires investigation, but research on the use of VR in education is still limited. This enables the exploration of new territories, and design education is one of them. Design education, an important part of the curriculum of architecture students who aim to conceptualize problem-solving, is still taught using traditional methodologies with touches of digital technologies. Thus, there is limited research into the implementation of VR. This study proposes using VR in basic design education and focuses on the usability of VR, especially for problem-solving activities. It presents the literature on basic design education of digital approaches, VR technologies, usability criteria and the technology acceptance model. In order to analyse the usability of VR, we conducted an experimental study with 20 first-year interior architecture and architecture students. We found that, statistically, there is a significant difference in terms of ‘the intention to use’ and ‘the perceived enjoyment’ between the VR group and the paper-based group. Moreover, there is, statistically, a difference in effectiveness within the paper-based group and the VR-based group when one compares the success of two types of design problems in the same group. Thus, one can summarize that using VR can strongly enhance problem-solving activities in interior architecture and for architecture students and that one can consider it to be a promising and complementary tool in basic design education.

Learning design for multiple modes of provision: the Zambian community school teacher development programme

The use of technology to support learning is becoming ubiquitous in Africa. However, technology is more often used to distribute information rather than as a tool to mediate learning. The work presented here on a programme for Zambian community school teachers (non-traditional students) illustrates how learning design allied to appropriate theoretical concepts make use of technology to mediate learning. The objective of this course was to support Zambian community school teachers, with little formal teacher education, to use interactive methods to support their teaching practices. The research makes use of a constructivist-hermeneutic-interpretivist-qualitative paradigm to critically evaluate the learning design by experts. A social constructivist framework for learning design and technology mediation was used to create and evaluate learning resources. The work illustrates how a distance education paper-based course design is enhanced by the use of contemporary learning theory and digital technology to model good interactive classroom practice.

Computer-Based Media for Learning Geometry at Mathematics Class of Secondary Schools

This research is aimed at developing computer-based media for mathematics learning. This media used interactive model to help students understand the topic of lines, angles and rectangular. This development research applied development model by Borg and Gallmodified by Sugiyono.The study began by finding the potentials materials and its problems followed by astudy of literature. The subject in this research is line, angle and rectangular,including rectangle, square and trapezium. Product design was done through two stages: paper-based design and computer-based. The applications used for product design are Microsoft Frontpage, Microsoft Power Point and Photoshop. Learning media were validated by three experts or validators and were revised based on the input from the validators. The revised learning media were tested on two stages: a small group test consisting of five respondens and a large grouptest consisting of forty respondens. Based on the analysis of data and discussion, it can be concluded that computer-based mediafor mathematics learning is valid with an average score of 3.17 on aspect of materials and 3.18 from aspects of media. This computer-based media formathematicslearning also had practicalities with an average score of 97,92% on a small group test and 99,22% in the large group test..

Two-dimensional model of imbibition into paper-based networks using Richards’ equation

The prediction of the imbibition into two-dimensional geometries is extremely important to develop new paper-based microfluidics design principles. In this regard, a two-dimensional model using Richard’s equation, which has been extensively applied in soil mechanics, is applied in this work to model the imbibition into paper-based networks. Compared to capillary-based models, the developed model is capable of predicting the imbibition into two-dimensional domains. The numerical solution of the proposed model shows a good agreement with the experimental measurements of water imbibition into different chromatography paper-based designs. It is expected that this framework can be applied to develop new design rules for controlling the flow in paper-based microfluidics devices.

Designing an Adverse Drug Event Reporting System to Prevent Unintentional Reexposures to Harmful Drugs: Study Protocol for a Multiple Methods Design.

