Papal Policy Research Articles

Julius II: The Warrior Pope by Christine Shaw

Julius II: The Warrior Pope. By Christine Shaw. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell. 1993. Pp. vi, 360; 23 black and white plates. $39.95.) As the title of this book suggests, Christine Shaw views Julius II (ca. 1445-1513, pope from 150) as primarily a political figure whose preferred tools for achieving his primary goal of restoring the temporal authority of the pope over the Papal States were diplomacy and warfare. While her central thesis may seem to have come out of nineteenth-century historiography, her treatment is at times original because she has used new sources and challenged a number of oft-repeated dicta about this pope. Shaw's research has been conducted principally in contemporary diplomatic reports: mostly printed collections for Florence, Venice, Spin, France, and the Empire, and archival materials for Milan, Mantua, Ferrua, and Bologna. Her use of the previously neglected reports of the agents of the Sforzas and Gonzagas has allowed her to trace in detail Giuliano della Rovie's checkered career as a cardinal and to detect patterns of behavior that would continue into his pontcate. Because these reports concentrated on political affairs, the image of della Rovere that emerges is almost exclusively that of a political figure. Given h topic of the forty-two-year career of a cardinal and pope, her work in the Vatican Library and Archives is surprisingly limited-she provides only twenty references to five codices of papal briefs in the Vatican Secret Archives and cites not one of the over one-hundred Vatican Registers for the pontificate of Julius II. On the bass of firsthand diplomatic reports, Shaw is able to challenge some commonly held views about Julius II. She finds little evidence for the claim that as a young cardinal he was serious, studious, and sober, and notes instead his penchant for display, lack of academic interests, and affair with a mistress that begot his daughter Felice. While he later provided for Felice an Orslni husband and for a niece and nephew other Roman matches, he tempered his nepotism. He appointed never more than two nephews at a time to the Sacred College and was restrained in conferring on his ungrateful and disloyal nephew Francesco Maria delle Rovere fiefdoms in the Papal States. His relatives had little influence in shaping papal policy, and he seldom used them to win support for his plans. Nonetheless, his concern to further the interests of his family took precedence over his desire to free Italy of foreign domination The famous words, fuori i barbari, so often associated with Julius in history books, Shaw cannot find to have ever been spoken by him. Ironically, as Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, he had urged the French to invade Italy to depose Alarvlder VI and establish their rule in Naples. …

Local Reality and Papal Policy: Papal Provision and the Church of Arezzo, 1248-1327

A partir du XIII e siecle, l'ingerence papale dans la collation des benefices ecclesiastiques importants se fait de plus en plus frequente. La pratique est regularisee sous le pontificat de Jean XXII (1316-34). L'utilisation de la reserve papale est bien attestee pour le cas de la ville toscane d'Arrezo. Les papes mettent en oeuvre une politique hostile destinee a penaliser Arrezo pour ne pas avoir partage le destin de Florence qui est une ville alliee au pape. Arezzo est un bastion anti-guelfe que les papes esperent reduire par la nomination d'eveques etrangers

The occasion of the coming of the Normans to southern Italy

Historians looking at the first arrival of the Normans in southern Italy have tended to conflate uncritically a wide variety of sources. The diversity of stories was present from very early times and sprang from the very nature of the ‘free enterprise’ conquest of southern Italy. The nature of the stories, especially the account of Amatus of Monte Cassino, which embodies poetic material, has been insufficiently understood. This article stresses the links between the Norman arrival and papal policy, showing that the Normans arrived in 1017 and no earlier. Emphasis is laid upon the testimony of Rodolphus Glaber.

Catholicism and Politics in Communist Societies

Preface ix Part I. Introduction 1. Catholic Tradition, Hierarchy, and the Politics of Coexistence Under Communism: An Introduction / Pedro Ramet 3 2. Catholic Social Teachings: A Brief History / Arthur F. McGovern, S.J. 28 Part II. Catholicism Under European Communism 3. The Catholic Church in the Soviet Union / Roman Solchanyk and Ivan Hvat 49 4. The Catholic Church in East Germany / Robert F. Goeckel 93 5. The Catholic Church in 1944-1989 Poland / Vincent C. Chrypinski 117 6. The Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia / Milan J. Reban 142 7. The Catholic Church in Hungary / Leslie Laszlo 156 8. The Catholic Church in Yugoslavia, 1945-1989 / Pedro Ramet 181 9. The Catholic Church in Romania / Janice Brown 207 10. The Catholic Church in Albania / Janice Brown 232 Part III. Catholic-Communist Encounters on Other Continents 11. The Catholic Church in China / Eric O. Hanson 253 12. The Catholic Church in Vietnam / Stephen Denney 270 13. The Catholic Church in Cuba / Thomas E. Quigley 296 14. The Catholic Church in Sandinista Nicaragua / Humerberto Belli 313 Part IV. Papal Policy 15. Papal Eastern Diplomacy and the Vatican Apparatus / Hansjakob Stehle 341 16. Karol Wajtyla and Marxism / George H. Williams 356 Notes 383 Index 441 Contributors 451

Correction: Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS

Correction: Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS

Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS.

Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS.

Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS

Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS

Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS

Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS

Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS.

Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS.

Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS

Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS

Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS: a reply

The Pope is concerned with welfare and health of all people. 5 out of 6 people known to be infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Philippines are hospitality workers connected to US military bases. Catholic teaching on contraceptive methods should not be equated with a response to AIDS epidemic. Monsignore Caffara has very specific views on use of condoms but he does not speak for church. Condoms are not the only public health method proved to limit spread of AIDS. Condoms fail. 52% of condom users in Manchester had experienced bursting or slipping off. 46% of Oxford women who responded to a survey of contraceptive practices reported using a condom as their normal contraceptive method. 24% reported always using a condom during intercourse. Therefore effectiveness of condoms in preventing AIDS is questioned. Objections to contraceptive use in developing countries are not always religious. Many cultural groups do not accept condoms or other contraceptives. The most powerful public health method limiting spread of AIDS is education. The only sure way to prevent AIDS is by changing behavior. Natural family planning has been supported by Philippines government since 1984. Organizers of community-based delivery system for natural family planning in rural Philippines are planning to have 15000 fertility educators in remote areas in next 3 to 5 years. The Roman Catholic Church is committed to genuine development based on its belief in equality and dignity of every human being.

Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS.

Papal "pronouncements" have been a major cause of the Philippines' increasing poverty, and of its failure to promote the only method proved to limit the spread of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Kenya has a growth rate of 3-4% and will double its population in 17 years. The UK has an average family size of 1.8 children. This is due to contraceptive usage. The poor lack knowledge and funds to ignore the rulings of the Catholic Church. Families will have 7 or more children without access to modern contraceptives. The Philippine elite are 90% Catholic, and disregard church policy and use contraceptives. Therefore, they have small families. Abortion is widely used in Latin America. It is the leading cause of death of women aged 15-39. The Philippines is industrializing rapidly; businessmen, however, do not see a future in producing condoms here. Widespread availability of condoms would limit the spread of AIDS. Mainly surveys show that in 1989 only 5 to 10/1000 prostitutes were positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other Asian countries have shown large increases in HIV infection occurrence in 2-3 years. Pope John Paul has been telling young people in Burkina Faso that they "must face the plagues of modern times." He did not identify these plaques. However, Monsignore Carlo Cafara, dean of John Paul II's Institute for Marriage and Family Studies at the Vatican, told a recent conference that when 1 partner of a married couple is positive for AIDS, it is preferable to risk catching the AIDS virus than to use condoms. St. Paul would have approved the use of modern contraceptive methods.

The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades, 1305-1378

While focusing on the relationship between the papacy and the 14th-century crusades, this study also illuminates other fields of activity in Avignon, such as papal taxation and interaction with Byzantium. Using recent research, Housley covers all areas where crusading occurred--including the eastern Mediterranean, Spain, eastern Europe, and Italy--and analyzes the Curia's approach to related issues such as peacemaking between warring Christian powers, the work of Military Orders, and western attempts to maintain a trade embargo on Mamluk, Egypt. Placing the papal policies of Avignon firmly in context, the author demonstrates that the period witnessed the relentless erosion of papal control over the crusades.

The "1007 Anonymous" and Papal Sovereignty: Jewish Perceptions of the Papacy and Papal Policy in the High Middle Ages. Kenneth R. Stow

<i>The "1007 Anonymous" and Papal Sovereignty: Jewish Perceptions of the Papacy and Papal Policy in the High Middle Ages</i>. Kenneth R. Stow

The Venetian Mediterranean Empire after the Council of Trent

In the period from the conclusion of the Tridentine Council in 1563 to the Turkish conquest of Crete in 1669 the Venetian Republic feared for its sovereignty over its Mediterranean possessions. These stretched from Istria, along the Dalmatian littoral, to the islands of Corfu and Zante. Cyprus was lost to the Turks from 1570, despite the Christian maritime victory at Lepanto subsequently. Venetian relations with the papacy were also strained after the Council of Trent, not only in the exceptional and dramatic circumstances of the Interdict of 1606-7. Defence of both Crete and the other remaining Mediterranean possessions was thus complicated by Venetian anxiety over Ottoman power on the one hand and concern at papal policy on the other. From the end of the Tridentine Council to the Interdict, and indeed beyond, Venice insisted on its role as a devoutly Catholic state, claiming from the papacy the concession of decime, paid by the clergy of the Republic, to sustain its defence of Christendom against militant Islam. But the Republic also resisted Roman suggestions that Catholic belief and practice were insecure or in need of reform within its territories. In the Mediterranean possessions, however, the presence of a Greek Christian population represented a particular problem.