BackgroundAdverse drug events (ADEs) are unintended and harmful events related to medication use. Up to 30% of serious ADEs recur within six months because culprit drugs are unintentionally represcribed and redispensed. Improving the electronic communication of ADE information between care providers, and across care settings, has the potential to reduce recurrent ADEs.ObjectiveWe aim to describe the methods used to design Action ADE, a novel electronic ADE reporting system that can be leveraged to prevent unintentional reexposures to harmful drugs in British Columbia, Canada.MethodsTo develop the new system, our team will use action research and participatory design, approaches that employ social scientific research methods and practitioner participation to generate insights into work settings and problem resolution. We will develop a systematic search strategy to review existing ADE reporting systems identified in academic and grey literature, and analyze the content of these systems to identify core data fields used to communicate ADE information. We will observe care providers in the emergency departments and on the wards of two urban tertiary hospitals and one urban community hospital, in one rural ambulatory care center, and in three community pharmacies in British Columbia, Canada. We will also conduct participatory workshops with providers to understand their needs and priorities related to communicating ADEs and preventing erroneous represcribing or redispensing of culprit medications. These methods will inform the iterative development of a preliminary paper-based reporting form, which we will then pilot test with providers in a real-world setting.ResultsThis is an ongoing project with results being published as analyses are completed. The systematic review has been completed; field observations, focus groups, and pilot testing of a preliminary paper-based design are ongoing. Results will inform the development of software that will enable clinically useful user-friendly documentation and communication of ADEs.ConclusionsWe take this approach with the recognition that information technology-based solutions in health care often fall short of expectations as a result of designers’ failure to account for organizational and work practice considerations, and the needs of end-users. We describe how integrating qualitative methods into an iterative participatory design process (planned in partnership with end-users) will allow us to address specific clinical needs, conceptualize linkages between systems, integrate the reporting system into clinicians’ workflow, and design the system to optimize its uptake into practice.

Details of development of the resource for adults with asthma in the RAISIN (randomized trial of an asthma internet self-management intervention) study.

BackgroundAround 300 million people worldwide have asthma and prevalence is increasing. Self-management can be effective in improving a range of outcomes and is cost effective, but is underutilised as a treatment strategy. Supporting optimum self-management using digital technology shows promise, but how best to do this is not clear. We aimed to develop an evidence based, theory informed, online resource to support self-management in adults with asthma, called ‘Living well with Asthma’, as part of the RAISIN (Randomized Trial of an Asthma Internet Self-Management Intervention) study.MethodsWe developed Living well with Asthma in two phases.Phase 1: A low fidelity prototype (paper-based) version of the website was developed iteratively through input from a multidisciplinary expert panel, empirical evidence from the literature, and potential end users via focus groups (adults with asthma and practice nurses). Implementation and behaviour change theories informed this process.Phase 2: The paper-based designs were converted to a website through an iterative user centred process. Adults with asthma (n = 10) took part in think aloud studies, discussing the paper based version, then the web-based version. Participants considered contents, layout, and navigation. Development was agile using feedback from the think aloud sessions immediately to inform design and subsequent think aloud sessions. Think aloud transcripts were also thematically analysed, further informing resource development.ResultsThe website asked users to aim to be symptom free. Key behaviours targeted to achieve this include: optimising medication use (including inhaler technique); attending primary care asthma reviews; using asthma action plans; increasing physical activity levels; and stopping smoking. The website had 11 sections, plus email reminders, which promoted these behaviours. Feedback on the contents of the resource was mainly positive with most changes focussing on clarification of language, order of pages and usability issues mainly relating to navigation difficulties.ConclusionsOur multifaceted approach to online intervention development underpinned by theory, using evidence from the literature, co-designed with end users and a multidisciplinary panel has resulted in a resource which end users find relevant to their needs and easy to use. Living well with Asthma is undergoing evaluation within a randomized controlled trial.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12911-015-0177-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Design for Sustainable Aging: Improving Design Communication Through Building Information Modeling and Game Engine Integration

Accommodating the rapidly increasing senior population in the U.S. is a grand effort that necessitates sustainable solutions to address its social, economic and environmental impacts. From the building industry's standpoint, design for sustainable aging implies creating the physical and service environment that is resilient and adaptable to the needs associated with the aging process. The professional community has responded with well-conceived strategies such as universal and sustainable aging design. In practice, there is an inherent challenge in traditional paper-based design communication when professionals and clients have a hard time to understand each other at the desired level. Recent technological advancement in 3D modeling applications, exemplified by the prevalence of building information modelling (BIM), has reinvigorated sustainable aging design practices. Meanwhile, serious gaming has been gaining recognition as valuable enhancement to academic learning and professional training by effectively engaging participants with meaningful and programmable visualization and interaction. This study proposed to create a unique framework that leverages the integration of BIM and game engine to streamline and contextualize design communication in sustainable aging projects. A prototype framework, Design for Sustainable Aging (DfSA), was developed and discussed in this paper. Essentially, DfSA transforms a static design model into a robust 3D gaming environment wherein design information is preserved while user-centered and experience-based interactions with model components are achieved. DfSA holds the promise to improve design communication by establishing a brand new platform for design presentation meanwhile providing an experiential instrument to elucidate the design intention.

Based ARMK10 Electromagnetic Sensor A/D Converter Design and Implementation

This paper-based design Kinetics ARM-Cortex M4 MK10DN512ZLL10 microprocessor detecting through the use of electromagnetic sensors has 10mH 100mA alternating current conductor, a continuous analog signal obtained through the solenoid to the LM358 chip amplifier many times the signal amplifier circuit , and then the analog signal is converted by the algorithm into a digital signal, and these values ​​can be obtained through a filtering process after a smooth and accurate digital microprocessor for processing.

Automated Mapping of Physical Effects to Functions Using Abstraction Ports Based on Bond Graphs

Innovation processes are highly susceptible to cyclic influences, such as evolving knowledge due to new technologies. In order to better meet these challenges, improved computational design support is required. Paper-based design methods have vast amounts of knowledge at their disposal in the form of their design catalogs. However, they lack a corresponding computational implementation that could lead to increased use in design. The method presented is targeted at making the physical effects contained in design catalogs available for use within computational design synthesis approaches. This paper introduces the notion of abstraction ports that are used to represent the valid mapping between functional operators and physical effects. For the automated assignment of abstraction ports, a method is presented that analyzes the equation structure of physical effects. This approach is derived from the modeling technique of bond graphs and is independent of any selection process proposed by design catalogs. Moreover, it allows for the uniform formalization of evolving knowledge in new physical effects that are not yet contained in design catalogs. The assignment of abstraction ports is successfully validated through the formalization of the physical effects of two design catalogs. Furthermore, a software prototype is developed that implements a search process for suitable physical effects for a given function. Future work includes the integration of quantitative characteristics of physical effects and the integration of the approach within the object-oriented graph grammar implementation booggie (project web site: http://booggie.org) for computational design synthesis.

An Information Model for Product Development: A Case Study at PHILIPS Shavers

This paper presents an investigation into the development of an information model to support the Product Development Process (PDP) of shaving devices at PHILIPS. Firstly, challenges of the PDP were identified by carrying out interviews with several systems engineers and product architects. It was found that an increase in product functions combined with a shorter time to market has resulted in higher information densities and larger information flows during the PDP. As a result, managing uncertainty, communication and documentation has become increasingly difficult. Secondly, the information flow in the organization was formalized at the hand of interviews with the development staff in all involved departments and by investigating the available documentation of former projects. Thirdly, the information flow was translated into an information model to support the future development of new shaving devices. The resulting model consists of two paper based design support tools, namely, the MetroChart and the Design Parameter Matrices. The former is a paper-based design support tool that provides a compact overview of the processes that different development teams have to undergo during the PDP of a new shaver. The latter provides a detailed description of the relations between design parameters, process steps, and components. Current efforts are made to determine how to implement the model from an organizational point of view, as the number of developers, disciplines and departments involved in the design of this product is rather large and small errors can lead to large losses.

Psychology Students’ Beliefs about Integrating Complementary and Alternative Therapy (CAT) into Their Future Psychology Practice

We investigated whether belief-based differences exist between students who have strong and weak intentions to integrate complementary and alternative therapy (CAT) into future psychology practice by recommending CAT or specific CAT practitioners to clients. A cross-sectional methodology was used. Psychology undergraduate students (N = 106) participated in a paper-based questionnaire design to explore their underlying beliefs related to CAT integration. The study was undertaken at a major university in Queensland, Australia. The theory of planned behaviour belief-based framework guided the study. Multivariate analyses of variance examined the influence of behavioural, normative, and control beliefs on the strong and weak intention groups. A multiple regression analysis investigated the relative importance of these belief sets for predicting intentions. We found that clear differences emerged between strong and weak intenders on behavioural and normative beliefs, but not control beliefs. Strong intenders perceived the positive outcomes of integrating CAT, such as being able to offer clients a more holistic practice and having confidence in the practitioners/practices, as more likely to occur than weak intenders, and perceived the negative outcome of compromising my professional practice as less likely. Strong intenders were more likely than weak intenders to perceive that a range of important referents (e.g., clients) would think they should integrate CAT. Results of the regression analysis revealed the same pattern of results in that behavioural and normative beliefs, but not control beliefs, significantly predicted intentions. The findings from this study can be used to inform policy and educational initiatives that aim to encourage CAT use in psychology practice.