Papal Policy: The Planning of Rome during the Renaissance

Papal Policy: The Planning of Rome during the Renaissance The investigation of patronage and town planning has become increasingly important for our understanding of the history of architecture and in particular for the history of Roman Renaissance architecture. The projects of individual popes have been thoroughly analyzed, but no attempt has been made to look at papal building policy during the Renaissance as a whole, to find out its principal motives, or to distinguish between continuous and discontinuous forces. This article suggests that much of the unique beauty of Renaissance Rome is the result of the particular character of papal government.' The center of the old city of Rome differs from that of other Italian towns in that it has two centers of gravity: the Vatican and the Capitol. Until Ioo years ago both were situated on the periphery of the city. The Capitol, which since the Middle Ages had been the seat of the communal administration, only attained its present representative character during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and earlier was anything but impressive. Even before its recent isolation from the rest of the city was achieved by archaeologists and patriots seeking to preserve its character, it did not play a role comparable to that of the urban centers of Venice, Florence, Siena, or other smaller towns. The Vatican, at

The Concert Baffled: The Roman Conference of 1831 and the Reforms of the Papal State

(1983). The Concert Baffled: The Roman Conference of 1831 and the Reforms of the Papal State. The International History Review: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 20-38.

The Mercenary Companies, the Papacy, and the Crusades, 1356–1378

During the second half of the fourteenth century most of France and many parts of Italy faced a social problem of massive proportions in the activities of theroutiers, unemployed and rampaging mercenary soldiers. The popes of the period, Innocent VI, Urban V, and Gregory XI, took a leading role in attempts to deal with this daunting problem, and the purpose of this article is to examine one of the chief instruments which they employed, the crusade. The place of the mercenary companies in the crusading movement was paradoxical. On several occasions from 1357 onwards the popes issued crusading indulgences to those who fought against theroutierson the grounds that they presented a serious threat to the well-being of the Christian community, thepopulus christianus.But the popes also hoped to use the companies in the service of Christian Holy War by persuading them to travel to the eastern Mediterranean, to Hungary or to Granada, to fight the Muslims. Both approaches sprang from long-established papal policy towards those considered as Christendom's internal foes. When thecuriatried to bring about the destruction of theroutiersby offering spiritual rewards to their opponents it placed the mercenaries in the roll-call of Christian rebels and excommunicates combatted by means of the crusade, alongside the emperor Frederick II, Peter II of Aragon, the Visconti, and others. And when it attempted to send the companies beyond the frontiers of Christendom, it was adopting a strategy which dated back at least as far as the First Crusade. So both aspects of papal policy towards theroutierswere highly traditional. They were also unsuccessful, which raises important questions about the way the later Avignon popes thought about and exercised their power. In the mid-thirteenth century the popes successfully resisted the ambitions of the Staufen and destroyed their might; a century later they proved unable to contain the companies. Was this because the Avignon papacy was out-of-date in its policies, because it failed to appreciate and adjust to the profound changes which had occurred in society and government? In broader terms, does traditionalism in this instance betoken the ideological bankruptcy which some scholars have seen as a leading characteristic of the papacy in the fourteenth century? In order to answer these questions I shall first examine the nature of the threat which was posed by the companies, then look in detail at the two aspects of the policy adopted by thecuriain response to it.

The Franco-Papal Crusade Negotiations of 1322–3

The first two years of the reign of Charles IV, the last Capetian king of France, witnessed detailed negotiations between the French court and the papalcuriaon the question of organising a crusade to the East. The negotiations are striking proof that on crusading matters the papacy still looked to the French crown to take the lead, attempting to continue a tradition of Franco-papal cooperation on the crusade which was rooted in the mid-thirteenth century. In the earlier period this policy of close cooperation was expressed in the expeditions and projects of St. Louis and Charles of Anjou, the aspirations of such popes as Urban IV and Clement IV, and the exemplary crusading zeal of French nobles like Geoffrey of Sergines, Oliver of Termes and Erard of Valéry. But was Franco-papal cooperation still fruitful in the first decades of the fourteenth century? To answer this question definitively would require an exhaustive survey of the achievements of this aspect of papal crusading policy, of the obstacles facing it and of the various alternative approaches which were open to the Roman church.

Papal Policy and the European Conflict, 1559-1572

Papal Policy and the European Conflict, 1559-1572